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THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


SEPTEMBER  17,  1932 


Chemist  Druggist 


Established  1859 


28  Essex  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C.2. 


Registered  as  a  Newspaper 


No .  2745 
VOL.  CXVII. 


SEPTEMBER  17,  1932 


Annual  Subscription  {with 
Diary)  20/-.  Single  Copies  <)d. 


every  week 


Striking  Advertisements  are 
appearing  every  week  in  the  "Daily 
Mail,'*  which  is  read  by  over 
1,864,244  people. 

These  advertisemenU  are  compelling.  They  advise 
the  public  that  DEODIS  is  the  only  perfumed  antiseptic 
on  the  market;  is  double  the  strength  of  foreign 
competitors  ;  is  guaranteed  harmless  and 
backed  by  the  medical  profession,  and, 
at  1/6  a  bottle,  is  the  cheapest  of  its  kind 
to  buy. 

You  are  losing  money  by  not  stocking  it 
— take  advantage  of  this  special  offer  we 
are  making ;  during  the  next  three  months 
we  guarantee  sales  of  the  first  dozen 
bottles.  If  these  have  not  been  sold  three 
months  from  date  of  order,  you  may 
return  them  to  our  distributors  and  receive 
credit.  These  terms  are  what  you  have 
been  waiting  for.  DEODIS  is  an  exception- 
ally live  line  to  stock.  Don't  lose  sales. 
You  will  be  asked  for  DEODIS  because 
it  is  backed  by  consistent  national 
advertising.  jgH 

DEODIS    PROPRIETARIES  LTD.^ 

22,  Northumberland  Avettuc,  London.  W.C.2. 


Sole  Distributors  for  England  &  Wales:  Francis  Newbery  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  31-33,  Banner  St.  London,  E.C. I 
Sole  Distributors  for  Scotland  ■.—James  Taylor  (Trongate)  Ltd.,  132,  Trongate,  Qlasgow,  C.l. 
Stocked  by  all  Wholesalers. 


Index  to  Adverlisera,  pp.  5  &  6. 


THE   CHEMIST  AND   DRUGGIST  September  17,  1932 


BAKER'S 


FOR 


12/ 


Your  ^^ox.sA.r^f:r^:^ 

This  is  not  )ust  m  ^^tra 

«  Baker's  Doze"'  retailer  got 

loaf  was  aU  the  profit  he  ^^^^^^ 

on  ewiyboxyou 

33"/"  Ser  the  terms  of 

tell,  »^ .  I^^^ter  you  make  too%  or>   

 "^^^  and  counter  display  material  to 

FREE  Kotex  window  ana   

r^rilv  bv  return  tKCc,   

please  supply  oy   •••••a   

Mame 


1-v.p  retail  trade  on 
We  wrote  to  the  ^3 
August  20th  gtvmS  ^^^^ 
^^er-the  response  n  ^^.^^ 
mous  and  we  wish  to  ^^y 
That  this  amazmgP^f^^^^^^  ,f  you 
closes  on  September  3  ^^^^,,ge 

l,ave  wle  to  your  whole- 

of  this  offer,  wn^^  ^o  y  ^^^^^ 

,,ler  no^  ^f^fftee  box  of  Kotex 
Remember^one  fr 

with  every  dozen  y 


13  to 


   ■_"  jjigh  Holborn^_W£:L 

ddress  .ol^sal^ri^ordirec^   X7f-  C 

DOZEN  V/  j£px_30 


KOTEX   LIMITED   317   HIGH   HOLBORN  W.C.f 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


1 


THE  NEW 

6" 

ZIM  SERIES 


Under  the  name  of  Zim  we  are  introducing  4  articles 
to  retail  at  the  popular  price  of  6d.  These  can  be 
sold  at  a  good  margin  of  profit  and  do  not  displace 
any  higher  priced  products. 

The  pack  is  original  in  conception,  and  a  most 
attractive  composite  show-card  is  supplied 
advertising  the  series  and  a  substantial  turn-over 
is  assured. 


INHALANT 

TOOTHACHE 
TINCTURE 


For  Colds,  Influenza,  etc. 
Sprinkler-necked  bottle, cartoned. 

In  a  similar  pack. 


CORN    CURE      Corked    bottles,   viscose  caps. 


319  Doz. 
316  DOZ. 


^y^PQm^^YI^I^  A  new  departure,  It  comprises 

a  solid  form  of  the  popular  chest  |  Gross  Assorted 
rub  formula,  in  a  handy  pack. 


A  A 


2 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST  September  17,  1932 


P.  A.  T.  A. 


Vest  Pocket  Model 
Retail  1/3  11/3  doz. 

Refillable  Model 
Retail  3/-  27/-  doz. 


Display  bonus  of  One 
to  the  Dozen  on  orders 
of  3  doz.  &  upwards. 


The 
5  Minute 
Cold  Cure 


PROFIT  and  PRESTIGE 


A  display  of  the  LITTLE  VICTOR  brings  you  both.  The 
terms  safeguard  the  profit  and  the  LITTLE  VICTOR 
reflects  credit  on  those   who   recommend  and  sell  it. 

Satisfied  customers  return  for  more  and  advise  their 
friends  to  purchase  this  wonderful  little  curer  of  Colds, 
Catarrh,  Influenza,  and  Hay  Fever. 

The  LITTLE  VICTOR  is  used  by  the  leading  operatic 
and  theatrical  stars,  members  of  Parliament,  and  all  others 
who  use  the  voice  and  know  how  to  care  for  it. 

An  Inhaler  for  personal  use  will  be  sent  Free  to  any  Pharmacist  on  request 


Cocklswii  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  130/140  Howard  St.,  Glasgow 


The 


INHALER 


Order  through  your  usual  wholesaler  or  from 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DBUGGIST 


HUNDREDS  MORE 
SALES  EVERY  DAY 


Optrex  Brand  Eye  Lotion  definitely 
creates  a  new  and  profitable  market. 
It  is  an  excellent  specific  for  all  in- 
flammation and  strain  of  the  eyes 
and  eyelids.  It  is  completely  free 
from  toxic  ingredients.  It  is  a  branded 
product,  selling  only  through  qualified 
chemists,  with  a  generous  margin  of 
profit,  at  2/'-  and  3  9  a  bottle.  A 
powerful  advertising  campaign  cost- 
ing thousands  of  pounds — big  16" 
triple  column  advertisements  in 
London's  leading  evening  papers — 
is  producing  a  big  demand  for 
Optrex.  Hundreds  more  people 
every  day  are  becoming  regular 
users.  Send  for  full  details,  counter 
leaflets  and  free  display  matter — 
TO-DAY. 


Distributors  for  Great  Britain  and  Irish  Free  Stute: 
WILCOX  JOZEAU  &  CO.  {Foreign  Chemists)  Ltd., 
15,  GT.  ST.  ANDREW  ST.,  LONDON,  W.C.2 


PHOME  CLERKENWELL  8260^^,^,,,,„..,,,.. 
CLERKENWELL  0423 

.    .  Francis  Newbery  &  Sons  Ltd; 

MUSEUM  S440 

Sangers,  Ltd: 

As  we  expected,  the  latent  public  demand  for  a 
branded  Eye  Lotion  was  far  greater  than  many 
chemists  believed.  Some  have  already  run  out  of 
stock  —  others  didn't  order  in  time.  Don't  miss  your 
share  of  this  business  !  We  have  special  arrangements 
to  send  off  supplies  at  a  moment's  notice.  Simply 
'phone  your  requirements.  Your  supplies  will  be 
delivered  WITHIN  A  FEW  HOURS.  The  demand 
for  Optrex  grows  daily.   Keep  fully  stocked. 


T.  P.s 


THE   CHEMIST  AND   DRUGGIST  September  17,  1932 


SUPERHEATED  STEAM 

STERILISATION  in  the  PHARMACY 

To  meet  the  requirements  of  the  new  edition  of  the  British 
Pharmacopoeia  and  the  needs  of  modern  dispensing  practice. 

 —  WHY  REQUIRED   

[Reprinted  from  the  Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  April  ^oth,  ig-iT..  "  An  Autoclave  for~\ 
Pharmacists  "  by  Henry  G.  Greenish,  D.  es  Sc.,  and  Eldred  J.  Holder,  B.Pharm.\ 

IN  the  Report  of  the  Sub-Committee  of  the  Pharmacopoeia  Commission  on  the  Preparation 
of  Sterile  Solutions  for  Iniectibn,  the  statement  is  made  that  "  in  view  of  the  increasing 
practice  of  administering  drugs  in  the  form  of  injections  the  Pharmacopoeia  Commission 
think  it  necessary  that  the  Pharmacopoeia  should  contain  instructions  for  the  preparation 
of  such  injections  in  a  sterile  condition."  Considerable  difficulties  are  in  the  way  of  making 
recommendations  for  the  sterilisation  of  Pharmacopoeial  injections,  for  "  recommendations 
must  apply  not  only  to  the  large-scale  manufacturer,  but  also  to  the  pharmacist,  and  the 
facilities  at  the  disposal  of  the  one  are  very  different  from  those  at  the  disposal  of  the  other." 

In  the  suggestions  that  follow,  the  use  of  an  autoclave  is  frequently  mentioned.  An 
autoclave,  however,  is  by  no  means  an  inexpensive  piece  of  apparatus,  a  small  one,  with  a 
sterilising  chamber  measuring  only  12  cm.  by  16  cm.  deep,  costing  about  £15,  a  rather  heavy 
tax  on  the  resources  of  a  pharmacist  in  retail  practice  who  wishes  to  keep  abreast  of  the  times. 
To  him  an  apparatus  capable  of  doing  the  work  of  a  Chamberland  autoclave,  but  much  less 
expensive,  would  be  a  desideratum,  if  not  a  necessity. 

EFF!CIENCY~AT  A  LOW  COST 

To  anticipate  the  demand  for  an  efFicient  steriliser 
at  a  reasonable  cost,  the  SANKEY  AUTOCLAVE  has 
been  specially  produced.  It  may  be  obtained  in  2 
sizes,  of  capacity  8  and  26  pints,  in  enamelled  finish. 
In  the  smaller  size  the  sterilising  chamber  is  about 
7\  in.  in  diameter  and  about  5  in.  deep.  The  larger 
has  a  sterilising  chamber  10  in.  in  diameter  and 
10|  in.  deep.  It  is  constructed  as  follows  :— The 
container  is  made  of  pressed  steel  tested  to  stand  a 
pressure  of  100  lb.  to  the  square  inch.  It  has  a  some- 
what oval  opening,  with  an  incurved  rim.  The  lid, 
which  is  fitted  with  a  washer,  is  placed  beneath  the 
rim,  and  is  supported  by  a  crossbar  and  thumbscrew. 

Fitted  to  the  lid  is  a  safety  valve  of  an  ingenious 
type,  employing  a  fusible  metal.  For  pharmaceutical 
work  a  pressure  gauge  is  a  necessity,  and  one  of  the 
automatic  gas-regulating  type,  graduated  in  degrees 
Centigrade  and  pounds  per  square  inch  pressure,  is 
fitted  to  each  AUTOCLAVE.  A  small  tap  is  also  fitted  to  the  lid.  This  tap  permits 
the  air  in  the  container  to  be  expelled  by  the  steam. 

Galvanised  iron  wire  cages  and  a  wire  grid  are  supplied  for  use  in  the  apparatus. 
Both  sizes  are  satisfactory,  but  naturally  the  larger  size  is  capable  of  more  extensive  use. 

SPECIFICATION   OF  THE  SANKEY  AUTOCLAVE 

Size.  Capacity.  Height.  Diameter.  Weight.  Cost  each. 

Small  8  pints  5J  In.  8  in.  8  lbs.  £4  17  6 

Large  26      „  12  in.  10J  in.  19f  lbs.  £6  17  6 

Each  Autoclave  is  fitted  with  an  automatic  gas  regulating  pressure  gauge.    Full  instructions  for  use  are  given  with  each  Autoclave 

SOLE  AGENTS: 

BRITTON,  MALCOLM  &  WAYMARK,  LTD. 

38  Southwark  Bridge  Road,  LONDON,  S.E.I 


Telephone  :  Waterloo  1442  (3  lines). 


September  17,  1932  THE   CHEMIST   AND  DRUGGIST 


5 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTSSERS 


Armour  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Pepsin,  Ac.)  ..  10 
Askit,  Ltd.  (Headache  Powders)  ....  12 
-Association  of  Manfg.  Cliemists,  Ltd. 

Col.  Supp. 
Ayer,  Harriet  Hubbard,  Ltd.  (Toilet 

Preparations)    19 

Ayrton,  Saunders  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Whole- 
sale Druggists)    Cover 

Bandoeng  Quinine  Factories  (Quinine 
and  Salts)    vi 

Beattie,  Hunter  (Shaving  Soap,  &c.)  8 

Bell,  John,  Hills  &  Lucas,  Ltd. 
(Pharm.  Preps.)    Leader  Page 

Berdoe  &  Fish,  Ltd,  (Valuers.  Ac.) 

Col.  Supp. 

Eerman,  A,,  &  Sons  (Rubber  Goods)  xviii 
Birley's  Antacid,   Ltd.  (Indigestion 

Remedy)    xiv 

Britannia  Laboratories,  Ltd.  (Snow)  15 
British    Diamalt    Co.    (Extract,  of 

Malt)    xvi 

British    Felsol    Co.,    Ltd.  (Asthma 

Remedy)    Leader  Page 

Britton,  Malcolm  &  "Waymark,  Ltd. 

(Autoclave)    4 

Brook,  Parker  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Dutch 

Droips)    viii 

Brooks,  Haywood  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Razor 

Blades)    20 

Buckley-Bowker    Tablet    Co.,  Ltd. 

(Tablets)    iv 

BuralJ  Bros.  (D.  &  P.  Books)    24 

Burge,    Wairren    &    Ridgley,  Ltd. 

(Surgical  Rubber  Goods)    xviii 

Burrough,  James,  Ltd.  (Alcohol) 

Leader  Page 
Burroughs  Wellcome  <fe  Co.  (Quinine, 

&c.)    31 

Butywave  Co.  (Shampoo  Powder)    14 

Caldicot  Tin  Stamping  Works,  Ltd'. 

(Decorated  Tins)    xxii 

Charles    Roger    Laboratories.  Ltd. 

(Creme  Siamoise)    16 


Christy,  T.,  &  Co.  (Cachet  Machines)  24 
Clark,  S.  F.  (Valuer,  Ac.)  ....  Col.  Snpp. 
Cockburn  &  Co..  Ltd'.  (Little  Victor 

Inhaler)    2 

Constipon  Tablets    8 

Continental       Laboratories.  Ltd. 

(Veinotrope)    vi 

Cooper    Laboratory,    Ltd.  (Tablets. 

Ac.)    Leader  Page 

Cox,  A.  H..  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Zim  Series)  1 
Crookes    Laboratories    (Iodine  and 

Blackcurrant   Pastilles)    xii 

Deodis  Proprietaries,  Ltd.  (Perfumed 

Personal  Antiseptic)    Cover 

Dick.  W.    B.,   A  Co.,  Ltd,  (Liquid 

Paraffin)    x 

Dimol  Laboratories,  Ltd'.  (Pulverettes)  xiv 
Dixor,  Ltd.  (Toilet  Preparations)  ..  14 
Dudley  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Glass  Counters, 

Ac.)    12 

Dunlop    Rubber    Co.    (Hot  Water 

Bottles)    xxi 

Evans  Sons  Lescher  &  Webb,  Ltd. 
(LysoU    13 

Fairy  Dyes,  Ltd.  (Dyes)    22 

Fassett  &  Johnson,  Ltd.  (Phyllosan)  xv 

Fecher,  M.  J.,  Ltd.  (lo-dine  Pencil)  xx 

Fink,  F.,  &  Co.  (Gums)    24 

Ford,  Shapland  A  Co.,  Ltd.  ("  Sol-vo  " 

Toilet  Paper)    30 

Galen  Products  Co.,  Ltd.  (Glycerine 

Pastilles,  Ac.)    27 

Gambles,  J.  C,  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Anti- 

septikol  Tooth  Paste)    17 

G-ardner,  W.,  A  Sons  (Glos.),  Ltd. 

(Machinery)    26 

Gem  Automatic   Weighing  Machine 

Co.,  Ltd'.  .■   12 


Genatosan,  Ltd.  (Genozo.  Ac.)    xiit 

General    Optical    Co.  (Ophthalmic 

Instruments,  Ac.)    22 

George,  Ernest  J.  (Valuer.  Ac.)  Co!.  Supp. 

Glycerine,  Ltd   vi 

Gollin  A  Co.  Pty.,  Ltd.  (Aspro)  ....  xvii 
Grout  A  Co..  Ltd.  (Crepe  Bandages)  xviii 

Hackett,  S.  E.  (Film  Overstocks) 

Col.  Supp. 

Hampden  Residential  Club  ..  Col.  Supp. 
Hampshire,    F.    W..   A  Co.  (1927), 

Ltd.  (Snowfire  Jelly)    xii 

Holroyd's  Oil  A  Ceresine  Co.,  Ltd.  ..  24 
Hubbuck,  T.,  A  Son,  Ltd.  (Oxide  of 

Zinc)    ij 

Iva  Manfg.  Co.  (Fur  Puffs)    16 

Johnson  &  Sons  Manufacturing 
Chemists,  Ltd.  (Fine  Chemicals. 
&c.)    iii 

Josephs.  Philip,  A  Sons  (Shopfittings; 

Col.  Supp. 

Jules  Freres  (Toilet  Preps.)    18 

Kay  Bros.,  Ltd.  (Flycatchers)    24 

King,  G.,  A  Co.,  Ltd.  (Foods)  ....  Cover 

King,  J.  C,  Ltd.  (Showcases)    xx 

Kinross,  A.  (Printing)    8 

Klein,  Jos.  (Chip  Boxes)   24 

Kof-oh  Co.,  Ltd,  (Wonder  Ointment, 

Ac.)    viii 

Kotex,  Ltd.  (Kotex  Sanitary  Pad)  Cover 

Levermore,  A.,  A  Co.,  Ltd.  (Precipi- 
tated Chalk)    24 

Lofthouse  A  Saltmer,  Ltd.  (Losall's 
Salt)    xvi 

London  College  of  Pharmacy    12 

[Continued  overleaf. 


Your  biggest  price  margin  —  definitely 
on  British  SUGAR  OF  MILK 


Low-priced  anci  all-English.  Serolac  is  the 

new  brand  of  Sugar  of  Milk. 

Because  Whey  Products  Limited,  who  make 

it,  are  the  only  manufacturers  of  Sugar  of 

Milk  in  the  country,  they  are  still  able 

to  sell  on  a  level  with  the  cheapest  foreign 

competitor. 

Compare  these  prices 

Sugar  of  Milk  (Serolac  Brand)  is  packed 
in  I,  I  and  i  lb.  tins,  attractively  labelled 
and  selling  at  trade  terms  of — 

I  lb.  tins  -  -  15/-  a  dozen. 
^  lb.  tins       -       -  a  dozen. 

^  lb.  tins.      -      -        4/9  a  dozen. 

Carriage  forward. 
Compare  these  low  prices  with  what  you 


now  pay,  and  see  the  substantial  extra  profit 
from  buying  Serolac — and  British. 
If  you  prefer,  supplies  will  be  forwarded  in 
blank  tins  for  you  to  label  with  your  own 
name  and  design. 

Serolac  Sugar  of  Milk  is  extracted,  refined 
and  sold  by  Whey  Products  Ltd.,  Hash ngton, 
Cheshire.    Head  Office  :  Trowbridge, Wilts. 


Sugar  of  Milk  in  bulk 

Sugar  of  Milk  (Serolac  Brand)  in  bulk 
is  packed  in  i  cwt.  and  2  cwt.  Venesta 
kegs  lined  with  grease-proof  paper. 
Carriage  paid  quotations  are  gladly 
supplied  on  request. 


SUGAR  OF  MILK  (SEROLAC  BRAND) 


6 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


iNDEX-cont. 

Manchester  Tutorial  College    xviii 

Mather,  William,  Ltd.  (Corn  Plaisters) 

xxii 

Matthews    &    Wilson    (1931),  Ltd. 

(Pills  and  Tablets)    iv 

Matthews,  D.,  &  Son  (Shopfittings) 

Col.  Supp. 
Matthews  Laboratories,  Ltd-.  (Nostro- 

line)    Leader  Page 

Maund,  F.,  &  Berg,  E.,  Ltd.  (Show- 
cases)   Col.  Supp. 

Maw,  S.,  Son  &  Sons,  Ltd   11 

Maxwell,    Plaistowe    &    Co.,  Ltd. 

(Sandalwood  Oil)    iii 

Meggeson  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Vistic,  &c.)  ..  i 
Metropolitan-Vickers   Electrical  Co., 

Ltd.  (Cosmos  Lamps)    '^0 

Milter,,  A.,    &    Co.,-  Ltd.:  (Orange 

Wine)  ..■   24 

Miils,    J.    M.,    Ltd.  (Methylated 

Spirit)   xiv 

Mitchell,    N.    W.,    &.    Snow,  Ltd. 

(Corks)   xxii 

MoTson,  T.,  &  Son,  Ltd.  (Kieosote)  ..  vii 

Mosans  Quinine  Pessaries    xviii 

Myers,  E.  J.  (Shopfittings)  ..  Col.  Supp. 

National   Chemical    Holdings,  Ltd. 

(Foot  Bath  Salts,  Ac.)   20 

National     Drug     Industries,  Ltd'. 

(B.P.  Lines)    viii 

National  Union  of  Drug  &  Chemical 

Workers   Col.  Supp. 

Newbery,    F.,   &    Sons,    Ltd.  (Hot 

Water  Bottles)  '  — '.   xix 

Newcastl'e-on-Tyne   Zinc   Oxide  Co., 

Ltd.  V.   3i 

Orridge  &  Co.  (Valuers,  Ac.)  Col.  Supp. 


Pam    Manfg.    Co.,    Ltd.  (Sanitary 

Pads)    25 

Parfum-erie    de    Fluery  (Perfumes, 

Ac.)    9 

Parke,  Davis  &  Co.  (Winter  Lines)  21 
Perry  &  Hope,  Ltd.  (Phosphate  of 

Soda)    viii 

Pitman,    Sir    Isaac,    &   Sons,  Ltd. 

(Books)    24 

Pollard,  E.,  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Shopfittings)  viii 
Poth,   Hille  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Cer«sine 

Wax)    X 

Potter   &  Clarke,   Ltd.  (Wholesale 

Druggists)    29 

Preemo  Co.  (Perfume  Essences)    20 

Ransom,    W.,   &   Son,   Ltd.  (Solid 

Extracts,  &c.)    Cover-v 

Riley,  J.,  &  Sons,  Ltd.  (Hypo,  &c.)  ..  iv 

Roberts  &  Co.  (Robuval,  &c.)    xiv 

Roberts'  Patent  Filling  Machine  Co.  26 
Robinson  &  Sons,   Ltd.  (Perfumery 

Boxes)    26 

Rowland,  A.,  &  Sons,  L.td.  (Macassar 

Oil)    14 

R^udduek  &  Co.  (Shopfittings)  Col.  Supp. 
Rutherford,    J.,    &    Co.  (Locarno 

Toilet  Roll)    30 

Schering,      Ltd.  (Pharmacentical 

Specialities)    Leader  Page 

Scniton,  O.,  &  Co.  (Nurse  Harvey's 

Mixture)    30 

Scurr,  C.  A.  (Optical  Tuition)    12 

Shadeine  Co.  (Hair  Dyes)    24 

Shadforth       Prescription  Service 

("Brain  Sparklers")   x 

Shelley  Potteries,  Ltd.  (Slipper  Bed  . 

Pan)   xviii 

Sherley,  A.  F.,- &' Co.,  Ltd.  (Veteri- 
nary Preparations)   23 

Smith,  T.  &  H.,  Ltd.  (Alkaloids)  ....  iv 
Smith,    T.    J.,    &    Nephew,  Ltd. 
(Blas'toplast  Specialities)    7 


Southall     Bros.    &    Barclay,  Ltd. 

(Sanitary  Towels)    xxii 

Speer,  W.  E.,  &  Son  (Toothbrushes)  24 

Stapleton  &  Son  (Archanium)  ........  x 

Sterns,  Ltd.  (Oils,  Petroleum)    xii 

Surgical  Hosiery  Co.,  Ltd   xx 

Suttley  &  Silverlock,  Ltd.  (Adver- 
tising Scheme)    23 

Teasdale  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Nipits  Throat 
Pastilles)    xl 

Thompson,  John  (Wholesale  Drug- 
gists, 1921),  Ltd.  (Logan  Liniment)  6 

Toogood,  Wm.,  Ltd.  (Bakelito 
Capped  Bottles,  &c.)    xix 

T.P.  Company  (Toilet  Rolls)    xxii 

United  Glass  Bottle  Manufacturers, 
Ltd.  (Medical  Bottlos)    xxiii 

Veno  Drug  Co.  (1925),  Ltd.  (Veco 
Products)    xxiv 

Warner,  W.  R.,  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Sloan's 

Liniment)    28 

AVarrick  Bros.,  Ltd.  (Winter  Pas- 
tilles)  32 

Webster  T.,  &  Co.,  Ltd.  (Stoppers)  xxii 
Westminster  College  of  Pharmacy  ..  12 
Whey  Products,  Ltd.  (Milk  Sugar)  ..  5 
Whitfen  &  Sons,  Ltd.  (Bromides, 

Cover 

Whitnker  <&  Co.  (Kendal),  Ltd.  (Hat 
Dyes,  Household  Dyes)   12 

Wilcox,  Jozeau  &  Co.  (Optrex  Eye 
Lotion)    3 

Wilkinson,  James  F.  (Printing)  —  xvi 

Wyleys,  Ltd.  (Pharmaceuticals)  ..  Cover 

Zeal,  G.  H.,  Ltdi.  (Clinicals)    xix 

Zimmerm.ann,  A.  &  M.  (Chemicals)  ..  vi 
Zimmermann,  C,  &  Co.  (Chem.),  Ltd. 

(Chemicals,  &c.)   :x 


ENT 


For  Rhcuma^ 


XU 





May  we  direct  your  attention  to  this  standard 
Remedy  for  Rheumatism  and  all  aches  and  pains? 


piRST  AND  FOREMOST,  IT  IS  ENTIRELY  BRITISH. 

a  most  excellent  formula—its  sale  is  restricted 
to  the  Drug  Trade— and  it  is  extremely  effective. 
The  leading  Football  Clubs  use  it  regularly,  and 
once  used  it  is  in  regular  demand. 

MAKES  AN  ATTRACTIVE  WINDOW  DISPLAY 
MARGIN  OF  PROFIT  IS  DECIDEDLY 
SATISFACTORY 

Wt)y  push  foreign  preparations  at  a  higher  price  and  less  profit  ? 

This  is  a  "worth-while"  line.  Ask  us  to  send 
you  a  sample  bottle  and  special  terms. 

Retail  Prices  1/3  &  3/-  per  bottle. 
Wholesale  Terms  9/-  &  24/-  per  doz. 


JOHN  THOMPSON 


WHOLESALE 
DRUGGISTS  1921 


LTD.  oyjKE  ST  LIVERPOOL 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DKUGGIST 


7 


FOR  ALL  INJURIES  &  SUPPORT 


THE  ORIGINAL  AND  BEST  ELASTIC  PLASTER  AS  USED  IN 
PRACTICALLY  EVERY  HOSPITAL  FOR  VARICOSE  VEINS  AND 
ULCERS,  SPRAINS,  STRAINS.  ETC. 


KHI 


"  Elastoplast  "  and  "  Viscopaste  N.H.I." 
may  be  dispensed  against  any  pre- 
scriptions for  Elastic  Adhesive  Bandages 
and  Zinc  Paste  Bandages. 


ALL 
BRITISH 


If  you  have  not  yet  had  samples  of  the  new  Elastoplast-Elastic  Plaster  wound 
dressings,  ask  your  Wholesaler  or  send  for  samples  to  the  Manufacturers  :— 

T.  J.  SMITH  &   NEPHEW,  LTD.  ^     "  V: 

_  ;  "     iHULL  :  LONDON  :  GLASGOW  :  MANCHESTER 

Enquiries  to  :    Dept.  C,  42  Tavistock   Sq.,  London,  W.C.I. 


8 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST  September  17,  1932 


HmBm  Tm   Hm  Bm  Tm 


m  Tm  HmBm  Tm 


The  finest  SHAVING  SOAP  PROPOSITION  on  the  Market 

Here  is  something  MEW  and  GOOD  to  show  your  customers.  Send  your  orders  before 
existing  stocks  are  cleared.  Orders  executed  in  strict  rotation.  Manufacture  going  on 
at  highest  pressure. 

H.B.T.  ASEPTIC  SHAVING  SOAP  —  true  to  every  claim  made  for  it— made  with  the 
expressed  Juices  of  Living  Plants— the  flat  lather  with  the  most  wonderful  properties- 
rapid  lathering— lasting  lather— giving  a  cool,  quick,  and  close  shave— soothing  and  healing. 
H.B.T.  so  softens  the  beard,  and  its  minute  globules  cluster  so  closely  round  each  hair  that 
it  maintains  the  hair  in  a  rigid  upright  position  against  the  oncoming  blade,  so  that  it  is  a 
straight  cut  and  does  not  blunt  the  razor  edge,  and  the  razor  blades  last  longer.  Then 
this  wonderful  Soap  is  now  housed  in  a  container  worthy  of  it. 

A  NEW  PATENT  CONTAINER  and  HOLDER  with  the  NON-RETURN  PLUNGER 

in  black  Bakelite  with  a  beautiful  mottled  green  cover.  Whenever  the  soap  wears  down 
the  user  simply  pushes  up  the  plunger  about  half  an  inch  and  the  stick  remains  set.  IT 
CANNOT  SLIDE  BACK.  It  cannot  rock,  slip  or  overturn.  The  user  does  not  hold 
the  soap  itself,  but  the  holder  which  gives  a  good  grip.  It  allows  every  vestige  of  the 
Shaving  Soap  to  be  used  up  completely.    A  refill  can  be  inserted  instantly. 

H.B.T.  ASEPTIC  SHAVING  SOAP  in  New  Patent  Container 
1/3.       Trade  II/-  per  doz.       Refills  I/-    —   8/-  per  doz. 

Of  all  Wholesale  Houses,  or  direct  from 

HUNTER  BEATTIE,Monteith  Row, Glasgow, S.E. 

B.C.M/H.B.T. 


CHEMISTS 

If  you  do  not  stock  the 
NATIONALLY  ADVERTISED 

line 

CONSTIPON 

we  will  send  you  a  small 
supply  with  all  advertising 
matter  on 

SALE  OR  RETURN 


GLASGOW,  C.2 


tt 


Print  More 


Sell 


ore 


5> 


To  no  otlier  field  of  activity 
does  this  Printer's  Slogan 
apply  with  greater  force 
than  to  Chemists'  Printing 


1  lO] 


CARTONS  :  LABELS  :  ENVELOPES 


Broughton  Market,  EDINBURGH 


September  17,  1932  THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


9 


tkrougliout  the  country 


DeFLEURY 

PERFUMES  &  TOILET  DELIGHTS 


A  display  of  Parfumerie  de  Fleury  in  your  window  will  very  soon 
prove  to  you  the  money- miking  possibilities  of  this  new  series 


PARFUMERIE  DE   FLEURY  RAWDON  LEEDS 


10 


THE  CHEMIST  AND   DKUGGIST  September  17,  1932 


Adeps  Benzoatus 

Adrenalin 

Amylopsin 

Beef  Juice* 

Carminex 

Catgut* 

Cerebrinin 

Corpus  Luteum* 

Diastase  (Animal) 

Digestive  Ferments 

Duodenin 

Enzymes* 

Galactis 

Ha:moglobin 

Insulase* 

Lactated  Pepsin 

Lecithin 

Ligatures* 

Liver* 

Lymphatic 

Mammary 

Mam-Ovarian 

Mam-Placenta 

Meduphites 

Multigland* 

Myelin 

Orchitic 

Ovarian* 

Ovarian  Residue* 

Ovo-Testis* 

Ovo-Thyroid 

Ox  Gall 

Pancreas 

Pancreatin 

Parathyroid* 

„  Compound* 
Pepsin 
Peptone* 
Pineal 

Pituitary  .WholeGland* 
„    Anterior  Lobe* 
„    Posterior  Lobe* 
„  Compound* 

Placenta 

Prostate 

Red  Bone  Marrow* 
Renal  Cortex 
Spleen* 

Supra  Medulla* 
Suprarenal* 

J,  Compound* 

5,  Cortex 
Suprarenalin* 
Thromboplastin* 
Thymus 

„  Compound 
Thyropophosis 
Thyroid* 

Thyro-Manganese* 
Trypsin 

*  LITERATURE 
AVAILABLE 
ON  REQUEST 

f  = 


for 


LIVER 


THYROID  ; 


932 


GLANDULAR 


26 


VISIT  OUR  STAND  No. 
at  the 

SCOTTISH  CHEMISTS'  EXHIBITION 
GLASGOW 
SEPTEMBER  19-23 


LABORATORY 

ARMOUR 


DEPARTMENT 

COMPANY 


ARMOUR  HOUSE,  St.  MARTIN'S-LE-GRAND, 

LONDON,  E.G.I. 

TELEGRAMS:  "  ARIVICSATA-CENT,"  LONDON. 
TELEPHONE:    NATIONAL  2424. 


September  17,  1932  THE   CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


11 


Maw's  Page 


"''W/^//Mm////m'jl^//y, 


AUCNETISM 


Is  your  pharmacy  a  business  magnet  ?  Is  it  a 
centre  of  attraction  or  merely  one  of  a  row  of 
shops  ?  Does  It  draw  customers  to  your  counter 
and  hold  them  there  ?  Does  it  pull  business 
away  from  your  outside  competitors  ? 

Your  pharmacy  ought  to  be  outstanding.  It 
ought  to  be  impossible  to  pass  without  noticing 
it.  It  ought  to  reflect  your  personality  and  the 
proper  atmosphere  of  pharmacy.  At  the  same 
time  it  ought  to  show  and  sell  your  goods 
successfully. 

To  design  and  build  pharmacies  like  this  is  not 
easy.    It  requires  knowledge  and  experience  of 


shopfitting  technique  and,  above  all,  it  demands 
pharmaceutical  training.  A  good  ordinary  shop 
may  be  a  bad  pharmacy  and  pharmaceutical 
shopfitting  IS  a  thing  apart. 

Maw's  are  truly  pharmacy  designers  and  con- 
structors. They  have  been  bred  in  the  phar- 
maceutical atmosphere,  and  have  grown  up  With 
pharmaceutical  traditions.  A  "  Maw  "  phar- 
macy combines  all  that  is  best  in  pharmacy 
with  all  that  is  best  in  business.  It  is  a  profit 
maker  and  a  prestige  builder.  It  is  a  sound 
investment,  a  safeguard  of  future  prosperity. 


//  you  arc  contemplating  any  fitting  work,  from  the 
installation  of  a  simple  showcase  to  complete 
equipment  or  reconstruction  of  a  pharmacy,  consul^ 
Maw's.  We  will  help  you  with  suggestions, 
sketches  and  estimates  of  cost. 


12 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


POWDERS  AND  TABLETS  FOR  HEADACHES,  NEURALGIA, 
NEURITIS,     INFLUENZA,    RHEUMATIC    AND    ALL    NERVE  PAINS 


"ASKIT"  POWDERS  AND 
TABLETS  HAVE  BEEN 
NATIONALLY  ADVERTISED 
FOR    TWENTY -FIVE  YEARS 

A  SOUND  SELLING  LINE 
WITH  STEADILY  INCREASING 
SALES  AND  A  SUBSTANTIAL 
MARGIN 

FROM    ALL    WHOLESALERS  OR 
DIRECT  FROIVI 

ASKIT  LTD. 

MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS 
KEPPOCHILL  ROAD 

GLASGOW 


WINNER  STOCKING  DYES 

Make  OLD,  FADED  or  SPLASHED  STOCKINGS  Ot  any 
material  like  NEW  again. 

Smartly  packed  in  Waxed  Tubes  and  Cartons.  Supplied  in  12  Latest 
Stocking  Colours  : — Copper  Beech,  Suntan,  Nude,  New  Brown,  Beige, 
Bulrush.  Cocoa,  Florence  Mills,  Eoae  Glow,  Smoke  Grey,  Dago, 
Ciuncietal.  Price  2/- per  dozen.  Retail  3d.  per  Tube.  Very  attractive 
Display  Case  free  with  one  gross.    Order  Ui-4ay  from  : — 

WHITAKER    &    CO.    (Kendal)  LTD. 


WINNER  HOME  DYES 

THE     FINEST     OBTAINABLE     for     WOOL,  SILK, 
COTTON,  etc. 

Smartly  packed  in  Waxed  Tubes  and  Cartons.  Supplied  in  24 
Specially  Concentrated  Fast  Colours  : — Black,  Navy  Blue,  Blue,  Saxe 
Blue,  Royal  Blue,  Fawn,  Brown,  Dark  Brown,  Nigiier  Brown,  Purple, 
Lavender,  Mauve,  Green,  Dark  Green,  Emerald,  Red,  Pink,  Cherry, 
Old  Rose.  Grey,  Cream,  Yellow.  Orange,  Brick.  Price  2/-  per  dozen. 
RkU";!!  3(i.  per  Tube.  Very  attractive  Display  Case  free  with  one  gross. 

Dye  Specialists  for  Chemists,  KENDAL,  ENG. 


LONDON  COLLEGE  OF  PHARMACY 

(Founded  by  H.  WOOTTON,  B.Sc.)  C.  W.  GOSLING,  Ph.C.  Principal:     IRVINE  G.  RANKIN,  B.Sc,  Ph.C. 

SPECIALISTS  IN  TRAINING  PHARMACISTS. 

Day —  Evening  —  Fu I l-Ti me  —  Part-Time  —  Revision  Courses.  Next  Session  Commences 

PRELIM.  SCIENTIFIC  CHEMIST  &  DRUGGIST  QUALIFYING  OCTOBER  5th.     Prospectus  Post  Free. 

Apply   to  the   Secretary,    361    CLAPHAM    ROAD,    S.W.9.        Telephone:     Brixton  2161. 


WESTMINSTER  COLLEGE  OF  PHARMACY. 


WILLS'  UNIVERSAL 
POSTAL  SYSTEM 

FEES  (GT.  BRITAIN  &  N,  IRELAND). 

PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  COURSE      -   £1  10 

QUALIFYING  COURSE  -£110 

APOI  HECARIES'  HALL  COURSE  -    -    -  £1  11  6 


POSTAL  COURSE  PROSPECTUS  POST  FREE 
from  The  Secretary, 

190   CLAPHAM    ROAD,  S.W.9. 


Let  the  "GEM " 
make  money  for  you 

Write  for  particulars  and 
name  of  local  agent  to  the 
manufacturers 

THE  GEM 

AUTOMATIC  WEIGHING 
MACHINE  COMPANY 

LIMITED 
48  NEW  CITY  ROAD 
GLASGOW,  C.4 
K'VPORT'— Buy  now  on  favour- 
^  ^     able  Exchange  Rate 


MANY  SUCCESSES  IN  THE  EXAMINATIONS 

Your  Opportunity  to 

QUALIFY  IN  OPTICS 

PRACTICAL  WORK.  Personal  tuition  in  the 
practical  work  is  a  distinctive  feature.  Students  can 
avail  themselves  of  the  practical  classes  held  dur- 
ing examination  times  when  they  are  in  London. 

Exfierl  Tuilionfor  ihe  SIGHT-TESTING  DIPLOMAS  of  the  Worship- 
Jul  Ccmnany  oj  Spectacle  Makers  iF.S.M.C.) ;     the  British  Optical 
Association    (F.B.O.A.) ;        the    National   Association     of  Opticians 
{F.N.A.O.  ;    or  the  College  of  Optics  (F.C.O.) 

Write  tor  full  particulars — 

C.A.SCURR,  lVl.P.S.,F.S.M.C.,F.B.O.A.,F.N.A.O.,B.Sc.,F.I.O.,F.C.O. 
50  HIGH    STREET,   BARNET.  LONDON,  N. 


DUDLEY'S  GLASS  COUNTERS 

Made  in  our 
OWN  WORKS 
at  HOLLOWAY 

from 

£9:5:0  each 

Constructed  from 
well  seasoned  oak 
or  mahogany  with 
i  drawn  plate 
glass  top,  front 
and-  2  ends,  clear 
filass  doors  at  back. 
Interior  fitted  one 
row    of  shelves, 

DUDLEY  &  COMPANY  LTD.  3ft  hj«hx 2(, wide 

4  ft.  long  £9  OS.  • 

5  ft.   „    £10  Os. 

6  ft.   „    £10 15s. 

City  Showrooms  :  65/66  Fore  Street,  E.G.  Ex  Wori!s 


Holloway  Road,  London,  N.7 


Skptember  17  10,3-2 


THE   CTTMMlSr   AND    DTI UG GIST 


13 


(LYSOL  EVANS) 


Every  Batch 
Standardised 

EVANSOL  is  the  Lysol  of  distinction ;  always  reliable. 
It  contains  50%  distilled  cresylic  acid ;  is  perfectly  soluble 
in  hard  or  soft  water — a  pleasant  odour,  and  leaves  no 
"  film    on  surgical  instruments. 

Supply  "EVANSOL"  and  you  ensure  satisfaction.  The 
illustration  above  shows  the  attractive  Display  Material 
provided,  and  includes  brightly-coloured  crepe  paper  in 
two  shades. 

EVANS  SONS  LESCHER  &  WEBB  LTD 


LIVERPOOL 


DUBLIN 


LONDON 


14 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST- 


Sept-ember  17,  1932 


the  original  combinecl  Cream  and  Powd 

o 


er 


The  advertised  line  that  you  are  asked  for. 

NOW  ON  P.A.T.A. 
Samples  free  upon  receipt  of  trade  card  or  billhead. 

PRICES  :— No.  1.  Handbag  tube    3/-  doz.    Retail  -/4^ 
No.  2.  Small  tube    -  4/- 
No.  3.  Medium  tube  7/- 
No.  4.  Large  tube    -  14/- 
No.  5.  Super  tube   -  22/- 
Pots  (glass)  -  21/- 
Pots  de  luxe  (unbreakable)   -    -  36/- 
Made  in  jour  shades  : 
WHITE,  IVORY,  NATURAL  and  OCHRE. 
Obtainable  from  yoar  regular  Wholesaler  or  direct  from  the  Manufacturers : 

DIXOR,  LTD.,  68,  Newman  St.,  Oxford  St.,  London,  W.l 

Sole  Distributors  for 

Northern  Ireland  :  ROBERT  MAYRS  &  CO.,  43  Chichester  Street,  BELFAST 
Irish  Free  State  :  MAY,  ROBERTS  &  CO.  LTD.,  Grand  Canal  Qxxny,  DUBLIN 


-/6 
1/- 
2/- 
3/. 

2/9 
4/6 


profitable 
Trade  .  ,  . 

When  you  recommend  Rowland's  Macassar  Oil  as  a 
hair  tonic  and  dressing  you  are  well  on  the  way  to 
a  steady,  profitable  trade,  for  it  is  a  line  which 
ensures  regular  purchases. 

For  139  years  It  has  been  giving  complete  satisfaction 
in  every  part  of  the  world,  and,  as  it  is  not  a  cheap 
line,  it  brings  you  a  good-class  trade.  Widely  known 
and  extensively  advertised,  Rowland's  Macassar  Oil 
is  easy  to  sell. 

Rowland's  Macassar  Oil 
is  perfumed  willi  anar  of 
roses  and  is  obtainable  in 
nso  forms — red  for  dark 
hair,  golden  for  fair  or 
grey  hair. 

19^ 


A.   ROWLAND  S;  SONS,  LTD. 

27.  LAYSTALL  ST.,  ROSEBERY  AVE.,  LONDON,  E.C.I 

    r 


September  17,  1932  THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


15 


Sensational  Sales 


THE    NEW  RAZORLESS 


SHAVE 

WRITE    FOR    THE  ATTRACTIVE 

WINDOW  DISPLAYS 

which  will    attract  and   keep   a   crowd  of 
fascinated  people  at  your  window 

Window  display  101  (19"x29" 

Men— Part) 
Window  display  103  (56";  29" 

Men  and  Women) 
Counter  card   106  (S"x12") 


YOU  ONLY  NEED  TO  STOCK 

"  SN2W  " 

OUR  ADVERTSSING  AND 
WINDOW  DISPLAYS 
move  it  off  your  shelves 

BUY  "SN2W"  UNDER 
OUR 

BONUS  OFFER 

(Introduction  Offer  good 
until  October  3rd.  1932) 
The  large  package  of  "  Snow  " 
with  spatula  and  superfine  fibre 
brush  is  sold  at  3/-.    You  buy 

12  large  pckgs.  of  "Snow"  2S/- 
1    ,  FREE 


Here  is  a  typical  "  SNOW  " 
advertisement 


13  „ 

Sells  at 


25/- 
39/- 


FILL  UP  COUPON  AND 
POST    IT    AT  ONGE 


POST  T His  COUPON  TO  DAY  ! 


THE  BRITANNIA  LABORATORIES,  13  Little  Titchfield  St.,  LONDON,  W.I 

Deliver  the  following  :— 

12  large  boxes  of  "Snow"    25/- 

J_     „       „  „    FREE 

*13     „       „  „    ~25h 

Furthermore  deliver  immediately  :— 

 Window  display  No.  101   Window  display  No.  103 

 Counter  cards  No.  105 


My  Wholesaler  is. 
My  Name  


My  Address  

If  less  than  a  dozen  is  ordered  delivery  will  be  mnde  through 
your  wholesaler.  Dozen  orders  will  be  dispatched  direct  from 
our  factory  but  they  will  be  billed  through  your  wholesaler- 


D.  17/9/33 


16 


THE  CHEMIST 


AND  DRUGGIST  September  17,  1932 


Creme  Siamoise  is  now  being  manufactured  in 
England.  This  famous  French  product  will  effect 
more  sales  for  you.  Attractively  packed  and  with 
handsome  Show  material,  it  will  prove  an  attraction 
to  all  up-to-date  establishments.  Whilst  the  high 
quality  is  being  maintained,  every  endeavour  has 
been  made  to  keep  the  prices  at  a  popular  level. 
Advertising  has  already  begun  and  an  intensive 
campaign  is  being  developed. 

PRICES : 

CREME  SIAMOISE        LAQUE  SIAMOISE 


Nuit  and  Jour, 


Sac  Tubes... 
I,arge  ,,  ... 
.Small  Jars... 
Medium  „  ... 
I<arge  ,,  ... 
Mixed    ,,  ... 


fd. 

1/6 
1/6 
2/. 
3/6 
4/- 


Dozen 
4/- 
12/. 
12/- 
16/. 
28/. 
32/- 


(Cream  Rouge) 
Jars     2/6    ...    20/.  Dozen 

POUDRE  SIAMOISE 

Small  Box  1/6  ...  12/- Doz. 
I^arge  ,,  2/3  ...  18/.  „ 
(Naturelle,  rachel  clair, 
rachel  fouce,  rose,  blanche, 
clair,  peche,  ocre, 
mauresque.) 


13  to  the  dozen  through  your  Wholesaler  or  direct  from  the 

Sole  Sales    Concessionnnires  for   Ike   British  Isles 
and  Dominions 

CHARLES  ROGER  Laboratories  Ltd. 
15  Great  James  Street,  London,  W.C.I. 

WRITE  FOR  SPECIAL  DISPLAY  TERMS. 

Creme 

Siamoise 


Everywhere 

women 
are  demanding 

•*  I V A  "  the  real  fur 
puff  that  washes . . . 


Our  Advertising 
continues  .  .  .  The 
interest  of  all  women 
is  definitely  aroused 
.  .  .  Letters  are 
reaching  us  from  all 
over  the  country  .  .  . 
You  will  find  it 
profitable  to  keep  a 
prominent  display  of 
the  puff  that  all  the 
talk's  about. 


"IVA"  is  the  easy-to-remember 
name  for  the  only  fadeless, 
washable,  real  fur  powder  puff. 
It  is  guaranteed  100%  hygienic, 
made  in  the  newest  pastel  and 
fashionable  shades — and  it  is 
British. 

"IVA"  Fur  Puffs  are  retailed  at 
popular  prices  ranging  from  6d. 
upwards,  showing  the  full  trade 
profit  on  all  lines,  with  the 
usual  discount  terms.  For 
example,  the  6d.  puff  costs 
you  4/3  per  dozen,  the  9d. 
puff  5/9  per  dozen,  the  1/- 
puff  7/9  per  dozen,  and  so  on. 
A  wide  range  of  Sports  and 
Handkerchief  puffs  are  also 
available. 

The  wholesale  houses  have 
comprehensive  stocks  ready  for 
your  demands. 


A 


^1 PU*^ 


WHOLESALE  STOCKISTS 
OF  "IVA"  FUR  PUFFS 
from  whom  you  can  obtain 
full  details  and  stocks  of  all 
styles, 

R.    HOVENDON    &  SONS 
LTD., 

89-95.  City  Road,  E.C.I 
29,  Berners  Street,  W.l 
BUTLER    &    CRISPE  LTD., 
80/84,  Clerkenwell  Road, 
E.C.I 

BARCLAY  &  SONS  LTD., 
95.  Farringdon  Street,  E.C.4 

SANGERS  LTD., 
42a,  Hampstead  Road,  N.W.I 
HEWLETT  &  SONS  LTD., 
35,  Charlotte  Street,  E.C.2 
WILLIAM  TOOGOOD  LTD., 
77,  Southwark  Street,  S.E.I 

WATTS  BROS.  LTD., 
72, Cannon  Street, Manchester 

SINGLE  DALBY  &  CO.. 
42,  Oldham  Road,  Manchester 

T.  &  H.  SMITH  LTD., 
32/4,  Virginia  Street,  Glasgow 
LORIMER   &   MOYES  LTD.. 

7,  Montrose  Street,  Glasgow 
11, Waterloo  Place.  Edinburgh 

HEATH  BROS.. 
101/3,  Chapel  Street,  Salford 
lOHN  J.  DENTON  LTD., 
7,  Williamson  Square, 
Liverpool 
JAMES  TOMPKINS  LTD., 
386.  City  Road,  E.C.I 
CHARLES  JONES.RADFORD 
&  CO.,  LTD.. 
80,  Coleman  Street,  E.C.2 

KEN  &  CO.  LTD., 
56,  Rathbone  Place,  W.l 
SILK'S  TOILET  CO., 

8,  Red  Lion  St. , London.  W.C.t 
FRANCIS  NEWBURY  & 

SONS  LTD..  27. Charterhouse 
Square,  London,  E.C.I 


100 
HYGI 


/o 

ENIC 


THE  "IVA"  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 
25-29  BANNER  STREET  :  LONDON  :  E.Cl 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


17 


^^^^^^^^^^ 


ANTISEPTIKOL  is  a  thoroughly  efficient  fragrant 
and  refreshing  Dental  Cream,  each  tube  is  filled 
with  a  preparation  that  will  cleanse,  brighten  and 
whiten  teeth  with  protection  from  caries,  also 
possessing  the  added  virtues  of  keeping  gums  firm 
and  the  entire  oral  cavity  in  an  aseptic  and 
healthy  condition.  It  makes  no  extravagant  claims, 
but  will  uphold  the  prestige  of  the  Chemist  in  recom- 
mending items  that  will  honestly  benefit  his  patrons. 

This  showcard  is  particularly  striking.  The  colour  scheme  being  Silver,  Green,  Black  and 
Vermilion.  Monochrome  does  not  do  it  justice,  and  as  an  attraction  and  business 
compeller  it  will  be  found  unequalled  either  in  window  or  on  counter.  It  will  make  sales  almost 
automatic,  thus  saving  valuable  "  sales  time  "  for  you  and  your  assistants  in  their  busy  day. 


Proprietors  end  Menufdctwers 
ANTISEPTIKOL  Ltd. 

Sole  Wholesale  Distributors 

J.  C.  GAMBLES  &  CO.  Ltd. 

211-215,  Blackfriars  Road,  London,  S.E.1 


18 


THE    CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


ihervk  a  growing  demni 
among  menforareanij^ood 
Eair  Cream -lhalu  why 

'jyiLTSDA'sALEs 


COUP 


JULYSIA  arouses  the  enthusiasm  of  client  and  chemist  alike. 
Men  like  it  because  it  gives  them  all  they  wish  for  in  a  hair  cream 
at  a  very  moderate  price.  Chemists  like  it  because  it  assures 
them  a  steadily-moving  line  allied  v^ith  substantial  profit.  Read 
these  details  of  our  bonus  scheme  :— 


"JULYSIA"  CREAM  IS  PACKED 
IN  TWO  SIZES 

I/-  size  at  8/-  doz.    1/6  size  at  12/-  doz. 

No.  I  PARCEL 


BONUS  TERMS-13  bots.  to  tlie  doz. 
SPECIAL    CARRIAGE  PAID 
PARCELS  On  Bonus  Terms  :— 

No.  2  PARCEL 


4  dozen  I/-  size  3  dozen  I/-  size.     I  dozen  1/6  size 

With  FREE  BONUS  of  4  X  I/- Bottles  With  FREE  BONUS  of  3  x  I/- &  I  x  1/6 
and   4  x    I    pints    for    Saloon    use      Bottles  and  4  x  I  pints  for  Saloon  use 

"JULYSIA"    is    also    supplied    in    Bulk    for    Saloon    use  :— 
7/6  gallon,  4/-  half  gallon,  1/6  pint 

A  PRODUCT  OF 

JULCSFReRCS 

Perfumers,  154-164  WALWORTH  ROAD,  LONDON,  S.E. 


Ltp 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


19 


y         J.      c^kC^   (^fi/d   (m\£,^   ^^iifX^  (Tiri/i) 


11 


BediUiy's  Best  Friends/: 

Undiminislied  popularity  in  spite  of  difficult  times  —  tfiat  is  the  true  test  of  success. 
Harriet  Hubbard  Ayer  preparations  have  been  scllins  largely  in  this  country  for  four  years. 
And/  at  this  crucial  moment,  they  are  actually  gaining  ground  in  the  hearts  of  thousands 
of  discriminating  women. 

W^tdespread  and  dignified  advertising  in  important  papers  and  periodicals  has  done 
much.  But  it  is  the  purity,  effectiveness,  and  clever  planning  of  these  preparations  which  is, 
above  all,  responsible  for  their  steady  progress. 

Become  a  Harriet  Hubbard  Ayer  agent  now — and  before  a  month  is  out  you  will  ccn- 
gratulate  yourself.  L,uxuria' — the  biggest  selling  number — is  much  in  favour  at  the  moment 
because  it  enables  women  to  cleanse,  soothe,  and  nourish  their  skin  with  a  single  preparation. 

Give  us  the  pleasure  of  a  personal  call,  or  write  for  particulars  to 
Harriet  Hubbard  Ayer  Ltd.,  13o  Regent  Street,  London,  W.I. 

The  retail  prices  of  the  famous  LUXURIA  Cream  are  2/3,  4/=,  8/6,  u/p 
Skin  &  Tissue  Builder  4/=,  7/6,   iS/p,  3o/- 
Beautifying  Face  Cream  4/=,  7/6,  iS/p,  So/- 
Beautifying  Face  Powder  4/3 
Complexion  Balm  3/6,  7/= 
Eau  de  Beautc  4/=,  8/= 


HARRIEl  HUBBAR 

Beauty  Preparations 

NEWyORK  LONDON 


AYER 

LTD. 

PARIS 


5  .  p^^? 


'4> 


20 


'THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


Your  windows  aglow 
with  inviting  brilliance 
never  fail  to  bring 
customers  to  your  shop. 

When    ordering  your 
next    consignment  of 
lamps  specify:— 

COSMOS 
LAMPS 

METROVICK'S  "  LIGHT"  PRODUCT 

METROPOLITAN  -  VICKERS  ELECTRICAL 
CO.,  LTD. 


TRAFFORD  PARK 


MANCHESTER 


RETAILED 


RETAILED 


IN  SPRINKLERS 


IN  CARTONS 


FOOT  BATH  SALTS 


-  AND 


(in  Cartons) 


FOOT  DUSTING  POWDER 

(in  Sprinlders) 

You  can  confidently  recommend  these  to  your  customers, 
it  will  ensure  satisfaction  and  bring  rapid  repeats^ 

We  will  send  Carr.  Paid  with  3-Colour  Show  Ma:ter. 


1  Doz.  Assorted  for  4  3  ;  3  Doz.  for  12/ 


A  NATIONAL  CHEMICAL  HOLDINGS  PREPARATION. 
SOLE  DISTRIBUTORS  :— 

C.  L.  SHARD  &  Co.,  Ltd., 

212/214  Gt.  Portland  Street,  London,  W.I 


use  PREEMO 

PERFUME  ESSENCES 


In  the  MANUFACTURE  of  your 
TOILET  PREPARATIONS. 

You  can  always  rely  on  -  the 
quality  and  uniform  strength 
of  the 

PREEmO  ESSENCES. 

They  will  nnix  freely  with  spirit, 
water,  fat  and  oil. 

Send  for  Free  Samples 
and  Price  List. 

THE  PREEMO  CO. 

63  High  Holborn,  London.  W.C.1. 


ENGLAND'S  LAST  WORD 

IN  SAFETY    RAZOR  BLADES 
THE  GREAT  "TOM  THUMB" 

(ACTUAL  SIZE  OF  BLADEi 

Retails 


Retails 
at 


TOM^     [HUMB  \  at 


each 


each 


MADE  BY 

Brooks,Haywood &Co.Ltd.,ShilohWorks,  Sheffield 


September  17,  1932  THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


21 


Laboratories  :  Hounslou),  Middlesex  :  Inc.U.S.A .,  Linbility  Limited 


22 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST  September  17,  1032 


We  Illustrate  Two  Items 

FROM  THE  SECTION  OF  OUR 
CATALOGUE  DEALING  WITH 

OPHTHALMIC 
INSTRUMENTS 

TRIAL  CASES,  SIGHT 
TESTING  CHARTS,  ETC. 

A  COPY  OF  THIS  SECTION  OR  THE 
COMPLETE  CATALOGUE  WILL 
GLADLY  BE  SENT  ON  REQUEST 


THE  "  GENO  "  CABINET  TRIAL  CASE 


THE  OPTICIANS  GREATEST  CARE 
SHOULD  BE  THE  CHOICE  OF  THE 
FINEST   POSSIBLE  EQUIPMENT 

Our  endeavour  has  always  been 
to  manufacture  and  supply  only 
-    THE  BEST  — 

General  Optical  £o. 

(E.  T.  &  F.  W.  CORNWELL) 

120   CLERKENWELL  ROAD 
LONDON,  E.G.! 


THE  "GENO  MINOR" 
REFRACTIONIST'S  CHAIR 


LONDON  DEPOT: 
292  UPPER  ST., 
ISLINGTON  -  N.l 


FAIRY  DYES 

are  big  sellers — always  in  popular  demand.  They 
mean  quick  turnover  and  liberal  profits.  Fairy 
Dyes  are  forging  steadily  ahead  and  you  should 
periodically  inspect  your  stocks. 

Retailed  at  2d.  per  tube — attractively  packed.  31 
shades  and  colours. 

Be  wise — stock 


FAIRY  DYES..  LTD..  GLASGOW,  N.W. 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


23 


SALES-SATISFACTION 


for  YOU 

When  you  sell  Sherley's 
Dog  and  Cat  Medicines  you 
have  the  satisfaction  of 
knowing  that  your  Custo- 
mers will  be  Satisfied,  and 
they  will  come  again.  These 
popular  lines  are  renowned 
for  their  Purity,  Safety  and 


for  Your  Customers 


Efficacy,  and  the  Exten- 
sive Advertising  Campaign 
which  is  always  in  opera- 
tion ensures  a  steady 
and  continuous  demand. 
They  show  good  profits  and 
are  supplied  on  terms  which 
eliminate    all   risk  of  loss. 


DOG 
OWNERS 

ARE 
INSISTING 

ON 

SHERLEY'S 


SHERLEY'S 

DOG  &  CAT  MEDICINES 


QUANTITY  TERMS 

—are  available  for  SHERLEY'S 
Tonic  &  Condition  Powders  and 
Worm  Remedies — now  packed 
on  attractive  Display  Cards. 
Also    for    £7.    Assorted  Parcels. 


Full  Literature  and  Sales- 
Compelling  Show  Cards  are 
available.  Send  a  Postcard 
for  particulars  to  : — 
A.  F.  Sherlcy  &  Co.,  Ltd., 
18  Marshalsea  Road, 
LONDOIM    .        ...  S.E.I. 


LACTOL  AND 
LACTOL  BISCUITS 


A  YEAR'S 
EFFECTIVE 
ADVERTISING 
For  Less  than 
3/6  P®*"  week 


Address 
Enquiries 
to 


■^HIS  IS  THE  TITLE  of  an  interesting  folder  describing 
something  altogether  new  in  the  way  of  advertising  that  we 
have  prepared  for  you,  Mr.  Retail  Chemist— something  that 
will  help  you  to  maintain  and  increase  sales  during  these  difficult 
times,  at  a  price  well  within  your  means. 


Worth  Investigating 


Don't  You  Think  So  ? 


As  printers  for  chemists  for  over  a  century,  we  have  had  ample 
opportunity  of  studying  the  chemist's  selling  problems,  and  we 
have  used  the  knowledge  thus  gained  for  YOUR  benefit.  So 
send  for  this  folder  NOW— before  you  forget  about  it— and 
find  out  all  about  this  advertising  scheme. 

SUTTLEY  &  SILVERLOCK.  LTD. 

Head  Office:  92  BLACKFRIARS  ROAD,  LONDON.  S.E.1 
Pubhcity  Dept.  :  MORLEY  HOUSE,  3U  REGENT  STREET,  W.1 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


V. 


LIGHTEST— MEDIUM— DENSE. 

And  All  Other  Grades  To  Suit  Every  Purpose. 

CHEMICALS  FOR  ALL  INDUSTRIES. 


CHALK 


rhone  :  Manuon  Hoii.^c  7300.         Tel.  Add.  :  "  Lcvermors,  Phone,  London. 

A.  LEVERMORE  &  CO.  LTD.  ABccodes 


no  CANNON  STREET,  LONDON,  E.C.4. 


5th  &  6th  Uditions. 


Pure  Orange  Wine 

A.  MILLAR  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  DUBLIN 

IV1>;U1H  AURANTII  B  P.)        Prejiared  in  strict  accordance  witlv  the  Formula  of  the  British  Pharmacopoeiii.  (Whole=a:e  oatv.i 

Samples  from  Head   Office,  Tliomas  Street,  DUBIJN,  or  I^ondon  Office,  74  Great  Tower  Street,  LONDON,  E.C.3 


PARAFFINUM  LIOUIDUM 


P. 


Civrro  A  TTTnUTT'TC'r'nC'TTVHOLROYD'S  OIL  &  CERESINE  CO.,  LTD. 
EjAlKAMlljrJtl  Vlol^Uoll  1  3New London St..London,E,C.3. 


'/'/jort*.-^  3395  ItopaL 
iVires:  Errikolrou  Fm, 


B 


TRAGACANTH 
and  ARABIC 

As  Imported  or  Finely  Powdered 
WHITE  SHELLAC 

FREDK.  FINK  &  CO.,  10  <&  II  Mincing  Lane,  London,  E.C.3 

Telephone  :  ItOYAL  509i. 


Increase  Your  Developing  and 
Printing  Service  ! 

Make  use  of  our  really  useful  series  of  D.  &  P. 
books,    also   our   Printed   Aids    to  Selling. 
Interesting  range  of  samples  post  free. 

ni  ID  Al  I  DD4^C  The  Patent  Label  Factory, 
tSUKALL   DKV.>9.  WISBECH,  CAMBS. 


Manufacturer  of 

WOODEN  CHIP  BOXES 


For  use  in  the  Chemical  Industry,  Pharmacy 
and  the  Drug  Trade  generally. 
Ask  for  sample  and  prices 
151  I  PIAI     Kaiserswalde,    Kr.  Habel- 

ichwerdt,  Bez.  Breslau,  Germ. 


JOS.  KLEIN, 


SHADEINE 

FOR  TINTING  GREY  HAIR 

'ibit,  popular  article  ie  largely  advertised 
i.ud  stocked   by  all   Wbolepnie  Hmises. 


'Irial  size  8d.  per  doz, 
3/4  size,  per  doz. 
2/6  eize,  per  doz. 
[feize,  per  doz. 


6/. 
12/. 

24/. 
3ti/- 


The  SHADEINE  Co.  58,  Westbourne  Grove,  London,  W. 2 


/ 


ZJ 


W'B  "   iNever  drip 

nycarcher/ 


Retains   its  freshness   indefinitely.     From  your 
wholesaler  or  the  Patentees  : 
1^  A  Y    BROTHERS  LIMITED, 
St.  Peiersgate     -       -  STOCKPORT. 


-PITMAN'S- 


PHARMACY:  GENERAL  &  OFFICIAL 

By  J.  W.  Cooper,  Ph.C. 

New  methods  have  been  adopted  in  this  textbook  by  which  students  will  find 
it  easy  to  recall  facts  during  their  examinations.  A  carel^u'ly  planned  work 
showing  a  real  uuderstanding  of  the  students  outlook.    414  p.p.    10/6  net 

Full  particulars  post  free  from 
PITMAN'S,   Parker  Street,    Kingsway,   London,  W.C.2 


CLOSING  I 


ma 

4  6  "'47/6 


FILLING 


to  suit  all  Dispensing  Requirements. 

WRITE  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  LIST. 
THOS.  CHRISTY  &  CO..  4-12  Old  Swan  L. 


LONDON.  E.C4. 


-  1  n  - 

"STATIC" 

Ree.  No.  523,323 

TOOTH 
BRUSH 

BONEHANDLES 

WHITE, 
UNBLEACHED. 
OR  BLACK 
BRISTLES 

Names  free  on 
6  doz.  lots. 

6/6  per  doz. 

prom  ail  wholesalers 

W.R.SPEER& SON,  215  Dalston  Lane,  E.8. 

Est.  100  Years. 


MANUFACTURERS: 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST   AND  DliUGGIST 


2.") 


Quick 

Makes  New 
Custom^ 

and  50% 

Profit  on 
Cost 


The  PAM  Popular  Size  Compressed  Ladies' 
Towel  is  the  only  penny  towel  individually 
packed.  The  outer  label  around  each  towel 
can  be  slipped  off,  leaving  the  packet  entirely 
plain.  Immediately  the  package  is  opened,  the 
towel  is  ready  for  use,  without  *'  pulling 
out "  or  warming. 

PAM  Compressed  Towels  offer  perfect  pro- 
tection for  One  Penny  (Popular  Size)  .... 
There  are  also  medium  and  large  sizes,  as 
well  as  PAM  Soluble  and  Standard  (Cotton 
Wool)  Towels  in  all  sizes. 

HAVE  YOU  HAD  YOUR  BONUS 
PARCEL  YET? 


SANITARY  PADS 
STAND  FOR 
SERVICE  TO 
YOUR  WOMEN 
CUSTOMERS 


COMPRESSED  (Loop  or  Tab  Ends) 


SOLUBLE  (Loop  or  Tab  Ends) 


pot. 


The  Packets 
make  the 
display. 
Show  them 


in  your 
Shop. 


STANDARD  (De  Luxe  Cotton  Wool) 
Clifford  G.  Froom  (Sales  Service) 

PAM  MANUFACTURING  CO.  LTD. 

10  SCSNGLY  ST.,  REGENT  ST.,  LONDON,  W.I 

#  REPRESENTATIVES  WANTED  ON 
COMMISSION  TO  SECURE  FURTHER 
DISTRIBUTION  TO  THE  TRADE.  STATE 
CONNECTION  AND  TERRITORY,  AND 
OTHER  REPRESENTATIONS. 


B  B 


26 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


WHEAT    BRIDGE    MILLS,  CHESTERFIELD 


OLD    STREET}    L^ON.DO'N,  E.'^C.-l 


Roberts'  Original  Patent 

BOTTLE  FILLING  MACHINES 

The  record  makers  in  speed  filling  with  cleanli- 
ness.   Foot-Operated  Machines.    From  £5  5s. 
Hand-Operated  Machines.    From  36/- 
Sounrlly  constructeJ,  simple  in   action,   easy    to  clean. 

NEW  PATENT  SHALLOW  TIN 
FILLING  MACHINES 

Automatic  CAN  FILLING 
MACHINES,  MIXING 
MACHINES,  CORKING 
MACHINES. 

NEW  PATENT  ACCESSOR. 
lES  TO  "NELSON," 
"VICTOR"  and  "NAVY" 
BOTTLE  FILLING 

MACHINES  enable  them  to  be 
used  as  Vacuum  Fillers,  Gravity 
Fillers  or  Pressure  Fillers  at  will. 


"ROYAL " 


V^RITE  TO-DAY  TO 


ROBERTS'  PATENT 

FILLING  MACHINE  CO. 

33  Roundcroft  Street,  BOLTON,  LANCS. 

All  rights  reserved. 


n  1  1  1 

1^ 

Patent  "  Rapid  "  Mixer. 


Gardner  Ball  Crushing  Mill 


for  Chemical  purposes 
must  be  rapid,  super- 
fine, of  laboratory  ac- 
curacy, and  absolutely 
consistent, 

Gardner  machines 
perform  all  these 
operations  in  the  most 
efficient  way. 

They  are  economical 
and  efficient ;  a  high 
standard  is  maintained 
in  the  quality  and 
quantity  of  their  out- 
put. 

Details  and  Catalogue  of 
all  Gardner  plants  from 

WM.  GARDNER 
&  SONS  (Gloucester) 

LTD. 

BRISTOL  ROAD,  GLOUCESTER 

Telephone :  2288  (2  Imes). 
'Jelegrams:  "Gardner,  Qlaucester.*' 
London  Office  :  19  Qrai/s  Inn  Chambtrt 

26  Eigh  Bolborn,  W.G.X. 
Telephone:  Chancery  7347. 


September  17,  1932 


THE  chp:mist  and  druggist 


27 


An  agreeab 
the  popular 


le  addition  to 


GLYCERINE  PASTILLES  with  Lemon  Flavour : 

The  old  time  favourite  soother  of  tired  and  sore  throats — 
glycerine  and  lemon.  This  new  Galen  pastille  is  recommended 
for  the  purity  of  its  ingredients,  convenient  packing  and  reason- 
able retail  price  of  I/-  per  4  oz.  tin. 

CINNAMON  LOZENGES:    An  effective  lozenge 

highly  medicated  with  the  purest  oil  of  cinnamon.    6d.  per  tin. 

SISTER'S  THROAT  PASTILLES  :  Enjoys  a  strong 

demand.  A  warming  and  soothing  pastille  of  the  Chlorodyae 
type.    Packed  in  4  oz.  tins  at  I/-  each.    Also  in  6d.  tins. 

MITCHAM  MINTS  :  Are  hand-made  lozenges  with  a 
high  content  of  real  Mitcham  ol.  menth.  pip.  6d.  per  tin. 

GLYCERINE  &  BLACKCURRANT  PASTILLES: 

A  blending  of  real  blackcurrant  fruit  juice  and  glycerine.  The 
popular  fruit  throat  pastille,  welcomed  for  its  agreeable  flavour 
and  efficacy.    In  4  oz.  tins  at  I/- 

OAL€N 


DUCTS 


ftEG*?  TRADE  MAfiK 


Manufactured  by 
THE  GALEN  PRODUCTS  CO.,  LTD.,  STOCKPORT 

Sole  Selling  Agents  : 

THOMPSON  &  CAPPER  WHOLESALE  LTD. 
Manesty  Buildings, College  Lane, LIVERPOOL 


28 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


LINIMENT  ^^1;^^ 


IO'6  CASH  BONUS  OFFER 


FOR  A  14  DAYS'  WINDOW  DISPLAY 

To  qualify  for  the  Cash  Bonus  of  10/6  it 
is  only  necessary  for  you  to  make  a 

WINDOW  DISPLAY  OF  SLOAN'S  LINIMENT 

before  Nov.  30th,  1932 


CLOSING 
DATE 

Oct.  3ISt,  1932 


employing  the  New  Window 
Cards,  and  place  an  order 
for  6  dozen  or  1  gross  Sloan's 
Liniment,  using  the  Order 
Form  below. 

The  display  cards  should  be 
accompanied  with  a  fairly  liberal 
supply  of  the  goods  and  occupy 
a  position  in  the  frorst  of  the 
window  for  14  days. 

This  is  all  you  are  asked  to  do. 
The  half-guinea  will  be  remitted 
when  you  advise  us  that  the 
display  is  in  operation.  A 
postcard  is  enclosed  in  all 
display  sets  for  this  purpose. 

This   offer   is  limited  to 
ONE  BONUS  PER  CUSTOMER 


SLOANS 

LINIMENT 


,  f  Makes 

\  .  iUMBAOO 


SPRASHS 
^    SHADO.WS  OF 


Reprodticiion  of  one  of  the  new  season's  shovicards.  Printed  in  full  colour,  the 
cards  are  suitable  for  both  Window  and  Counter  use.    FREE  u-iih  Bonus  Order 


BONUS  ORDER  FORM 


Date. 


To  Messrs. 


WILLIAM  R.  WARNER    &  Co.  Ltd.    (Sole  Distributors  of  Sloan's  Liniment) 
300  Gray's  Inn  Rozi,  London,  W.C.I. 

Please  Supply  SLOAN'S  LINIMENT 

  2/-  size    (one  original  case)    at    19/-  per  doz.  for  6  doz.  lots. 


2/-  size    (two  original  cases)    at  18/- 


4/-  size    (two  or  more 


J  38/- 


1  gross. 
4  doz. 
6  doz. 


original  cases)       \38/-    „  ,, 
Original  cases  only,    2/-  size  6  doz. 

4/-  siz3  2  doz. 

And  forward  New  Season's  Window  Display  Material,  which  I  tmdertake  to  display  together 
with  goods  in  my  window  for  14  days  not  later  than  November  30th,  1932,  in  consideration  of 
the  payment  of  Half-a-Guinea  (to  be  remitted  on  advice  that  the  display  is  in  operation). 


Signed. . 
Address 


LL-nited  to  1  BONUS  OFFER 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


29 


C  ATA  R  R  H 

PASTBLLES 


LIMITED 


Pofter's  Catarrh 
Pastilles  are  of 
oufs  landing 
tnerif.  The/ 
have  captured 
the  approval 
of  the  public 
and  there  is 
good  business 
and  profit  for 
you  in  stocks 
ing   this  line. 

P.A.T.A.  1/3  11/-  doz. 
In  boxes  of  |  Dozens. 


Bishops^ate  Hol-ehound.  />«^^S5^ 

Phones:  4-7g,  ( 5  Li^^Sy    Grams : 'pi^^,^^  L^^j^^^  . 

60 -64  ARTILLERY  LANE/LONDON,  1.1 

MANCHESTER:  24  Luna  St.,  Gt.  ANCOATS.  " 


30 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


Awarded  Certificate  hy 
The  Institute  of  Hygiene 
for  Purity— Quality— Merit 


restricted 
to  ChmisU 


Ym  are  sure  of 
repeat  orders  . , 
hy  selling  the 

Contains  650 ^lie«t»  «f  pitpe 
wtilte   Siitplilt«  f^ttfiep* 

Free  Samfilit  it«ll  on  ai»|ift<ratti»tt 


Sole  Manufacturers: 

J.  RUTHERFORD&CoaS 

VICTORIA  PAPER  MILLS 
VICTORIA  RD.  HOLLOWAY.  LONDON,  N.7 


ilONTRACTORS  to  H.M.  GOVERNMENT 


SOLVO 

SELLS  ITSELF 

SOL-VO  gives  a  good  margin  of  profit  1o 
fhe  Chemist  and  is  economical  for  the 
customer  because  it  contains  nearly  three  times 
as  much  paper  as  the  "so-called"  cheap 
varieties.    It  pays  to  stock  and  display  SOL-VO. 

Why  not  give  it  a  trial  ? 
Simply  attach  your  label  to  the  accompanying 
form  and  send  it,  together  with  16/6,  to 

FORD,  SHAPLAND  &  CO.  Ltd. 

Gt.  Turnstile,   High  Holborn,  London,  W.C.I 

Telephone:  HOLBORN  4C05. 


TRIAL  PARCEL. 

1  doz.  Rolls :  -  1  doz.  Packets,: 
1  Cut-out :  100  "Personal  Hygiene"  Leaflets 
Cash  16/6  should  accompany  every  order. 


TO  GET 


INTO  DIRECT  TOUGH 

with  the  best  buyers  of  Drugs, 
Chemicals,  aad  allied  products 

ALL  OVER   THE  WORLD 

use    regularly    the  publicity 
service  afforded  by 

THE  CHEMIST  &  DRUGGIST 


NURSE  HARVEY'S  MIXTURE 


A  safe,  simple  and  reliable  remedy  for  Cliildren's 
Ailments  is  advertised  so  extensively  in  tlie 
daily  and  weekly  Press  as  to  bring  mothers  to 
the  retailer  without  effort  on  his  part. 

The  selling  has  been  done  before  the  mother 
reaches  ihe  chemist,  and,  having  supplied  her,  it 
is  only  common  sense  to  claim  she  will  buy  other 
family  necessaries  from  him.  Moreover,  the  con- 
tinuous demand  for  it  produces  a  quick  turnover. 


For  Direct  Terms  apply  to — 

OSCAR  SCRUTON  &  CO.,  YORK 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


31 


n  your 
Dispensi\ 
Department  .  ,  .  . 

Avoid  quinine  of  varying  quality 
and    activity    by    using  always 


TRADE 
MARK 


Qmnine  salts  issued  under 
the  ''Wellcome''  Brand  are: 
Bihydrochloride,  Bisulphate, 
Hydrobromide,  Hydrochloride, 
Salicylate,  Sulphate,  etc. 

For  full  list  and  prices,  see 
^Wellcome''  Brand  Chemicals 
and  Galenicals  Price  List 


WELLCO 
QUININE 


Subjected  to  exacting  tests  to  ensure 
purity,  pharmaceutical  excellence 
and  high  therapeutic  activity. 


For  your  Retail  Counter 

='TABLOID'- 

QUININE  PRODUCTS 

Elegant,  compressed  products  containing  the  precise 
stated  weight  of  pure,  therapeutically  active  quinine. 

Some  products  which  will  shortly  be  in  seasonal  demand: 

s'tabloid'    brand   Ammoniated  Quinine 
j>  J)       Quinine   and  Camphor 

>»  j»       Quinine  Compound 


For  full  list,  formulcB  and  prices,  see  Price  List  "    .   -  ^ 

Burroughs  Wellcome  Ot  Co.,  London 


G  1688 


COPYRI G  HT 


32 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST  September  17,  1932 


WINTER 

PASTILLES 

IN  BULK  OR  PACKED 

Glycerine,  Lemon  and  Honey 
Glycerine  Thymol  Compound 
Glycerine  and  Black  Currant 
Menthol  and  Eucalyptus 
Iodized  Throat 
Cherry  Cough 
Antiseptic 
Catarrh 
Etc. 

ALL  OF  THE  FINEST  QUALITY 

Free  Cartons,  Show  Jars  and  Displays 

Samples  on  request  of 

WARRICK  BROTHERS,  L^P 

The  Reliable  House  with  more  than  a  Century's  Experience. 
Nile  Street,  City  Road,  London,  N.I. 

Telephone  :  Clerkenwell  2452  (two  lines).  Telegrams:  Warrickers,  Nordo-London. 


Chemist  ™' Druggist 

A  Weekly  Journal  of  Phatmacy,  the  Drug,  Chemical   and  Allied  Trades 

The  official  organ  of  The  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Ireland, 
The  Chemists'  and  Druggists'  Society  of  Ireland,  and  of 
other  Chemists''  Societies  in  Overseas  Dominions 

CONFERENCE  NUMBER,  1932 

PUBLISHEDAT 

28  ESSEX  STREET,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C.2 


Telegrams  :  "  Chemicus,  Estraild,  London  ' 


Telephone:  Central  G)G^  (8  lines) 


BRANCH  OFFICES 

4  CANNON   STREET,    MANCHESTER  (tEL.  :   BLACKFRIARS   30S2)  54  FOSTER'S  BUILDINGS.  HIGH  STRSET.  SHEFFIELD  (tEL.  :  22458) 

19  WATERLOO  STREET,   GLASGOW  (tEL.:   CENTRAL  2329)  99  Q'JEEN    STREET,    MELBOJ,=)NE.  AUSTRALIA 


VOL.    117.    NO.  2745 
PAGE 

Births    517 

British     Pharmaceti-  , 

TicAL  Conference  : — 
Chairman's  Ad- 
dress   312 

The  Proceedings  ..  520 

Social  Echoes   551 

Business  Changes  ..  517 
British  Pivaima- 
copoeia.  1952    —  311 


CONTENTS 


SEPTEMBER    17,  1932 


PAGE 

Coming-  Events   509 

Correspondence  :  — 

Letters    357 

M  i  s  c  e  1  laneous 

Inquiries    558 

Deaths    317 

Editorial  Article*  :— 
T  Ji  e  Conference 

Papers    319 

Gazette    510 


PAGE 


Infofmation  Depart- 
ment   ..  518 

Insurance  iVct  Dis- 
pensing-   510 

Irish  Not«s    308 

Marriages    517 

New  Companies    510 

News  of  the  Week  307 

■Personalities    317 


P  Ji  a  r  m  aceutical 
SociiCty  of  Noi'thern 
Ireland  : — 
Cottncil  Meeting- 


ill 


Retrospect    358 

Scottish  Notes   308 

Topical     Reflections  309 

Trade   Marks    356 

Trade  Notes    316 

Trade  Report    353 


News  of  the  Week 


Key  Industry  Duty  Exemption  Order 

The  Treasury  have  made  an  Order  under  Section  lo  (5) 
of  the  Finance  Act,  1926,  exempting  amorphous  carbon 
electrodes  over  three  feet  Jong,  the  cross-section  of 
which  exceeds  twelve  inches  both  length  and  breadth, 
with  longitudinal  slots  exceeding  two  inches  in  width 
and  four  inches  in  depth,  from  liability  to  duty  under 
Part  I  of  the  Safeguarding  of  Industries  Act,  192 1. 
The  exemption  order  came  into  force  on  Wednesday, 
September  7,  1932. 

Standing  Committee  on  Wrought  Hollow-Ware 

The  Standing  Committee  on  wrought  hollow-ware  of 
iron  or  steel,  self-colour,  galvanised,  tinned,  japanned, 
etc.,  has  issued  its  report  (Cmd.  4162:  Stationery  OfiEice, 
2d.).  The  Committee  recommends  that  an  Importation 
Order  and  a  Sale  Order  should  be  made,  with  effect  tliat 
the  following  classes  of  imported  goods  should  bear  an 
indication  of  origin :  — Wrought  hollow-ware  of  iron  or 
steel  of  a  description  commonly  used  for  domestic  or 
agricultural  purposes,  whether  self-colour  (plain),  gal- 
vanised, tinned,  japanned,  painted,  lacquered  or  var- 
nished. It  is  added  that  the  recommendations  should 
not  apply  to  (a)  hollow- ware  of  tinplate,  enamelled 
hollow- ware,  or  kegs  and  drums;  (6)  hollow-ware 
imported  as  part  of  another  article. 

Birmingham 

Among  the  eighty  riverside  plants  on  exhibition  at 
the  Birmingham  Art  Gallery  are  a  few  of  pharmaceutical 
interest. 

The  new  block  of  buildings  erected  in  Great  Charles 
Street  for  a  tuberculosis  centre,  city  analyst's  labora- 
tory, and  city  bacteriologist's  laboratory  will  be  opened 
by  the  Lord  Mayor  on  September  29.  ■ 


Sheffield 

Mr.  John  Austen,  Ph.C,  managing  director  of 
G.  T.  W.  Newsholme,  Ltd.,  with  Mrs.  and  Miss  Austen, 
is  making  a  motoring  tour  of  Scotland. 

One  of  the  leading  manufacturing  houses  has 
approached  the  local  welfare  authorities  with  a  scheme 
for  supplying  food  to  welfare  centre  patients  through 
chemists  by  means  of  a  special  pack. 

At  a  well-attended  meeting  of  Sheffield  panel  chemists, 
held  on  September  2,  Mr.  E.  Preston  (chairman  of  the 
Pharmaceutical  Committee)  explained  the  proposed  new 
terms  for  N.H.I,  dispensing,  and  was  followed  hy  Mr. 
C.  W.  Hobson,  member  of  the  N.P.U.  Executive.  After 
a  full  discussion,  it  was  decided  to  express  appreciation 
of  the  work  of  the  N.P.U  Executive,  and  the  secretary 
(Mr.  Mallinson).  While  agreeing  to  the  basic  figure  of 
2s.  9|d.,  the  meeting  thought  that  any  surplus  arising 
from  this  basic  figure  should  be  held  in  trust  until  the 
end  of  the  contract  period,  when  any  sum  remaining 
after  having  paid  the  chemists'  accounts  in  full  should 
be  handed  to  the  Ministry  of  Health.  It  was  also  felt 
to  be  absolutely  essential  that  Clause  4  (4)  should  be 
retained  in  the  new  terms. 

Miscellaneous 

Burglary. — Cameras  valued  at  about  £^0  were  stolen 
from  the  premises  of  Kodak,  Ltd.,  Kingsway,  London, 
W.C.,  early  on  the  morning  of  September  10. 

Dentists  Act,  1921. — At  Hull,  on  September  8. 
George  S.  Graham,  dental  mechanic,  was  fined  /lOO 
for  practising  dentistry  without  being  registered.  Pre- 
vious convictions  were  proved. 

Poison-licence  applications.— Application  for  a 
licence  to  sell  agricultural  and  horticultural  poisons  has 
been  made  to  the  respective  local  authority  by  the 


308 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


following: — Fannie  M.  Bray  and  Nicholas  Parken  (Bray 
&  Parken),  Padstow;  Trumps,  Ltd.,  Bedford  Street, 
Exeter. 

Window-dressing  award. — At  a  shopping  week  win- 
dow-dressing competition,  held  recently  at  Wigton,  the 
first  prize  in  the  class  for  "  Things  to  Use  "  was 
awarded  to  T.  Ridley  &  Son  (Chemists),  Ltd.,  King 
Street. 

Aliens  Restriction  (Amendment)  Act. — Permission 
has  been  granted  to  Lucian  Landau,  manufacturer  of 
rubber  sponges,  i  Ash  Grove,  Hackney,  London,  E.8, 
to  use  the  name  British  Rubber  Products,  and  to 
Arcady  Kobylivker,  general  medical  practitioner,  56 
Longton  Grove,  Sydenham,  S.E.26,  to  use  the  name 
Koby. 

A  Guernsey  Ordinance. — An  Ordinance  which  has 
just  been  passed  in  Guernsey  affects  certain  types  of 
commercial  travellers.  Those  calling  on  firms,  whole- 
sale or  retail,  and  offering  goods  similar  to  those  dealt 
in  by  the  firm  upon  which  they  are  calling  are  not 
required  to  have  a  licence.  But  if  a  traveller  calls 
at  any  private  house,  office,  etc.,  with  samples  or  cata- 
logues '  he  must  take  out  a  licence. 

Staff  outing. — The  annual  outing  of  300  employees 
of  Scott  &  Turner,  Ltd.,  Newcastle,  took  place  at 
Redcar  recently.  Those  present  included  Mr.  Gerald 
A.  France  (chairman  and  managing  director)  and  Mr. 
Leslie  France,  his  son,  who  is  also  a  director.  Respond- 
ing to  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  board,  Mr.  Gerald  France 
said  that  their  trade  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  suc- 
cessful lighter  industries  on  Tyneside. 

Dangerous  Drugs  Acts. — At  Marlborough  Street 
Police  Court,  London,  on  September  2,  Anthea  R.  Carew 
was  convicted  of  attempting  to  procure  cocaine  for  Brenda 
D.  Paul,  and  of  supplying  morphine  to  the  same  person; 
on  September  g  she  was  bound  over  on  the  first  charge, 
and  was  fined  is.,  with  £^  5s.  costs,  on  the  second. — At 
Tower  Bridge  Police  Court,  London,  on  September  5, 
Brenda  D.  Paul,  charged  on  remand  with  being  in  unlaw- 
ful possession  of  2\  gr.  of  morphine,  was  convicted,  and 
was  remanded  from  month  to  month  on  bail  pending 
a  medical  report. — At  Harwich,  on  September  6,  John 
O'Flaherty,  Ilford,  described  as  a  master  mariner,  was 
fined  £100  for  unlawfully  importing  and  being  in  pos- 
session of  416  gr.  of  cocaine. 

Panel  chemists  discuss  terms. — At  a  meeting  of 
Warwickshire  panel  chemists  held  at  Leamington  Spa 
on  September  8,  to  consider  the  terms  offered  by  the 
Ministry  of  Health  for  a  renewal  of  their  dispensing 
contracts,  Mr.  Hutton,  who  has  been  chairman  of  the 
Pharmaceutical  Committee  since  the  inception  of  the 
National  Health  Insurance  Act,  stated  that  on  his  retire- 
ment from  business  he  would  no  longer  be  able  to  con- 
tinue in  that  office.  A  resolution  expressing  the  panel 
chemists'  regret  at  his  retirement  from  the  chairman- 
ship, and  their  due  appreciation  of  his  past  services, 
was  carried  unanimously.  In  discussing  the  terms 
offered  for  1933  by  the  Ministry  of  Health,  it  was 
resolved  that  the  secretary  be  instructed  to  convey 
to  the  National  Pharmaceutical  Union  Executive  the 
appreciation  of  Warwickshire  panel  chemists  of  their 
efforts.  Great  disappoi-ntment  was  expressed  at  the 
prospect  of  Clause  4  (4)  being  dropped,  and  it  was 
decided  to  urge  the  N.P.U.  to  continue  their  opposition, 
and,  if  necessary,  invoke  the  assistance  of  allied  bodies. 

A  co-operative  society's  view  of  protected  goods. 
— The  general  committee's  report  presented  at  the 
recent  quarterly  meeting  of  the  Royal  Arsenal  Co-opera- 
tive Society  at  Plumstead  stated,  inter  alia:  "  "There 
are  in  all  eight  pharmacy  shops  at  the  present  time, 
and  efforts  are  being  made  to  furnish  three  further 
establishments  before  the  close  of  the  half-year.  .  .  . 
Attention  is  being  specially  directed  to  the  dispensing 
of  the  Society's  own  special  preparations,  which  can  be 
substituted  for  those  articles  upon  which  there  is  a 
condition  attached  to  the  sale  that  no  dividend  shall 
be  paid  thereon.  By  purchasing  Royal  Arsenal  Co- 
operative Society's  preparations  members  should  under- 
stand that  in  nearly  every  case  where  they  are  com- 
parable to  P.A.T.A.  packages  and  remedies  the  Society's 


brands  are  practically  the  same  formulas.  They  can 
be  guaranteed  in  every  case  as  to  their  absolute  purity, 
and  at  the  time  of  purchase  a  dividend  check  can  be 
issued  for  them.  The  committee  feel  that  the  best  way 
of  defeating  the  Proprietary  Articles  Traders'  Associa- 
tion dividend  embargo  is  that  members  should  render 
every  possible  support  to  the  manufacture  of  their  own 
products." 

Scottish  Notes 

Brevities 

Scottish  bee-keepers  report  a  particularly  good  yield 
of  honey  this  season. 

Mountaineering  and  the  study  of  geology  are  becoming 
increasingly  popular  hobbies  among  Scottish  chemists. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Strachan  has  been  appointed  Scottish  repre- 
sentative for  William  Tait  &  Co.,  chemists'  printers, 
Glasgow. 

A  complaint  that  supplies  of  disinfectants  for  Banff 
Academy  were  obtained  from  ironmongers  and  grocers 
was  made  recently  by  Mr.  James  Hay,  chemist,  in  a 
letter  to  the  school  authority.  The  matter  has  been 
remitted  to  the  local  committee. 

There  was  a  good  turnout  for  the  closing  competition 
of  the  season  of  the  Edinburgh  Chemists'  Golf  Club, 
held  at  Duddingston  on  September  7.  The  following 
were  the  winners: — (i)  M.  Stoddart  (9)  74;  (2)  (a  tie) 
W.  J.  Rosie  (11)  and  J.  N.  Foote  (23)  77.  Class  II, 
A.  Nicolson,  80.  In  the  final  of  the  T.  &  H.  Smith 
trophy  hole-and-hole  tournament,  J.  Finlay  beat  W.  J. 
Rosie  by  one  hole. 

The  Scottish  Chemists'  Bowling  Association  held  their 
last  match  of  the  season  on  Rutherglen  Bowling  Green, 
when  they  competed  for  the  travellers'  trophy.  There 
was  a  fair  turnout  of  wholesale  and  retail  chemists. 
The  competition  was  so  keen  that  in  many  instances 
the  last  shot  won  the  day.  J.  C.  Murdoch  (Glasgow), 
after  playing  27  ends  for  21  shots,  won  the  cup  and 
first  prize  by  beating  his  opponent,  J.  Davidson  (Coat- 
bridge), by  three  shots.  At  the  close  of  play  the  presi- 
dent (P.  Nisbet,  Leith)  presented  the  cup  and  prizes 
to  the  winners.  The  prizes  were  given  by  Mr.  Maclean 
(Macleans,  Ltd.,  London).  The  usual  votes  of  thanks 
brought  to  a  close  a  pleasant  day's  outing. 

Irish  Notes 

Brevities 

Congratulations  have  been  extended  to  Mr.  J.  B. 
Cronin,  L.P.S.I.,  Rathmore,  co.  Kerry,  as  joint  owner 
of  a  dog  which  won  a  stake  of  £15  recently  at  Cork 
in  record  time. 

The  Irish  Free  State  Executive  Council  has  made  an 
order  authorising  the  Minister  for  Finance  to  allow 
manufacturers  to  import,  free  of  duty,  any  articles 
liable  to  duty  which  are  required  for  manufacturing 
purposes  within  the  Free  State. 

Mr.  Justice  Meredith,  of  the  Dublin  High  Court,  has 
been  appointed  chairman  of  a  committee  which  the 
Free  State  Government  is  setting  up  to  consider  the 
advisability  of  licensing  retail  shops,  the  investigation 
being  regarded  as  a  preliminary  to  the  control  of  com- 
modity prices.  Several  public  men  have  been  invited 
to  act  on  the  committee. 

At  the  resumed  inquest  at  Dungannon,  on  Septem- 
ber I,  on  the  body  of  Wesley  Perry,  Mr.  J.  H.  Totten, 
public    analyst,    Belfast,    said    he    found  gr.  of 

strychnine  in  the  intestines.  The  kidneys  and  liver 
contained  -|  gr.  of  strychnine.  In  one  of  the  bottles 
received  from  the  police  he  found  Epsom  salts.  The 
second  bottle  received  contained  \  oz.  of  saltpetre,  and 
mixed  with  the  saltpetre  was  |  gr.  of  strychnine.  Dr. 
Mann  said  death  was  due  to  strychnine  poisoning.  Mrs. 
Annie  Perry,  wife  of  the  deceased,  said  she  purchased 
strychnine  in  Mr.  Grimes's  shop  in  Pomeroy  to  poison 
rats.    On  the  day  he  died  her  husband  drank  "  salt- 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


petre,"  as  he  had  done  a  few  days  before.  The  jury 
returned  an  open  verdict. 

At  Dublin  District  Court,  _  recently,  Dr.  M.  Ryan, 
L.P.S.I.,  Camden  Street,  was  summoned  for  having 
kept  open  his  chemist's  shop  after  lo  o'clock  on  the 
previous  Saturday  night.  Mr.  F.  Gilligan,  solicitor, 
who  represented  the  defendant,  claimed  that  he  was 
entitled  to  keep  open  as  he  was  a  medical  doctor 
as  well  as  a  chemist,  and  the  shop  door  was  also 
the  entrance  to  the  surgery.  Mr.  T.  F.  Burke,  solicitor 
for  the  Corporation,  argued  that  Dr.  Ryan  must  close 
his  chemist's  shop  at  the  same  hour  as  all  other 
chemists.  Mr.  Little,  district  justice,  said  he  must 
hold  that  the  law  applied  to  Dr.  Ryan's  shop  in  the 
same  way  that  it  applied  to  other  chemists.  How- 
ever, on  contributing  20s.  to  the  Court  poor  box  Dr. 
Ryan  would  be  given  the  benefit  of  the  Probation  Act. 

Belfast 

Mr.  J.  E.  Connor,  J. P.,  president  of  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Society  of  Northern  Ireland,  Mr.  David  Kirk- 
patrick,  secretary,  and  several  members  of  the  Council 
left  Belfast  on  September  9  to  attend  the  meeting  of 
the  British  Pharmaceutical  Conference  in  Aberdeen. 

News  has  been  received  in  Belfast  of  the  death  in 
New  Zealand  of  Mr.  Alex  Eccles,  of  Ladies'  Mile, 
Ramuera,  who  emigrated  from  Londonderry  many  years 
ago.  Mr.  Eccles  was  a  director  of  the  New  Zealand 
Chemists'  Association  and  of  the  Auckland  Drug  Com- 
pany. 


The  annual  election  to  the  Council  of  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Society  of  Northern  Ireland  takes  place  on 
October  3,  and  a  contest  seems  very  probable.  Nomina- 
tions will  be  received  by  the  secretary  of  the  Society 
at  the  Council's  offices,  Scottish  Provident  Buildings, 
Belfast,  up  to  noon  on  September  19.  The  pharma- 
cists retiring  this  year  are  Messrs.  J.  E.  Connor  (presi- 
dent of  the  Society),  John  Maxwell,  W.  J.  Hardy  and 
James  Dundee,  and  all  are  coming  forward  for  re- 
election. The  retiring  druggist  is  Mr.  Fred  Storey;  but 
as  this  vacancy  is  not  to  be  filled  owing  to  the  decrease 
in  the  number  of  druggists,  Mr.  Storey  will  stand  as 
a  pharmacist.  Other  names  are  mentioned  in  pharma- 
ceutical circles. 


Coming  Events 

Saturday,  September  !7 

Grocers'  International  Exhibition,  Royal  Agricultural  Hall, 
London,  N.l  (and  daily  to  September  23  inclusive).  Open 
11  a.m.-5  p.m.  on  Se'ptember  17  and  September  23;  11  a.m.- 
9  p.m.  other  days. 

Tuesday,  September  20 

Hairdressing  Fair  of  Fashion,  Olympia,  London,  W.14. 

Wednesday,  September  21 

Manchester  Pharmaceutical  Golfing  Society,  Northenden  Golf 
Club.    Presentation  of  prizes. 


Topical  ReFlections 

By  Xrayser 


Leeds  Chemists 

seem  to  be  giving  very  serious  consideration 
to  the  subject  of  apprenticeship  in  pharmacy  (C.  D.. 
September  lo,  p.  285),  and  it  is  quite  right  they 
should  do  so.  One  of  our  most  pressing  needs  is  that 
the  period  of  apprenticeship  should  be  devoted  to 
effective  training,  and  not  be  regarded  as  a  time  to 
be  occupied  in  doing  cheaply  what  other  people  ought 
to  be  doing  at  recognised  market  rates.  There  ought 
to  be  no  question  nowadays  of  employing  apprentices 
as  a  source  of  cheap  labour,  the  more  particularly  as 
there  is  so  much  the  apprentice  needs  to  learn  in  order 
to  fit  himself  for  becoming  legally  qualified,  and,  more 
important  still,  to  make  himself  competent  to  render 
satisfactory  pharmaceutical  service  to  the  British  public. 
The  Leeds  scheme  commends  itself  by  insisting  upon 
the  period  of  apprenticeship  extending  over  an  appre- 
ciably longer  time  than  is  required  to  satisfy  the  Phar- 
maceutical Society's  requirements.  This  is  most  impor- 
tant when  it  is  recalled  that  the  Society  expects  that 
candidates  for  the  Chemist  and  Druggist  Qualifying 
examination  shall  have  spent  the  specified  4,000  hours 
of  training  in  the  dispensing  and  compounding  of  medi- 
cines under  supervision.  What  we  need  is  a 
scheme  of  apprenticeship  which  will  provide  for  com- 
plete shop  training  as  a  chemist  and  druggist,  and 
not  as  a  compounder  and  dispenser  of  medicines  only. 

The  New  Scheme 

makes  provision  for  the  selection,  placing 
and  training  of  apprentices  in  chemists'  shops,  fixes 
the  period  of  apprenticeship  at  three  or  four  years, 
and  appears  to  anticipate  all  points  requiring  atten- 
tion. But  in  order  to  make  the  scheme  thoroughly 
effective  there  must  obviously  be  in  existence  a  power 
of  inspection  by  some  duly  constituted  authority,  such 
as  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  or  one  of  its  branches, 
and  the  inspection  required  would  appear  to  involve 
subjecting  the  apprentices  to  a  certain  amount  of 
examination  or  inquisition  from  time  to  time.  This 
would,  of  course,  be  to  the  advantage  of  the  master 
no  less  than  the  apprentice,  because  the  latter  may  be 


.  a  slacker,  and  elucidation  of  that  fact  by  the  repre- 
sentative of  an  authoritative  body  would  be  more  satis- 
factory than  dependence  simply  upon  a  complaint  by 
the  master  pharmacist.  The  point  is  that  both  the 
employer  and  the  pupil  ought  to  have  a  square  deal, 
and  that  is  what  one  speaker  at  the  recent  Leeds 
meeting  said  the  three  years'  apprenticeship  scheme 
was  going  to  give  them.  It  is  good  to  know  that  the 
scheme  is  so  enthusiastically  supported  by  Leeds 
chemists,  and  I  shall  await  news  of  its  further  progress 
with  interest. 

Transatlantic  Conventions 

are  what  we  British  prefer  to  call 
conferences,  but  they  are  conferences  writ  large. 
According  to  Mr.  Herbert  Skinner  (p.  284),  the  recent 
convention  at  Toronto  was  attended  by  as  many  as 
1,500  persons,  which  I  should  imagine  is  something 
like  three  times  as  many  as  ever  attend  the  biggest 
gathering  of  pharmacists  and  their  friends  at  the  British 
Pharmaceutical  Conference.  What  strikes  me  more 
forcibly,  however,  is  the  number  of  sectional  meet- 
ings at  the  Toronto  convention,  and  the  fact  that 
the  papers  submitted  for  consideration,  which  num- 
bered more  than  100,  were  presented  without  dis- 
cussion. It  suggests  itself  to  me  that  adoption  of  this 
plan  might  provide  a  way  out  of  the  difficulty  experi- 
enced in  making  adequate  provision  for  meetings  at 
the  British  Pharmaceutical  Conference.  Discussion  of 
the  papers  presented  is  often  more  or  less  perfunctory, 
and  I  venture  to  suggest  that  it  may  be  well  worth 
adopting  presentation  without  discussion,  the  more 
especially  as  adequate  criticisms  based  on  more  leisurely 
consideration  of  the  papers  would  always  find  space 
in  the  pharmaceutical  Press.  It  may  be  objected  that 
such  a  change  would  involve  a  tremendous  break  away 
from  tradition,  but  is  it  not  a  fact  that  the  reading 
of  papers  is  frequently  followed  by  an  auditory  of  a 
dozen  or  fewer,  while  many  of  the  most  capable  critics 
are  often  unable  to  attend  the  annual  gatherings,  so 
that  their  comments  are  perforce  reserved  until  later 
and  then- can  only  appear  in  print? 


310 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


New  Companies 

and  Company  News 

P.C.  means  Private  Company  and  R.O.  Registered  Office. 

Blakoe  Appliances,  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital  £ioo. 
Objects :  To  carry  on  business  as  manufacturers  of  and 
dealers  in  medical  and  surgical  apparatus,  etc. 

Marsons,  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital  ;£r, 200.  Objects:  To 
carry  on  the  business  of  chemists,  druggists,  opticians, 
etc.    R.O. :    123  Baker  Street,  London,  W.i. 

David  WiLLox,  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital  /2,ooo.  Objects: 
To  carry  on  the  business  of  chemical  manufacturers  and 
drysalters,  etc.    R.O.:  50  Quarry  Knowe,  Glasgow. 

Griffiths  (Chemists),  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital  ;£i,ooo. 
Objects :  To  acquire  the  business  of  a  wholesale  and 
retail  chemist  and  druggist  now  carried  on  by  H.  N. 
Griffiths  at  Middlesbrough. 

Shoosmith-Kingsley,  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital  ;^2,500. 
Objects :  To  carry  on  the  business  of  manufacturers  and 
merchants  of  chemicals  and  drugs,  perfume  and  other 
products,  etc.  Secretary:  L.  W.  Glyde,  56  Ludgate 
Hill,  E.C 

'Yn  Products,  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital  ;^5oo.  Objects: 
To  carry  on  the  business  of  manufacturing  chemists, 
manufacturers  of,  agents  for,  and  dealers  in  dental, 
surgical  and  hygienic  products,  etc.  R.O.  :  Woodside, 
85  Wimborne  Road,  Bournemouth. 

J.  Robinson  &  Sons  (Bradford),  Ltd.  (P.C). — 
Capital  ;^3,ooo.  Objects:  To  acquire  the  business  now 
carried  on  by  J.  Robinson  and  W.  Robinson  as  "  Jas. 
Robinson  &  Sons  "  at  83  Barkerend  Road,  Bradford, 
and  to  carry  on  the  business  of  medical  herbalists,  skin 
specialists,  druggists,  manufacturing  and  dispensing 
chemists,  etc. 

ViNCE  Laboratory,  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital  /500. 
Objects :  To  acquire  the  trade  mark  and  goodwill  of 
the  business  in  the  United  Kingdom  formerly  owned 
by  Vince  Laboratories  Incorporated,  and  to  carry  on 
the  business  of  manufacturers  of  and  dealers  in  toilet, 
pharmaceutical  and  medicinal  preparations,  etc.  Solici- 
tors: McKenna  &  Co.,  31-4  Basinghall  Street,  E.C.2. 

Deodis  (Proprietaries),  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital 
;^6,ooo.  Objects:  To  adopt  agreements  (i)  with  the 
liquidator  of  Deodis  Products,  Ltd.,  and  (2)  with  R.  V. 
Davies,  and  (3)  with  P.  A.  Arnold,  and  to  carry  on 
the  business  of  chemical  manufacturers,  druggists,  drug 
grinders,  chemists,  sundriesmen,  makers  of  and  dealers 
;n  proprietary  articles,  etc.  Solicitors:  Denton  Hall  & 
Burgin,  3  Gray's  Inn  Road,  W.C.i. 

Pickups,  Ltd.  (P.C). — Capital  ^30,000.  Objects:  To 
carry  on  the  business  of  chemists,  druggists,  drysalters, 
oil  and  colour  men,  manufacturers  of  and  dealers  in 
23harmaceuticals,  perfumes,  toilet  requisites,  soap,  patent 
medicines,  etc.,  and  to  adopt  an  agreement  between 
Harry  Pickup,  sen.,  and  Harry  Pickup,  jun.,  of  the 
one  part  and  Commercial  Constructions,  Ltd.,  of  the 
other  part.    R.O. :  28  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  W.C.2. 


Gazette 

Bankruptcy  Acts 

Adjudication 

Jones,  C.  F.,  104  Selborne  Road,  Southgate,  Middlesex, 
manufacturing  chemist. 

Receiving  Order  and  Adjudication 

Burden,  S.,  "  Alberta,"  New  Road,  Aston  Clinton, 
Bucks,  and  lately  carrying  on  business  at  The  Old 
Drewery  Pharmacy,  Breen  End  Street,  Aston 
Clinton,  chemist. 


insurance  Act  Dispensing 

Record  of  matters  concerning  Chemists'  interests  in  the 
National  Health  Insurance  Acts. 

Local  Reports 

ENGLAND  AND  WALES 

London.  —  The  annual  report  of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Committee  of  the  County  of  London  contains,  inter  alia. 
the  following  table  of  dispensing  statistics  for  the 
County  of  London  for  the  years  1927-31 :  — 


Year 

Niunber  of 
prescriptions 

Mean 
number  of 
insured 
persona 

Average  number 
of  prescriptions 
per  insiu'ed 
person 

Average 
cost  per 
insured 
person 

1927  . . 

1928  . . 

1929  . . 

1930  .. 

1931  .. 

8,743,249 
8,437,809 
8,940,870 
8,129,038 
8,510,255 

1,778.563 
1,810,025 
1,839,161 
1,886,169 
1,904,521 

4.92 
4.66 
4.85 
4,31 
4.47 

40.16d. 
37.60d. 
38.48d. 
32,89d. 
34.09d. 

Merthyr  Tydfil. — At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Insurance 
Committee,  the  Pharmaceutical  Service  Subcommittee  re- 
ported that  they  had  considered  a  (.ase  in  which  a 
chemist  had  dispensed  a  preparation  which  the  doctor 
had  not  ordered.  It  appeared  from  what  the  chemist 
stated  that  he  knew  from  previous  experience  what  the 
doctor  required.  The  doctor  appeared  before  the  sub- 
committee in  support  of  the  chemist  and  stated  that  he 
undertook  full  responsibility  for  what  had  happened, 
and  that  the  chemist,  before  dispensing  the  first  pre- 
scription, had  telephoned  him  on  the  matter.  The  sub- 
committee accepted  the  explanation. 

Staffordshire. — At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Stafford- 
shire Insurance  Committee  consideration  was  given  to 
a  case  in  which  certain  prescriptions  had  been  dis- 
pensed by  an  unqualified  person.  The  Pharmaceutical 
Service  Subcommittee  had  made  a  recommendation  to 
the  Committee  that  the  Minister  of  Health  be  advised 
to  withhold  ;^5o  payment.  It  was  stated  that  the 
superintendent  chemist  was  away  from  business  through 
ill-health  from  April  23  up  to  and  including  June  8. 
Daring  the  period  of  his  absence  no  qualified  person 
was  employed.  During  the  month  of  May  167  Insur- 
ance prescriptions  were  dispensed,  ninety-three  of  which 
contained  scheduled  poisons.  The  bulk  of"  these  pre- 
scriptions were  dispensed  by  the  managing  director, 
who  was  not  a  qualified  person.  Those  facts  were  not 
disputed.  In  his  evidence  the  managing  director  stated 
that  he  was  unable  to  obtain  the  services  of  a  locum, 
and  that  he  was  expecting  his  manager  to  return  daily. 
Occasionally  he  had  the  help  of  a  qualified  chemist. 

Warwlclt. — At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Warwickshire 
Insurance  Committee  the  report  of  the  Medical  Benefit 
Subcommittee  contained  a  request  by  a  doctor  that 
he  should  be  paid  for  a  specified  proprietary  medicine 
supplied  or  to  be  supplied  to  a  patient.  He  stated  that 
this  proprietary  medicine  had  a  marked  antiseptic  value 
and  was  a  sedative,  both  of  which  effects  he  required 
for  this  case.  The  following  resolution  was  carried 
unanimously: — "  That  the  action  of  the  Medical  Benefit 
Committee  in  authorising  application  to  the  Ministry 
for  sanction  to  pay  for  the  proprietary  medicine 
referred  to,  and  subject  to  such  sanction  directing  that 
the  cost  be  borne  by  the  Insurance  Committee,  be  and 
is  hereby  appiroved  and  confirmed." 


SCOTLAND 

Dundee. — At  a  meeting  of  the  Insurance  Committee 
on  July  20,  a  succes3ful  appeal  to  the  Department  of 
Health  by  Mr.  A.  T.  Reoch,  a  Dundee  chemist,  was 
reported.  It  was  stated  that  some  time  ago  the  Phar- 
maceutical Service  Subcommittee  recommended  that  the 
appellant  be  surcharged  the  sum  of  21s.  in  respect  of  a 
test  prescription,  but  that  the  Department  had  sus- 
tained his  appeal  and  found  the  Committee  liable  to  him 
in  the  sum  of  21s.  as  modified  expenses. 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


311 


Pharmaceutical  Society 

of  Northern  Ireland 
Council  Meeting 

A  SPECIAL  meeting  of  the  Council  of  tlie  Pharmaceutical 
Society  of  Northern  Ireland  was  held  in  Belfast  on 
September  g,  the  president  (Mr.  J.  E.  Connor)  in  the 
chair.  There  were  present  also  Messrs.  R.  I.  Edwards 
(vice-president),  A.  C.  McBride,  Fred  Storey,  H.  Todd, 
John  Maxwell,  S.  Gibson,  W.  Martin,  James  Dundee, 
S.  H.  Forrest,  J.  C.  Culbert,  W.  J.  Hardy,  Sir  Thomas 
McMullan,  Dr.  Fielden  and  Mr.  W.  S.  Taylor.  Mr. 
David   Kirkpatrick    (secretary)    was   in  attendance. 

The  New  British  Pharmacopceia 

Mr.  Storey  drew  attention  to  the  fact  that  in 
England  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  had  decided  to 
use  the  new  B.P.  in  the  summer  examinations. 

The  President  said  that  the  new  B.P.  would  come 
into  force  at  their  Society's  July  examinations  and 
after. 

Death 

The  secretary  reported  the  death  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Suffern,  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  Council. 

The  President  moved  a  vote  of  condolence  with 
the  relatives,  stating  that  pharmacy  had  lost  one  of 
its  best  and  truest  members.  Mr.  Suffern  gave  of  his 
best  to  the  Society. 

Mr.  Storey,  in  seconding,  said  he  had  known  Mr. 
Suffern  for  many  years.  He  was  a  staunch  member 
of  the  Chemists'  and  Druggists'  Society  and  of  the  old 
Society  in  Dublin,  and  also  of  the  Advisory  Committee 
which  assisted  the  Northern  Government  in  drawing 
up  the  Pharmacy  Bill.  He  had  a  wonderful  know- 
ledge of  their  Acta,  ■  and  was  a  keen  literary  student. 

Mr.  Gibson  said  Mr.  Suffern  had  a  legal  mind,  and 
was  able  to  grasp  difficult  points.  On  several  occasions 
he  went  to  London  in  connection  with  pharmacy  legis- 
lation and  had  interviewed  members  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 

■  Mr.  Cu  lbert,  Mr.  Hardy,  Mr.  Edwards  and  Mr. 
Dundee  also  paid  tribute  to  Mr.  Suffern.  The  resolu- 
tion was  passed  by  a  standing  vote. 

Methylated  Spirit  Licences 

A  member  wrote  asking  that  the  Society  should  take 
in  hand  tlie  obtaining  of  methylated  spirit  licences  for 
the  members  and  charge  a  small  fee. 

Mr.  Storey  and  the  Secretary  said  this  was  rather 
outside  the  Society's  work. 

The  President  remarked  that  it  was  more  a  matter 
for  the  Ulster  Retail  Drug  Trade  Association. 

Mr.  Hardy  said  it  had  been  already  before  that  body 
and  notice  would  be  given  at  the  proper  time. 

The  President  said  that  co-operation  on  a  matter 
of  the  kind  was  advisable,  and  it  would  be  very  accept- 
able to  the  country  members  to  know  tliat  a  solicitor 
could  be  engaged.  Any  action  had  better  be  taken  by 
the  trade  organisations. 

Financial  Statement 

Mr.  Todd  (treasurer)  submitted  the  financial  state- 
ment, which  showed  a  balance  in  hand  on  the  year's 
working  of  £1,26%.  The  Society's  investments  amounted 
to  £&.Q>io. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Storey,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Hardy,  it  was  ordered  that  the  report  be  printed 
and  circulated. 

Annual  Meeting 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Society  was  fixed  for 
7.30  p.m.  on  October  3  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Mr.  Culbert  asked  if  the  meeting  could  be  held  in 
the  afternoon  to  give  the  country  members  a  chance 
of  attending. 

Mr.  Edwards  said  the  election  count  would  occupy 
the  earlier  part  of  the  day,  and  Mr.  Dundee  suggested 
Londonderry  as  the  venue  of  the  meeting.  The  Council 
adhered  to  7.30  p.m.  on  October  3  in  Belfast. 


Members  Elected 

The  following  nominated  candidates  were  elected 
members  of  the  Society: — Arthur  Lothian  Pollock,  18 
Cherryvalley  Gardens,  Belfast;  William  John  Paul 
Linehan,  42  Earlswood  Road,  Belfast;  David  James 
Rowe,  73  Woodhouse  Street,  Portadown;  Robert  Blair, 
c/o  J.  Mortimer  &  Co.,  Londonderry;  Frances  Eliza- 
beth Irwin,  5  Campsie  Avenue,  Omagh. 

In  reply  to  Mr.  Culbert,  the  Secretary  said  these  six 
members  would  not  be  eligible  to  vote  at  the  forthcom- 
ing election. 


The  New  Pharmacopoeia 

By  Observer 

From  whatever  standpoint  one  looks  at  the  publica- 
tion of  the  new  British  Pharmacopoeia,  it  is  of  vital 
importance  to  the  drug  trade.  The  retail,  wholesale 
and  manufacturing  chemists  must  use  it  as  the  pivot 
from  wliich  most  of  their  trade  and  interests  spring. 
To  the  members  of  the  medical  profession  it  is  of 
much  less  importance,  so  much  so  that  large  numbers 
of  them  do  not  even  know  of  the  publication  of  a 
new  Pharmacopoeia.  If  the  medical  fraternity  do  not 
find  it  so  necessary  and  important  as  the  chemists, 
then  some  arrangements  should  be  made  whereby  a 
chemist  can  liave  certain  facilities  which  so  far  have 
been  denied  him. 

The  General  Medical  Council  is  entrusted  by  statute 
to  print  and  publish  the  Pharmacopoeia.  Prior  to 
publication  chemists  can,  as  an  act  of  courtesy,  see  a 
copy  in  the  offices  of  the  General  Medical  Council, 
either  in  London,  Edinburgh  or  Dublin.  Let  us 
consider  the  cost  to  the  provincial  wholesale  drug- 
gist of  sending  one  or  two  people  to  London  for  three 
or  four  days  to  go  through  the  new  B.P.  in  order 
to  obtain  the  necessary  data  for  manufacturing  and 
testing  purposes.  A  clerk  cannot  be  sent;  it  must  be 
a  skilled  technician  who  knows  exactly  the  requirements 
of  the  house,  as  well  as  one  having  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  the  old  B.P.  A  question  bound  to  come  to 
the  minds  of  all  chemists  is  whether  or  not  the 
British  Pharmacopoeia  is  a  Government  publication. 
Surely  the  General  Medical  Council  is  acting  in  the 
capacity  of  a  Government  department,'  in  so  far  as 
it  is  carrying  out  Government  work.  Under  such  cir- 
cumstances it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the 
Government  fixes  the  price  at  which  the  Pharmacopoeia 
shall  be  sold,  just  as  in  the  case  of  other  Government 
publications.  With  other  Government  publications, 
however,  copies  are  sent  to  technical  papers  with  a 
request  that  the  publication  shall  be  reviewed  in  their 
columns. 

A  Financial  Point 

One  other  serious  cause  for  complaint  is  that  the 
General  Medical  Council,  which  relies  very  largely  upon 
the  gratuitous  work  of  chemists  in  the  compilation 
of  the  Pharmacopoeia,  takes  the  profits  which  accrue 
from  its  publication  and  sale.  These  profits  appear  to 
be  used  for  General  Medical  Council  purposes  entirely. 
It  is  time  we  had  legisation  to  deal  with  this  ques- 
tion. The  Board  of  Trade  and  the  Privy  Council  must 
realise  the  difficulties  that  are  placed  in  the  way  of 
all  those  connected  with  the  drug  and  chemical  trade. 
If  the  interest  of  the  General  Medical  Council  is  purely 
financial,  it  is  time  that  interest  either  went  to  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society  or,  perhaps  better  still,  to  the 
Privy  Council.  In  the  next  parliamentary  session 
there  may  be  a  suitable  opportunity  for  the  Privy 
Council  to  introduce  legislation  which  would  bring  the 
compilation  and  publication  of  the  Pharmacopoeia 
directly  under  the  control  of  that  department.  The 
present  editor.  Dr.  C.  H.  Hampshire,  could  not  be 
improved  upon  as  permanent  editor  of  the  Pharma- 
copceia. This  would  bring  the  profits  of  the  sale  of  a 
Government  publication  to  the  nation,  and  at  the  same 
time  enable  those  who  have  to  be  prepared  to  "supply 
the  goods  to  have  the  necessary  knowledge. 


312 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFIRENCE 


OAe  Oh 


a  I  rm  ans 


^  d  d 


res  s 


HOSPITAL   PHARMACEUTICAL  SERVICE 


THE  first  time  a  practising  pharmaceutist  in 
hospital  service  has  been  privileged  to  give  the 
address  as  chairman  of  the  British  Pharmaceu- 
tical Conference  is  obviously  a  fitting  occasion  to  expect 
a  message  conveying  impressions  gained ,  in  connection 
with  this  phase  of  pharmacy.  Hospital  service  in 
pharmaceutics  is  often 
neglected  or  faken  for 
granted  'is  something  that 
happens.  Legislative 
organisation,  apart  from 
Northern  Ireland,  does 
not  exist,  and  hundreds 
of  local  and  lay  authori- 
ties interpret  the  service 
In  various  ways  without 
any  basic  principles  for 
guidance.  Some  recogni- 
tion of  status  arose  as  a 
side-issue  out  of  the 
Regulations  made  under 
the  Dangerous  Drugs  Act, 
1920,  but  that  was  due  to 
the  impossibility  of  work- 
ing under  the  j^egulations 
made  for  keeping  open 
shop.  This  department 
of  a  hospital  in  Great 
Britain  is  largely  the 
growth  of  the  last  fifty 
years.  Before  that  time, 
and  in  isolated  cases  con- 
tinuing to  the  present 
day,  the  departments 
were  places  wiiere  pre- 
scriptions were  dispensed 
on  lines  of  .'nass  produc- 
tion, and  the  person  who 
did  the  work  was  called 
"  the  dispenser."  This 
name,  with  its  limiting 
connotation,  still  sticks  in 
the  lay  iind  even  the 
medical  mind,  and  fre- 
quently obscures  the  true 
function  of  the  pharma- 
ceutist in  charge.  Even  the  famous  Departlnental  Com- 
mittee was  mentally  fogged  about  poisons  and  dispens- 
ing and  compounding  of  medicaments,  and  being  unable 
to  say  what  pharmacy  was,  confined  itself  to  a  pious 
platitude,  while  the  House  of  Lords  missed  the  concep- 
tion completely,  and  discreetly  retired  behind  a  smoke 
screen  created  by  a  medical  committee  from  which 
pharmacists  were  excluded. 

The  Scope  of  Pharmacy 

I  have  stated  elsewhere  (and  it  bears  restating) :  if 
our  idea  of  pharmacy  is  limited  to  our  ability  to  dis- 
pense medicines  and  act  as  custodians  of  potent  drugs, 
then  our  whole  structure  of  education  is  too  exacting 
and  wrongly  conceived.  It  is  like  constructing  an 
etficient  machine  and  trusting  to  circumstance  to  find 
use  for  it.  The  deadening  effect  of  this  mental  obsession 
that  a  bottle  of  medicine  is  our  objective  should  be 
removed;  then  the  true  functioning  of  the  pharmacist 
will  be  understood  and  appreciated.    Medical  diagnosis 


MR.  HERBERT  SKINNER,  Ph.C. 

CHAIRMAN  OF  THE 
BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE,  1932 


and  surgical  treatment  is  more,  exacting  and  efficient, 
and  that  alone  requires  a  response  from  pharmacists 
with  a  wider  basic  training.  If  the  art  of  pharmacy 
is  to  prepare  medicines,  then  it  must  be  granted  that 
the  hospital  pharmacist  has  his  fill.  The  last  returns 
from  seventeen  London  hospitals  show  within  the  year 

ii4'533  new  in-patients 
and  944,481  out-patients, 
who  made  4,860,210  at- 
tendances. But  it  must 
not  be  thought  that  the 
service  rendered  to  them 
was  confined  to  com- 
pounding medicine.  It  is 
more  important  to  re- 
member the  diverse  ways 
of  treatment  and  find  out 
to  what  extent  pharma- 
cists functioned  in  this 
service. 

Functions  of  the 
Hospital  Pharmaceutist 

The  new  British 
Pharmacopoeia  reveals 
clearly  the  functions  of 
the  hospital  pharmaceu- 
tist. For  the  first  time 
that  book  represents  an 
effort  towards  a  complete 
expressiion  of  medication 
worthy  of  of&cial  recogni- 
tion. Improvements  in 
treatment  have  hitherto 
been  unorganised,  often 
overlapping  and  mostly 
t-manating  from  external 
establishments  and  clinics. 
Our  changing  materia 
medica,  based  upon  a 
deeper  understanding  of 
biological  functioning,  re- 
quires a  wider  outlook 
by  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society,  or  at  least  some- 
thing better  than  that  preamble  to  the  1868  Pharmacy 
Act.  The  Society  can  lead  in  furnishing  its  graduates 
with  training  to' fulfil  the  obligations  arising  from  bio- 
logical research.  A  pharmacological  laboratory  loses  most 
of  its  attractions  for  pharmacists  unless  some  training  in 
its  functioning  is  included  in  the  curriculum,  graduate 
or  post-graduate  as  circumstance  dictates.  Dr.  Burn, 
in  his  "  Recent  Advances  in  Materia  Medica,"  has 
a  few  pertinent  remarks  which  reveal  the  need  of  the 
pharmacist  to  acquire  a  wider  training  and  knowledge 
if  he  is  to  practise  his  profession.    He  states:  — 

"  The  book  is  .  .  .  written  for  pharmacists  in  the  fir.st 
place,  but  it  should  be  equally  useful  to  medical  practi- 
tioners. Since  elementary  physiology  remains  outside  the 
curriculum  of  many  schools  of  pharmacy,,  in  one  or  two 
chapters  there  are  physiological  digressions  ....  On 
the  other  hand  the  book  fails  of  its  object  in  so  far  as  any 
part  of  it  is  not  clear  to  a  pharmacist  who  has  had  no 
systematic  training-  in  physiology." 

"  In  view  oi  the  importance  of  sera,  hormones  and  vita- 
mins, insufficient  attention  is  paid  to  them  m  teaching  ot 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


313 


PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1  932* 


BRITISH 

_  ^       A  ■ 

pharmacology,  to  medical  students;  it  is. still  common  to  find 
text-books  in  which  long  chapters  "are  devoted  to  the  action 
of  drugs  on  the  central  nervous  system,  but  one  or  two  para- 
graphs to  sera  and  vitamins.  If,  however,  some  redressing 
of  the  balance  is  required  in  medical  instruction,  there  is 
scarcely  a  balance  to  be  rcdrassod  in  the  teaching  of  phar- 
macists, for  the  newer  knowledge  finds  almost  no  place  at 
all  in  many  schools." 

Dr.  Burn  might  have  gone  further  and  said:  "  The 
teaching  of  the  principles  of  pharmacology  to  pharma- 
cists is  practically  non-existent."  Yet  the  hospital 
pharmaceutist  is  required  in  many  institutions  to  give 
lectures  to  the  nursing  staff  for  their  State  examina- 
tions on  materia  medica  and  therapeutics;  and,  at 
present,  unless  he  continues  his  studies  after  gradua- 
tion, he  will  not  be  able  properly  to  fulfil  that  func- 
tion. To  explain  drugs  it  is  necessary,  as  far  as 
possible,  to  understand  their  action  and  uses. 

The  Laboratory 

While  the  pharmaceutist  must  possess  the  technique 
of  the  smaller  phase  of  a  manufacturing  laboratory  for 
teaching  purposes,  he  must  be  able  to  adapt  himself 
to  a  technique  midway  between  that  of  the  manufac- 
turer and  that  of  the  experimentalist— in  other  words, 
he  must  develop  a  technique  fitting  to  hospital  require- 
ments. The  term  "  dispensing  "  tends  to  obscure  the 
laboratory  on  which  it  depends.  Nothing  is  more 
important  than  the  cultivation  of  the  laboratory  phase, 
and  that  applies  equally  to  shops.  The  disappearance 
of  the  laboratory,  wherever  it  occurs,  converts  the 
pharmacist  largely  into  a  distributor  rather  than  a 
technician.  It  is  undoubtedly  a  question  of  economics; 
and  successive  governments  do  not  help  us  much 
with  their  system  of  deferred  rebates  and  records 
required.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  how  much 
of  our  money  the  Government  holds  in  suspense  from 
this  medicine  business;  whatever  the  amount  is,  it 
certainly  affects  very  deeply  the  economics  of  conduct- 
ing hospital  laboratories.  It  always  appears  to  me  that 
the  pharmacist  who  closes  down  his  laboratory  is  losing 
the  soul  of  pharmacy — a  loss  that  is  much  too  serious 
to  be  made  good  by  profits  on  proprietary  and 
packed  goods.  The  growth  of  biological  research 
for  medical  treatment  will  require  more  and  not 
less  laboratory  practice.  The  importance  ot  a  pro- 
fession is  not  measured  by  the  amount  of  knowledge 
stored  up  in  recesses  of  memory,  but  in  practical  appli- 
cation of  the  knowledge  to  useful  purpose,  which 
makes  the  laboratory  a  necessary  condition  to  ensure 
progress.  Another  phase  arises  from  the  preparation  of 
solutions  and  sterilisation  whether  for  medical,  surgical 
or  diagnostic  purposes.  Let  us  visualise  what  it  means. 
A  hundred  gallons  of  normal  saline  solution  is  used 
to-day  where  one  was  used  twenty  years  ago,  and  in 
those  days  intravenous  diagnostic  solutions  were  almost 
unknown.  It  is  only  necessary  for  pharmacists  to  con- 
sider the  appendices  of  the  new  British  Pharmacopoeia 
to  get  some  idea  of  the  scope  of  medical  and  surgical 
expectation;  we  must  remember  that  for  the  first  time 
in  this  country  these  matters  become  official.  What 
we  see  there  is  just  a  small  fraction  of  the  total  of 
the  divergent  and  expanding  needs  of  surgeon,  physician 
and  radiologist^ 

The  Economic  Aspect 

The  economic  position  in  voluntary  hospitals  condi- 
tions many  of  our  activities.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  the  term  "  voluntary,"  like  the  term  "  dispenser," 
has  largely  lost  its  meaning.  Whatever  the  cost,  the 
best  is  the  only  reasonable  proposition;  for  cheap  phar- 
macy is  like  most  things  cheap — we  are  better  without 
it.  The  purchase  of  surgical  instruments,  medical  appli- 
ances and  sutures  is  in  the  hands  of  the  pharmaceutist 
in  a  large  number  of  institutions,  but  this  phase  is  like 
shelling  peas  in  comparison  with  other  activities,  and 
the  knowledge  necessary  can  easily  be  obtained  from  an 
elementary  understanding  of,  anatomy,  physiology  and 
mechanics. 


A  Minister  of  Health  may  specify  in  Regulations 
under  the  National  Health  Insurance  Act  that  surgical 
dressings  shalt  be  packed,  sterilised  and  sealed  in  suit- 
able containers  of  suitable  sizes  for  distribution  to  insured 
persons.  That  does  not  help  the  hospital  pharmaceutist 
save  in  a  few  small  details.  He  is  required  to  be  able 
to  differentiate  the  good  from  the  bad  or  indifferent  and 
mixed  material.  He  is  required  to  estimate  and  check 
the  respective  antiseptics  used,  to  understand  the 
.  changing  effects  on  materials  often  introduced  by 
sterilisation  of  surgical  dressings  on  the  large  scale,  and 
to  be  an  authority  on  the  respective  values.  I  am  quite 
confident  1  shall  have  the  assent  of  the  chairman  of  the 
Surgical  Dressings  Committee  of  the  British  Pharma- 
ceutical Codex  when  I  venture  to  say  ;he  problem  of 
surgical  dressings  is  not  quite  so  easy  as  it  looks.  The 
Codex  now  in  preparation  should  be  a  help  in  the  future, 
as  it  will  make  available  more  accurate  information  and 
save  us  from  dependence  on  isolated  and  often  contra- 
dictory opinions.  It  should  make  for  real  progress  in 
this  phase  of  pharmacy. 

The  Hospital  Pharmacopoeia 

Compounding  of  medicaments  must  be  admitted  to 
be  an  important  phase  of  hospital  pharmacy;  it  was 
neither  the  beginning  nor  will  it  be  the  end,  but  ttie 
pharmaceutist  is  required  to  be  skilled  in  constructing 
formulas  to  produce  the  best  therapeutic  effects,  often 
from  somewhat  scanty  information.  The  exigencies  of 
the  medical  service  make  it  a  desirable  thing,  in  this 
respect,  that  he  should  be  of  material  assistance  to  the 
physician  and  surgeon.  If  the  tendency  to  bank  on 
known,  admitted  and  approved  compounds  is  too 
marked,  it  gives  opportunity  to  the  novelty  merchant 
to  "  put  across  "  his  elegant  variations.  Thus,  quietly, 
for  years  we  practised  blending  hypnotics  with  anti- 
pyretics to  accentuate  the  hypnotic  effect,  and  left  it 
to  external  clinics  to  exploit  the  idea  as  a  novelty.  Our 
formulas  for  ointments  of  known  dermatological  value 
are  often  tried  out  in  foreign  clinics,  and  return  to  us 
disguised  under  a  meaningless  branded  name,  much  to 
our  detriment.  There  is  a  real  danger  of  getting  into 
a  rut,  which  the  comparatively  safe  economic  position 
in  the  public  service  has  a  tendency  to  encourage. 
Pharmaceuticall}'  speaking,  we  lose  the  essence  of  tilings 
if  we  forget  that  the  price  of  progress  is  eternal  vigil- 
ance. The  production  of  an  efficient  hospital  pharma- 
copoeia is  our  job.  The  physician  indicates  his  require- 
ments, and  the  pharmaceutist  blends  the  medicaments 
into  efficient  therapeutic  agents. 

The  Analytical  Department 

The  analytical  department  is  obviously  an  annex  of 
the  laboratory;  but  looking  back  I  fear  we  have  not 
always  been  able  to  render  loo  per  cent,  service  owing 
to  the  lack  of  appreciation  that  the  work  was  a  natural 
corollary  of  pharmaceutical  training.  In  that  training, 
however,  something;  has  always  been  missing,  namely, 
a  specific  distinction  signifying  analytical  competence. 
The  recent  vacation  course  .at  Bloomsbury  Square 
included  lectures  on:  Modern  methods  of  diag- 
nosis; recent  advances  in  determining  the  efficiency 
of  antiseptics;  biological  tests;  sterilisation;  vitamins. 
Apparently,  the  Pharmaceutical  Council  has  begun  to 
appreciate  the  fact  that  its  present  syllabus  is  not  all- 
embracing  for  the  pharmaceutist.  The  new  departure 
shows  a  broader  outlook  for  pharmacy,  while  indicating 
a  more  competent  relationship  with  medical  diagnosis 
and  treatment  quite  apart  from  dispensing  of  prescrip- 
tions; and  I  venture  to  suggest  that  the  needs  of  the 
hospital  pharmaceutist  in  training  are  not  uncon- 
nected with  this  wider  survey  of  functions.  There  is 
not  an  element  in  that  series  on  which  he  has  not 
been  expected  to  acquire  knowledge  and  put  it  to 
practical  use;  and  the  sources  of  information  have 
seldom  been  organised.  He  is  not  only  the  analyst 
for  drugs,  but  for  foods  also,  disinfectants  too,  and 
in  many  cases  certain  patliological  substances  included 


314 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932 


in  what  is  now  termed  biological  analysis.  In  other 
words  he  is,  not  infrequently,  the  only  chemist  on  the 
hospital  staff.  While,  therefore,  we  welcome  the  recog- 
nition of  the  necessity  of  advanced  instruction  and 
knowledge  for  the  general  or  shopkeeping  pharmacist, 
we  claim  that  hospital  pharmaceutists  are  fully  compe- 
tent to  collaborate  in  any  scheme  of  educational  reform. 

Associated  Departments 

In  1921  proposals  for  rationalising  the  hospital  ser- 
vice of  this  country  were  submitted  to  the  Minister 
of  Health  by  a  special  committee.  The  need  for 
economy  prevented  further  progress.  Some  minor  but 
unsuitable  assistant  phase  was  suggested  for  the  pharma- 
cist— utterly  inadequate  for  the  recognition  of  his  know- 
ledge and  training.  Since  then  Public  Assistance  authori- 
ties have  supplanted  the  old  Poor  Law  authorities,  and 
in  some  centres  laboratories  for  biological  analysis  have 
been  organised  out  of  public  funds.  Recently  an 
advertisement  from  one  of  these  institutions  required 
a  pharmacist  with  pathological  experience,  but  it  was 
doubtful  whether  it  meant  what  it  said.  At  the  Bath 
Conference  in  1924  the  chairman,  the  late  Edmund 
White,  basing  his  remarks  on  this  report  to  rationalise 
hospital  service,  said,  "  There  is  a  sort  of  no  man's 
land  between  medicine  and  pharmacy,  and  the  ques- 
tion arises  whether  we  by  our  training  are  rendering 
ourselves  worthy  to  occupy  that  no  man's  land  to 
be  useful  to  the  physician  and  the  community." 
Later  he  said,  "  We  must  earn  the  right  to  partici- 
pate,''  and  he  'claimed  the  right  to  participate.  The 
Pharmaceutical  Society  established  a  Pharmacological 
Laboratory,  and  later  added  a  nutrition  department. 

Dr.  Burn,  the  director,  under  my  own  presidency  at 
Brighton,  read  a  paper  at  the  delegates'  meeting  on 
this  subject  and  cognate  matters,  such  as  the  adapta- 
tion of  pharmaceutical  training  to  changed  conditions, 
and  set  forth  a  new  orientation  based  on  the  advance 
in  biological  knowledge.  For  many  years  many  hospital 
pharmaceutists  have  set  themselves  the  task  of  being 
useful  under  these  changing  conditions,  conscious  that 
the  base  of  pharmacy  must  be  broadened  unless  more 
vocations  for  sectional  help  in  medical  treatment  were 
to  be  created  and  pharmacy  sink  to  a  lower  plane. 
Pioneers  have  not  found  it  easy,  since  training  did 
not  exist — and  if  it  did,  without  a  diploma  attached, 
confidence  in  ability  to  perform  would  be  difficult  to 
create,  and  the  opportunity  might  easily  pass  never  to 
return.  Pharmacy — and  I  use  the  term  in  its  widest 
sense  of  medical  service — is  an  independent  entity 
in  practice  and  a  necessary  help,  not  only  to  the 
physician,  the  surgeon,  the  radiologist,  pathologist  and 
bacteriologist,  but  to  any,  at  .  present  unthought-of, 
phase  of  remedial  agency  where  service  can  be  ren- 
dered to  assist  the  practitioner.  Pharmacy  is  an 
expanding,  adaptable  science  of  usefulness,  or  it  is 
played  out.  I  prefer  to  think  the  Pharmaceutical 
Council  is  alive  to  the  need  of  equipping  its  graduates 
for  this  wider  sphere  of  usefulness. 

Newer  Materia  Medica 

I  would  like  to  speak  on  another  phase.  One  of 
the  most  trying  features  in  the  life  of  the  hospital 
pharmaceutist  is  not  the  introduction  of  new  medica- 
ments, which  is  comparatively  eas^',  but  the  variants 
of  the  same  medicament  which  spring  up  like  mush- 
rooms in  artificial  surroundings.  Brand  names  for 
known  substances  are  frequently  misleading,  and  cause 
unnecessary  duplication  of  stock  and  waste  of  money. 
The  original  conception  of  the  British  Pharmaceutical 
Codex  was  to  subdue  these  variations  to  a  standard 
wherever  possible.  It  has  not  been  completely  suc- 
cessful, though  it  has  succeeded  to  a  much  greater  degree 
than  might  have  been  anticipated  when  we  recall  the 
storm  of  opposition  with  which  the  first  Codex  was 
received  because  it  challenged  the  brand-name  abuse. 
Many  trivial  names  which  were  specially  coined 
for  the  Codex  are  now  in  common  use,  and  in  several 
instances     pharmacists     will    note     with  satisfaction 


that  the  British  Pharmacopoeia,  1932,  has  bodily 
lifted  and  made  official  certain  medicaments  to 
which,  hitherto,  it  was  necessary  to  add  the  letters 
"  B.P.C."  Here  let  me  pay  a  tribute  to  hospital 
physicians,  whom  we  pharmaceutists  should  greatly 
appreciate.  I  have  never  found  anyone  yet  who  would 
not  preferably  order  a  B.P.C.  medicament  or  pliarma- 
ceutical  preparation  rather  than  a  branded  article, 
always  providing  the  pharmaceutist  can  present  a  satis- 
factory case  for  its  therapeutic  equivalence.  The 
British  Pharmaceutical  Codex  was  originally  a  com- 
pendium of  medicines  without  emphasising  standards. 
As  one  who  knows  something  of  the  former  revision, 
and  that  now  proceeding,  I  think  I  can  safely  say 
the  new  Codex  will  set  a  standard  which  will  be 
valuable  to  the  hospital  physician  and  general  practi- 
tioner— and  that  means  to  the  welfare  of  the  community. 
A  pharmacopceia  largely  conditions  the  practice  of 
pharmacy;  and  if  we  add  the  Codex  we  might  also 
add  efficient  medication.  Many  things  are  put  forward 
for  therapeutic  use  which  would  carry  greater  confi- 
dence if  there  was  attached  to  them  the  opinion  of 
an  independent  pharmaceutical  or  pharmacological 
authority.  In  a  few  instances  the  Pharmacological 
Laboratory  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  has  pub- 
lished results  in  the  Quarterly  Journal,  but  every 
hospital  man  whose  opinion  is  sought  knows  the  great 
need  for  comparing  pharmacological  tests  with  clinical 
observations.  We  should  then  better  understand  where 
we  were,  in  the  case  of  many  old  drugs  as  well  as  new. 

The  Pharmacist  and  the  Clinician 

The  final  test  for  any  <lrug  is  clinical  usefulness. 
If  one  reads  extracts  from  clinical  literature  there 
is  a  risk  of  being  bewildered.  A  study  of  the  state- 
ments there  made,  drawn  from  a  variety  of  sources, 
places  one  in  danger  of  accumulating  a  wonderful 
mass  of  useless  knowledge.  It  is  probably  asking  too 
much  of  the  comprehensive  profession  of  medicine  to 
be  wise  on  all  points  in  the  possible  clinical  use  of 
drugs,  but  there  is  no  reason  on  earth  why  the  phar- 
macist should  not  be  an  intelligent  link  between  the 
pharmacological  expert  and  the  clinician,  and  not 
leave  it  all  to  the  so-called  medical  representative  or 
traveller.  That  only  reiterates  what  I  have  been  say- 
ing. The  pharmaceutist  requires  a  broader  foundational 
training.  To  make  a  precis  of  case  papers  is  a  simple 
clerical  job;  but  to  understand  their  value  and  place 
them  where  they  might  be  reproductive  of  beneficial 
results  requires  understanding  and  a  nice  discrimination 
between  essentials  and  non-essentials.  Hundreds  of 
pamphlets  pass  through  the  hands  of  the  hospital  phar- 
maceutist yearly.  If  he  is  wise  he  studies  them  critically 
and  makes  notes,  for  one  never  realises  the  ramifica- 
tions of  the  modern  medical  representative.  The  mass 
of  unsifted  statements  made  verbally  as  well  as  in 
print  can  become  exceedingly  costly  to  the  hospital 
and  conceivably  harmful,  unless  the  pharmaceutist  is 
able  to  sift  the  wheat  from  the  chaff.  It  is  a  pharma- 
ceutical job  to  know  and  understand  materia  medica — 
and  I  use  the  term  in  its  widest  possible  sense. 

Pharmacy  and  Research 

Dr.  Burn  said  at  the  Brighton  meeting  of  dele- 
gates that  "  at  the  present  time  pharmacy  is  suffer- 
ing eclipse  from  the  inefficiency  of  the  British  Phar- 
macopoeia, 1914."  Let  us  liope  the  eclipse  will 
soon  become  a  relic  of  the  past.  To  what  extent 
we  shall  be  better  off  with  the  British  Pharmacopoeia, 
1932,  rests  largely  with  ourselves  and  no  one  else. 
What  we  in  hospitals  need  is  that  adequate  and  con- 
tinuous work  should  be  undertaken  to  produce  a  phar- 
macopoeia and  ensure  co-operation  between  the 
physician,  pharmacologist  and  pharmaceutist,  to  con- 
sider and  report  on  every  prospective  medicament  or 
diagnostic  agent  within  more  reasonable  periods. 
Advance  in  medical  treatment  depends  in  a  consider- 
able measure  on  the  liveliness  in  pharmaceutical 
activity.    The  final  decision  whether  any  medicament 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


315 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932* 


should  be  made  official  can  easily  await  the  result  of 
experience  at  the  prospective  decennial  revision.  My 
business  to-day  is  not  to  expound  the  British  Phar- 
macopoeia, but  specific  research  due  to  the  demand  for 
quick  publication  is  bad.  Unless  we  can  stimulate  the 
urge  to  continued  research,  we  shall  fail  to  justify 
the  claim  of  organised  pharmacists  to  further  con- 
sideration. There  should  be  no  break  in  the  continuity 
of  research  required  for  future  revision  of  the  British 
Pharmacopoeia  and  the  Codex. 

At  Manchester  the  suggestion  was  put  forward  to 
reconstitute  a  Conference  research  list.  That  list  will 
be  before  you  in  the  annual  report.  Looking  on  this 
phase  of  pharmacy  from  the  hospital  point  of  view, 
I  am  conscious  that  we  have  scattered  throughout  our 
pharmaceutical  departments  a  mass  of  e.xperiences  which 
could  not  fail  to  be  valuable  if  we  were  able  to  collect, 
sift  and  give  them  more  public  and  useful  expression. 
Problems  arise  daily;  some  are  solved,  and,  strange  to 
say,  sometimes  forgotten  only  to  be  rediscovered  later 
on  by  someone  who  proceeds  to  make  money  out  of 
the  rediscovery.  In  the  United  States  I  had  several 
discussions  on  this  subject,  about  the  efforts  made  to 
stimulate  the  urge  for  research  among  competent  phar- 
maceutists and  to  correlate  the  results.  The  Pharmacy 
Department  of  the  Columbia  University,  as  you  are 
doubtless  aware,  periodically  sends  over  here  a  student 
with  a  scholarship  to  our  School  of  Pharmacy  for 
research,  the  objective  being  his  thesis  for  the  Ph.D. 
What  seems  to  me  desirable  in  pharmacy  is  that 
research  might  have  a  more  useful  therapeutic  objec- 
tive. The  purpose  of  pharmacy  is  to  make  more 
effective  for  the  use  of  the  physician  materia  medica 
in  its  widest  interpretation.  New  remedies  are  very 
important  to  the  hospital  pharmacist,  as  you  may 
have  already  gathered  from  my  observations.  We  have 
our  "  Quarterly  Journal  of  Pliarmacy  and  Pharma- 
cology," we  have  various  attempts  at  therapeutic 
indexes,  and  we  have  the  summary  of  advances  in 
chemistry,  pharmacognosy,  pharmacology,  pharmacy, 
new  medicaments,  and  even  problems  in  dispensing, 
collected  within  our  "  Year-Book  of  Pharmacy  ";  and 
yet  all  these,  to  me,  leave  something  to  be  desired. 

Unaccepi:able  Introductions 

The  American  method  differs  from  ours;  they  have 
an  annual  volume  called  "  New  and  Unofficial 
Remedies,"  where  many  things  are,  so  to  speak,  on 
trial.  I  am  greatly  interested  in  the  expressions  of 
opinion  in  the  official  medical  journal  when  a  remedy 
is  rejected.  The  professed  object  is  "to  protect  the 
medical  profession  and  the  public  against  fraud,  unde- 
sirable secrecy  and  objectionable  advertising  in  con- 
nection with  proprietary  medicinal  articles."  It  sounds 
interesting,  and  from  my  inquiries  it  serves  a  very 
useful  purpose  with  a  composite  population  like  tliat 
of  the  United  States.  It  does  one  good  to  read  in 
the  "  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association  " 
that  a  preparation  is  unacceptable  in  "  New  and 
Unofficial  Remedies  "  "  because  it  is  a  preparation 
of  indefinite  composition  offered  with  unwarranted 
claims  under  a  proprietary  name  which  is  non-descrip- 
tive of  its  composition."  Or,  a  statement  of  this 
character  on  a  claim  that  a  new  mixture  obviates  cer- 
tain gastric  disturbances  from  iodine  and  salicylates:  

"  There  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  several  com- 
ponents of  this  mixture  will  mitigate  in  any  way  the  charac- 
teristics of  salicylic  acid  when  administered  in  the  form  of 
sodium  s.alicylate.  On_  the  contrary,  the  ingredients  are  a 
hindrance  to  the  intelligent  uee  of  salicylates." 

Or,  on  a  so-called  diabetic  remedy: — 

"  Tlie  article  is  unacceptable  because  its  composition  is 
mdefinite,  because  no  evidence  is  offered  that  it  possesses 
any  therapeutic  value  or  that  its  potency  is  demonstrated  or 
controlled,  because  it  is  sold  under  a  therapeutically  sugo-as- 
tive  name  which  is  non-informative  of  the  composition"  of 
the  product,  with  unwarranted  claims  in  such  a  way  as  to 
lead  the  public  to  place  false  dependence  on  it  in  a  disease 
the  management  of  which  requires  the  supervision  of  a 
physician.  ' 


None  of  these  things  was  accepted  for  "New  and 
Unofficial  Remedies,''  yet  I  am  credibly  informed  that 
one,  at  least,  is  not  unknown  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  There  is  now  a  method  introduced  into  Great 
Britain  by  the  Medical  Research  Council  last  year: 
several  medical  specialists  act  as  a  Therapeutic  Trials 
Committee  working  in  harmony  with  the  Chemotherapy 
Committee  to  examine  new  products  submitted  to  them 
commercially  for  controlled  clinical  tests.  We  have  here 
the  beginnings  of  better  things,  and  hospital  men 
appreciate  the  possibilities.  If  the  committee  can 
eliminate  those  weird  things  that  come  from  all  parts 
of  the  globe,  that  "  have  their  day  and  cease  to  be," 
and  not  infrequently  interfere  with  some  knovv-n  reme- 
dial agents  because  they  have  not  behind  them  an  apostle 
of  truth  in  advertising,  then  it  will  be  a  boon  and  a 
blessing.  It  should  not  be  beyond  the  wit  of  the  pro- 
fessional societies  of  medicine  and  pharmacy  to  devise 
some  regulative  mechanism  capable  of  dealing  with 
this  never-ending  stream  of  remedies  based  on  detached 
opinions  and  insufficient  data. 

Conclusion 

To  a  certain  extent  it  may  appear  that  I  have  out- 
lined a  change  in  outlook.  If  it  is  change,  it  has 
been  one  of  slow  growth,  and  rightly  so,  since  sudden 
and  forced  change  is  less  likely  TxJ'iQ-'v^  permanent  value. 
In  hospitals  we  think  pharmacy  can  supply,  and  is  sup- 
plying, a  more  satisfying  service  than  is  officially  recog- 
nised. That  is  my  justification  to-day  for  what  I  have 
said.  If  we  think  more  realistically  about  pharmacy 
we  shall  find  it  plays  a  practical  and  useful  part  in 
modern  therapeutics.  Above  all,  the  status  of 
a  profession  depends  upon  the  ability  of  its  prac- 
titioners to  make  good,  and  for  that  they  must 
be  trained.  The  only  safe  way  to  usefulness 
is  to  broaden  the  base  of  pharmaceutical  training, 
to  create  a  wider  service;  then  more  adequate  recog- 
nition of  our  profession  will  follow  as  surely  as  day 
follows  night.  The  reasonable  expectation  of  the  com- 
munity from  our  profession  is  the  services  we  can  render 
in  the  restoration  and  maintenance  of  individual  as 
well  as  public  health. 


SCOTCH  FI1DB1.E. 

J*Uarc Dof^Ucdr  fc  ^cc  me  a  Ban/tec'.^  ttorf/i  o'JSnhisfanr  , 

iti-  no  for  mjfscl  but  Jhr  anttlicr  GrnUcnKI/l  f/mt  outsiHi  ■ 


316 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


Trade  Notes 


A  NEW  AUTOCLAVE. — We  havc  received  from  Britton, 
Malcolm  &  Waymark,  Ltd.,  38  Southwark  Bridge  Road, 
London,  S.E.i,  details  of  a  new  autoclave  for  pharma- 
gists.  The  apparatus,  wliich  is  manufactured  by  Joseph 
Sankey  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  Bilston,  is  designed  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  British  Pharmacopceia,  1932,  and 
the  needs  of  modern  dispensing  practice.  The  smaller 
of  the  two  models,  illustrated  herewith,  has  a  sterilising 
chamber  of  about  7 J  in.  in  diameter,  and  5  in.  deep. 
The  larger  has  a  sterilising  chamber  10  ins.   in  dia- 


meter and  io|^  in.  deep.  The  container  is  made  of 
pressed  steel,  which  is  tested  to  withstand  a  pressure 
of  100  lb.  per  square  inch.  The  lid  is  fitted  with  a 
washer  and  is  placed  beneath  the  rim,  a  crossbar  and 
thumbscrew  form  an  effective  means  of  closure.  The 
lid  is  fitted  with  a  safety  valve  and  pressure  gauge; 
the  latter,  of  the  automatic  gas-regulating  type,  is 
graduated  in  degrees  C.  and  lbs.  per  square  inch 
pressure.  The  apparatus  contains  galvanised  iron  wire 
cages  and  a  wire  grid.  The  prices  of  both  sizes  are 
well  within  the  reach  of  the  average  chemist,  the  larger 
model,  on  account  of  its  greater  capacity,  being,  of 
rourse,  the  more  useful. 

A  NEW  bakelite  container  (and  holder)  for  H.B.T. 
aseptic  shaving  soap  is  advertised  by  Mr.  Hunter  Beattie, 
Monteith  Row,  Glasgow,  S.E. 

Wooden  chip  boxes  are  advertised  in  this  issue  by 
Mr.  Jos  Klein,  Kaiserswalde,  Kr.  Habelschwerdt,  Bez. 
Breslau,  Germany.    Sample  and  prices  on  application. 

The  merits  of  Askit  powders  are  emphasised  by  Askit, 
Ltd.,  Keppochill  Road,  Glasgow,  who  point  out  that 
this  proprietary  has  been  nationally  advertised  for 
twenty-five  years. 

Little  Victor  inh.\ler. — Particulars  of  the  Little 
Victor  inhaler  (vest-pocket  model),  including  display 
terms,  are  given  by  Cockburn  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  i3o-i.)o 
Howard  Street,  Glasgow. 

A  design  in  bed-pans  has  been  registered  by  Shelley 
Potteries,  Ltd.,  Longton,  embodying  various  features 
designed  to  increase  comfort  in  use.  Particulars  will 
be  found  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

ZiM. — Under  the  name  of  Zim,  Arthur  H.  Cox  &  Co., 
Ltd.,  Brighton,  are  introducing  four  articles — inhalant, 
toothache  tincture,  corn  cure,  vapourstick — retailing  at 
a  popular  price,  and  allowing  a  good  margin  of  profit. 

Premo  bath  brushes. — We  are  asked  by  Premo 
Brushes,  Ltd.,  Petersfield,  to  explain  that  the  retail 
price  of  the  ' '  club  ' '  size  _  (extra  large)  Premo  bath 
brushes  advertised  in  our  issue  of  September  10,  is 
2S.  6d.,  not  as  prirAed. 


LTltra-violet  ray  lamp. — A.  Brodersen,  11  North- 
ampton Square,  Lc/ndon,  E.C.i,  have  marketed  a  lamp 
for  the  production  of  ultra-violet  rays  in  the  house- 
hold. The  lamp  is  known  as  the  Stella  Vita,  and  is 
issued  at  a  moderate  price. 

Calendars. — Dudley  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  451  Holloway 
Road,  London,  N.7,  have  sent  us  specimens  of  pic- 
torial calendars  for  next  year.  These  show  a  good 
variety  of  subject,  colouring  and  general  style,  and  are 
quoted  in  quantities  from  fifty  upwards. 

Prepar.^tions  for  the  feet. — C.  L.  Shard  &  Co., 
Ltd.,  212-214  Great  Portland  Street,  London,  W.i,  call 
attention  to  Marchers  Oxygenated  Footbath  Salts  and 
Foot  Dusting  Powder,  retailing  at  a  popular  price  and 
sent,  with  show  material,  on  advantageous  terms. 

Pamphlet  on  domestic  pests. — The  Rodent  and 
Insect  Pest  Destruction  Co.,  Ltd.,  69A  Sancroft  Street, 
London,  S.E. 11,  has  issued  a  thirty-two  page  illustrated 
pamphlet  (6d.,  post  free)  on  the  control  and  destruc- 
tion of  domestic  pests,  including  rodents  and  insects. 

According  to  the  new  Pharmacopceia. — Products 
conforming  to  the  requirements  of  the  British  Pharma- 
copoeia, 1932,  are  offered  by  William  Ransom  &  Son, 
Ltd.,  Hitchin;  and  by  National  Drug  Industries,  Ltd., 
Devon  Wharf,  Emmott  Street,  Mile  End,  London,  E.i. 

An  antiseptic  (perfumed)  known  as  Deodis  is  adver- 
tised widely  and  regularly.  Particulars  are  given  else- 
where. Tile  distributors  for  England  and  Wales  are 
Francis  Newbery  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  31-33  Banner  Street, 
London,  E.C.i;  and  for  Scotland  James  Taylor  (Tron- 
gate),  Ltd.,  132  Trongate,  Glasgow,  C.i. 

Permenda.— Phillip's  Patents,  Ltd.,  142  Old  Street, 
London,   E.C.i,   are    marketing    a    new    product  for 

ladders  "  and  small  holes  in  silk  stockings.  This  pro- 
duct, it  is  stated,  can  be  applied  so  as  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  "  ladders  "  or  to  repair  those  that  may 
have  formed.  Particulars  will  be  found  in  the  adver- 
tisement pages  of  this  issue. 

Novel  presentation. — M.  J.  Fecher,  Ltd.,  Cuckoo 
House,  10  Dod  Street,  London,  E.14,  give  details,  on 
another  page  of  this  issue,  of  their  refillable  iodine 
pencil,  guaranteed  unleakable  and  smartly  finished. 
Another  novelty  from  the  same  house  is  the  Fingertip 
menthol  cone,  flattened  obliquely  on  one  side  to  imitate 
the  shape  of  a  finger  point  and  attractively  cased  in 
bakelite. 


name  — 
distributed 
Gambles    &  Co. 


Antiseptikol  is  the 
of  a  tooth-paste 
by  J.  C. 
b  (X  Co.,  Ltd., 
2 1 1-2 15  Blackfriars  Road, 
London,  S.E.i.  It  is 
claimed  that  this  is  a 
straightforward,  pleasant, 
cleansing  and  refreshing 
dentifrice  attractive!}'- 
packed  and  sent  out  with- 
out extravagant  claims. 
The  showcard  supplied  is 
original  and  distinctive  in 
a  very  attractive  way. 

Shaving  without  razor. — "  Snow  "  is  the  name  of 
a  new  powder  used  for  making  a  shaving  lather  which 
is  taken  off  by  means  of  a  wooden  spatula  supplied 
(with  shaving  brush)  with  each  packet.  The  analysis 
forwarded  to  us  shows  the  presence  of  calcium  sulphate 
and  carbonate,  silica  and  strontium  sulphide  as  the  prin- 
cipal ingredients.  No  poisonous  metal  is  present.  The 
product  is  marketed  by  The  Britannia  Laboratories, 
13  Little  Litchfield  Street,  London,  W.i,  whose  bonus 
offer  appears  in  the  advertisement  pages  of  this  issue. 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


317 


Births 

Notices  for  insertion  in  this  column  must  be  properly 
authenticated. 

RusHTON. — At  26  Stainburn  Road,  Moortown,  Leeds, 
on  September  8,  the  wife  of  H.  Rush  ton  (nee  Nora 
Eaddie,  of  a  son. 

Spence. — At  3  Cressbourne  Avenue,  Roker,  on  Septem- 
ber 9,  Elsie,  wife  of  John  Spence,  M.P.S.,  of  a  son. 

Spencer  Palmer. — At  i  Carnarvon  Buildings,  High 
Street,  Clacton-on-Sea,  on  September  8,  Andree  {7iee 
Edwards),  M.P.S.,  wife  of  R.  L.  Spencer  Palmer, 
M.P.S.,  of  a  daughter. 


Marriages 

Clayson — Treen. — At  St.  Peter's  Church,  Dunchurch, 
Warwickshire,  on  September  12,  William  M.  Clayson, 
Ph.C,  to  Dorothy  L.  Treen,  Dunchurch. 

RoBSON — Bryson. — At  St.  George's  Church,  Gates- 
head, on  September  i,  by  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Swift,  M.A., 
William  Robson,  chemist  and  druggist.  Low  Fell,  Gates- 
head, to  Hilda  Bryson,  chemist  and  druggist,  Gates- 
head. 

Stather — Marsden. — At  Oughtibridge  Church,  on 
September  8,  William  Eric  Stather,  M.P.S.,  eldest  son 
of  Mr.  W.  B.  Stather,  M.P.S.,  "Leigh  Wold,"  Upper- 
thorpe,  Sheffield,  to  Margaret  Marsden,  Westbourne, 
Oughtibridge. 


Deaths 

Nicholson. — At  27  Beaver  Road,  Didsbury,  recently, 
after  a  brief  illness,  Mr.  Malcolm  Nicholson,  chemist  and 
druggist,  for  many  years  manager  to  Boots,  Ltd.,  at  the 
Oldham  Street,  Manchester,  branch. 

WHERLY^ — At  the  Liverpool  Royal  Infirmary,  on 
September  7,  following  a  seizure,  Mr.  Charles  Wherly, 
chemist  and  druggist,  Rake  Lane,  Wallasey,  aged  fifty- 
nine.  Mr.  Wherly  opened  a  shop  in  Wallasey  in  1899. 
He  retired  a  few  years  ago  from  active  participation 
in  the  business,  which  has  since  been  carried  on  by  his 
nephew.  Mr.  Wherly  was  a  member  of  the  Liverpool 
Chemists'  Association  and  of  the  Wallasey  Pharmacists' 
Association . 

Whitehead. — In  Farfield  Nursing  Home,  More- 
cambe,  on  September  2,  Mr.  Frederick  Nathaniel  White- 
head, Ph.C,  2  Queen  Street,  aged  sixty-three.  Mr. 
Whitehead,  who.  was  a  native  of  Manchester,  com- 
menced business  on  his  own  account  at  Carshalton,  but 
purchased  the  pharmacy  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Fell,  Ph.C,  More- 
cambe,  in  1896,  and  successfully  developed  it.  He  was 
a  past-president  of  the  Lancaster  and  District  Chemists' 
Association.  For  many  years  Mr.  Whitehead  was 
organist  of  Morecambe  Parish  Church,  and  he  was  one 
of  the  earliest  workers  in  connection  with  the  More- 
cambe Musical  Festival.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
"the  Morecambe  Golf  Club  and  a  prominent  freemason. 
He  is  survived  by  a  widow  and  daughter.  The  funeral 
took  place  on  September  6,  and  was  preceded  by  a 
service  at  the  Parish  Church,  attended  b^^  the  Mayor, 
several  members  of  the  Corporation,  magistrates  and 
others.  Mr.  Alexander  Bate  represented  the  Lancaster 
Kendal  and  District  Branch  of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society,  and  Mr.  J.  B.  Shattock  the  Lancaster  Branch 
of  the  National  Pharmaceutical  Union.  Among  the 
numerous  floral  tributes  were  wreaths  from  the  County 
Pharmaceutical  Committee,  the  Lancaster  Branch  of 
the  Pharmaceutical  Society,  and  fellow  chemists  in 
Morecambe  and  the  district. 


Personalities 

Mr.  T.  J.  Badgett,  Clarence  Place,  Newport,  Mon., 
a  past-president  of  the  Newport  and  Monmouthshire 
Branch  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society,  has  been 
appointed  cliairman  of  the  Newport  Insurance  Com- 
mittee. 

Sir  Frederick  Keeble,  F.R.S.,  has  been  released 
from  executive  and  routine  duties  as  controller  of  the 
agricultural  research  station  of  Imperial  Chemical 
Industries,  Ltd.,  in  order  that  he  may  be  able  to 
devote  himself  more  freely  to  scientific  problems  in 
connection  with  agriculture.  Sir  Frederick  remains  a 
member  of  the  Imperial  Chemical  Industries  Research 
Council. 

Mr.  John  H.  Robinson,  Exchange  Station  Pharmacy, 
Liverpool,  happily  recovered  from  his  alarming  experi- 
ence when  a  heavy  van  crashed  into  his  window 
recently,  gave  the  returning  British  delegates  from  the 
Canadian-American  Pharmaceutical  Convention  a 
pleasant  surprise  by  welcoming  them  on  their  arrival 
from  Montreal  on  September  6. 

Mr.  James  R.  Rust,  Lord  Provost  of  Aberdeen, 
whose  portrait  appears -on  p.  320  of  this  issue,  is 
managing  director  of  Charles  McDonald,  Ltd.,  Froghall 
Granite  Works.  His  lordship  has  a  record  of  public 
work  extending  over  about  twenty-five  years.  After 
serving  for  a  time  as  a  city  councillor  for  the  Rose- 
mount  Ward  he  was  appointed  civic  treasurer;  and  in 
this  capacity  was  so  successful  that  he  was  elected  to 
the  highest  office  in  the  city  in  due  course.  The  Lord 
Provost  is  now  in  this  third  year  of  office.  In  addition 
to  his  responsible  duties,  in  municipal  affairs  he  is  chair- 
man of  the  Harbour  Trust  and  serves  on  other  public 
bodies. 


Business  Changes 

Mr.  Henry  Weir,  Ph.C,  has  opened  a  pharmacy 
at  7  Ormeau  Road,  Belfast. 

Mr.  R.  MacKenna,  Ph.C,  has  commenced  business 
at  62  Botanic  Avenue,  Belfast. 

Mr.  a.  E.  Axtell,  chemist  and  druggist,  is  shortly 
opening  a  branch  at  Kidlington. 

The  name  of  Feen-a-mint  Products,  Ltd.,  Bush 
House,  London,  W.C.2,  has  been  changed  to  White's 
Laboratories,  Ltd. 

Mr.  C.  G.  Hatchard,  chemist  and  druggist,  has  pur- 
chased the  Camden  Pharmacy  from  Spedding  &  Hurst, 
High  Street,   Peckham,  London,  S.E.15. 

A  PHARMACY'  has  been  opened  at  129c  Upper  New- 
townards  Road,  Belfast,  under  the  style  of  the  Oakland 
Pharmacy,  Ltd.,  under  the  management  of  Mr.  John  R. 
Sanderson,  Ph.C. 


Wills 

Mr.  Thomas  Wilson,  52  Park  Road,  Lenton,  Notting- 
ham, chemist  and  druggist,  who  died  on  February  12 
last;  aged  eighty-one,  left  estate  gross  value  ;^2i,558, 
with  net  personalty  ;^io,784. 

Mr.  William  Orr.  Ph.C,  Hartford  Cottage,  The  Mall, 
Armagh,  co.  Armagh,  merchant,  who  died  on  Novem- 
ber 2  last,  left  personal  estate  in  Great  Britain  and 
Northern  Ireland  valued  at  £7.i29- 

Alderman  Stephen  Stephens,  J. P.,  136  Longwood 
Road,  Huddersfield,  Yorks,  chemist  and  druggist,  a 
member  of  the  Huddersfield  Town  Council,  who  died 
on  April  20  last,  aged  seventy-five,  l?*t  estate  value 
^4,059,  with  net  personaltv  ;^2,54i. 


318 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


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September  17.  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


319 


THE 

Chemist  AND  Druggist 

VOL.  CXVII.     SEPTEMBER  17,  1932    NO.  2745 


The  Conference  Papers 

The  Aberdeen  meeting  of  the  British  Pharmaceutical 
Conference,  which  had  not  concluded  when  we  went 
to  press,  has  been  distinguished  by  an  attendance  above 
the  average  of  recent  years  and  by  the  Highland  wel- 
come accorded  to  members  and  visitors  from  other 
districts.  The  address  of  the  chairman  (Mr.  Herbert 
Skinner)  was  in  effect  an  eloquent  plea  for  a  true  con- 
ception of  pharmacy.  "  It  always  appears  to  me," 
the  chairman  remarked  in  one  passage,  "  that  the  phar- 
macist who  closes  down  his  laboratory  is  losing  the 
soul  of  pharmacy — a  loss  that  is  much  too  serious  to 
be  made  good  by  profits  on  proprietary  and  packed 
goods."  The  papers  presented  in  the  Science  Section 
numbered  twenty-nine,  the  highest  figure  on  record,  as 
far  as  we  are  aware.  The  Analytical  Classification  of 
the  Fish-Liver  Oils  has  been  explored  by  Messrs. 
Norman  Evers  and  Wilfred  Smith,  who  compare  oils 
obtained  from  (i)  fish  of  the  Gadida  family;  (2)  the 
elasmobranch  class  of  fish;  (3)  miscellaneous  fish.  The 
general  analytical  characters  are  tabulated.  Messrs.  Noel 
L.  Allport  and  T.  Tusting  Cocking  have  improved  the 
process  for  The  Coloriinetric  Assay  of  Ergot  in  the 
1932  B.P.,  the  addition  of  ferric  chloride  obviating  any 
need  for  the  exposure  to  light  previously  necessary  for 
colour  development.  Messrs.  P.  A.  W.  Self  and  C.  E. 
Corfield  have  devised  new  methods  for  The  Determina- 
tion of  Colchicine  in  Colchiciiin  Conn  and  Seeds  and 
the  Official  Colchicum  Preparations,  finding  the  methods 
of  previous  investigators  to  be  defective.  Some  Pro- 
posed. New  FormiAlas  for  the  British  Pharmaceutical 
Codex,  arranged  with  comments  by  Mr.  H.  Treves 
Brown,  will  be  read  with  interest,  especially  in  view 
of  the  newly  established  relation  between  the  British 
Pliarmacopoeia  and  the  Codex.  Mr.  James  Coutts  has 
investigated  The  Assay  of  Santonin  in  Artemisia  by 
various  methods,  and  has  devised  a  new  gravimetric 
process.  ■  Miss  E.  M.  Smelt  has  carried  out  A  Compari- 
son of  Tests  for  Balsam  of  Peru,  selecting  seventeen 
specimens  for  examination.  The  results  obtained  are 
tabulated.  Mr.  F.  Wokes  makes  A  Comparison  of  the 
Antidiuretic  and  Oxytocic  Potencies  of  Commerci'il 
Pituitary  Extracts,  and  deals  with  methods  of  assay. 
The  same  author  shows,  in  The  Protein  Content  of  Coni- 
mercial  Pituitary  Extract,  that  undue  increase  in  the 
content  indicates  inefficiency  in  manufacture  through 
loss  of  activity.  The  Volumetric  Assay  of  Chlorates  is 
examined  by  Mr.  G.  J.  W.  Ferrey,  who  in  two  con- 
tributions shows  that  the  reaction  between  chloric  and 
hydriodic  acids  is  rapid  and  assay  accurate  provided  the 
conditions  laid  down  are  followed.  Strong  Solution 
of  Lead  Subacetate  is  not  an  equilibrium  mixture,  but 
a  variable  solution,  according  to  phase-rule  reasonings 
by  Mr.  C.  Morton.  The  Origins  of  British  Pharmacy 
are  the  subject  of  an  interesting  survey  by  Mr.  J.  P. 
Gilmour,  who  makes  a  strong  appeal  for  the  com- 
pilation of  "  a  comprehensive  and  standard  work  "  oil 
the  subject,  and  suggests  that  the  Conference  might 
encourage  the  study  of  the  history  of  pharmacy.  Mr. 
H.  Brindle  discusses  The  Volumetric  Determination  of 
Mercuric  Chloride  by  Rupp's  Method  and  its  draw- 
backs. He  suggests  shortening  the  time  requin<^  for 
dissolving  the  precipitated  mercury  in  the  iodine  by 


adding  a  given  quantity  of  a  mixture  of  ether  and 
chloroform  in  the  proportions  of  two  to  one  by  volume. 
A  paper  which  is  of  considerable  importance  in  con- 
nection with  the  testing  of  dispensing  is  that  on  The 
Determination  of  Mercury  in  Mixtures  containing  Solu- 
tions of  Mercuric  Chloride  and  Vegetable  Infusions,  by 
Miss  L.  M.  Mundy  and  Miss  -C.  W.  S.- Rix.  Messrs.  N. 
Glass  and  A.  J.  Jones  discuss  The  Preparation  and  Com- 
position of  the  Precipitated  Phosphates  of  Calcium,  and 
conclude  that  almost  any  proportion  of  di-  and  tribasic 
phospliate  may  occur  in  a  sample  according  to  the  con- 
ditions of  manufacture.  Messrs.  A.  D.  Powell  and  G.  F. 
Hall  discuss  the  difficulties  of  The  Estimation  of  Lead 
and  Other  Metals  in  Iron  Salts,  and  suggest  a  new 
test.  The  application  to  pharmaceutical  preparations  of 
the  test  which  Mr.  Norman  Evers  and  Mr.  L.  A.  Haddock 
recently  described  for  the  determination  of  minute 
amounts  of  copper  is  the  subject  of  a  paper  by  these 
workers  entitled  The  Copper  Content  of  Certain  Phar- 
maceutical Preparations  and  Chemicals.  The  import- 
ance of  traces  of  copper  in  iron  medicaments  has  led 
to  new  methods  by  Messrs.  Noel  L.  Allport  and  G.  H. 
Skrimshire  for  The  Determination  of  Traces  of  Lead 
and  Copper  in  Iron  Preparations.  Mr.  David  Rattray 
points  out  that  there  exists  in  the  pharmacist's  mind 
certain  impressions  as  to  the  nature  and  inherent  quali- 
ties of  effervescent  preparations,  notably  as  regards 
their  hygroscopic  nature,  and  consequent  liability  to 
premature  chemical  reaction.  It  was  to  elicit  a  numeri- 
cal foundation  for  such  impressions  that  he  has  under- 
taken the  research  described  in  Effervescent  Properties 
of  Granular  Effervescent  Preparations.  A  derivative  of 
phenylethaneolamine  has  been  synthetised  by  Messrs. 
H.  E.  Glynn  and  W.  H.  Linnell,  whose  paper  is 
entitled  Halogen  Analogues  of  Adrenalin  and  Ephedrine, 
in  an  attempt  to  find  a  stable  substance  with  the  phar- 
macological action  of  adrenalin.  The  Preparation  of 
Certain  Aliphatic  Amino-Alcohols  is  discussed  by  Messrs. 
H.  E.  Glynn  and  W.  H.  Linnell  as  part  of  a  study  of 
the  structure  of  anaesthetics.  Benzoic  esters  of  amino- 
alcohols  containing  five  and  six  carbon  atoms  respec- 
tively are  devoid  of  local  anaesthetic  action,  and  it 
is  surmised  that  this  is  due  to  increase  in  length  of 
carbon  chain  between  the  functional  hydroxy  and  amino 
groups.  The  Phenol  Content  of  Some  Nasal  Antiseptic 
Tablets  and  Phenol  Lozenges  is  sadly  deficient,  as 
shown  by  the  research  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Corfield  and  Miss 
L.  Marjorie  Mundy  on  the  determination  of  phenol 
in  medicaments.  The  Determination  of  Phenol  in 
Phenol  Ointment  has  been  studied  by  Miss  E.  M. 
Smelt,  with  the  result  that  either  of  two  methods  is 
recommended.  Messrs.  C.  T.  Bennett  and  N.  R. 
Campbell  contribute  a  paper  on  The  Determination  of 
Bismuth  in  Solution  of  Bismuth  and  Ammonium  Citrate. 
In  a  Note  on  Calcium  Glycerophosphate  Messrs.  C.'  T. 
Bennett  and  N.  R.  Campbell  arrive  at  the  conclusion 
that  only  the  neutral  salt  should  be  used  for  the  B.P. 
Codex  compound  syrup  of  glycerophosphates.  Analyti- 
cal data  are  given.  A  new  apparatus  for  The  Estima- 
tion of  Essential  Oil  m  Drugs  and  Spices  is  described 
by  Messrs.  T.  T.  Cocking  and  G.  Middleton.  An  improved 
formula  for  Mistura  Bisinuthi  Composita  Acida  cum 
Pepsino,  B.P.C.,  is  the  outcome  of  the  paper  by  Mr. 
C.  J.  Eastland.  In  A  Classification  of  Some  Recent 
Biological  Methods,  Dr.  J.  H.  Burn  gives  a  conspectus 
of  principles  of  biological  standardisation.  Finally,  Mr. 
S.  Taylor  contributes  a  Note  on  the  Colouring  Matter 
of  Cochineal,  using  as  his  starting  point  the  so-called 
gelatinisation  of  solutions  of  cochineal.  The  author 
recommends  the  extraction  of  the  colour  by  using  first 
a  weak  acid  and  afterwards  a  weak  alkaline  solution. 
Meetings  of  delegates  from  the  Society's  branches  have 
also  been  held,  and  the  social  events,  as  our  reports  indi- 
cate, have  proved  highly  attractive. 


320 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE 


^^~^k  t    P  r  0  c  t  c  d  i 


n 


y^BERDEEN  has  been  the  home  of  the  British  Phar- 
/-%  maceutical  Conference  on  two  previous  occasions, 
J.  A.  in  1885  and  in  igo8.  At  the  earlier  of  these 
meetings  the  president  was  Mr.  J.  B.  Stephenson,  a 
Scottish  pharmacist  who  had  a  university  training 
under  Professor  William  Gregory  and  Sir  Robert 
Christison  at  Edinburgh, 
and  was  chairman  of  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society's 

■  Scottish  Board  of  Ex- 
aminers for  several  years. 
The  vice-presidents  in- 
cluded Mr.  Michael  Car- 
teighe  (then  president 
of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society),  Mr.  F.  Baden 
Benger  (Manchester)  and 
lAIr.  J.  P.  Kay  (Aber- 
deen).   The  treasurer  was 

'Mr.  Charles  Umney;  the 
general  secretaries  were 
Mr.  Sidney  Plowman, 
F.R.C.S.,  and  Dr.  J.  C. 
Thresh;  and  the  local  . 
secretary  was  Mr.  A. 
Strachan.  The  papers  pre- 
sented numbered  twenty- 
five;  a  few  of  the  authors 
are  still  engaged  in  scien- 
tific research,  even  if  they 
are   not   present   at  this 

■year's  meeting.  They  in- 
cluded (in  order  of  appear- 
ance) Sir  Wyndham  Dun- 
stan  and  Mr.  F.  Ransom 
(two  joint  monographs 
on  the  assay  of  bella- 
donna leaves),  Mr.  W. 
Gilmour,  Mr.  Peter  Mac- 
Ewan  (afterwards  Editor 
of  The  Chemist  and 
Druggist,  who  presented 
an  analysis  of  various 
eucalyptus  oils),  Mr. 
D.  B.  Dott,  Mr.  Thomas 
Maben,  Mr.  A.  H.  Allen, 
Mr.  W.  A.  H.  Naylor 
(afterwards  a  president 
of  the  Conference),  Dr. 
David  Hooper  (president 

of  the  Conference  in  1916),  and  Mr.  Robert  Wright 
(president  of  the  Conference  at  the  next  Aberdeen 
meeting).  Our  report  of  the  Conference  mentions 
that  at  the  first  session  about  seventy  members  were 
present;  the  attendance  book  eventually  showed  a 
total  of  about  twice  that  number.  Several  visits  to 
local  works  and  other  places  of  interest  were  organised; 
and  after  the  more  serious  proceedings  had  been 
formally  closed  an  all-day  excursion  to  Braemar  took 
place.  This  was  a  m,uch-appreciated  function,  as  also 
was  the  annual  dinner  of  the  Aberdeen  and  North  of 
Scotland  Society  of  Chemists  and  Druggists,  to  which 
members  of  the  Conference  were  invited.  The  "  Year- 
Book  of  Pharmacy  "  afterwards  recorded  that  "  the 
list  of  toasts  was  too  long  to  admit  of  more  than  a 
very-  condensed  report  ";  apparently  other  publications 
experienced  the  same  difficulty,  as  "  after  the  usual 
loyal  and  patriotic  toasts  "  (the  number  of  which  is 
not  stated)  had  been  honoured  twelve  others  were 
given.    Among  the  members  and  visitors  were  Messrs. 


THE  LORD  PROVOST  OF  ABERDEEN 

(MR.  JAMES  R.  RUST) 


Coutts,  Giles,  Paterson,  Sim  and  Strachan,  of  Aber- 
deen; Mr.  Payne,  of  Belfast;  Messrs.  Alcock  and  Barclay 
(afterwards  Sir  Thomas  Barclay),  of  Birmingham;  Mr. 
Savagei,  of  Brighton;  Messrs.  Anderson,  Ferrier  and 
Kerr,  of  Dundee;  Mr.  Howie,  then  of  Eccles;  Messrs. 
Dctt,   Gilmour  and  Pinkerton,  of  Edinburgh;  Messrs. 

Frazer  and  Kinninmont. 
of  Glasgow;  Mr.  Ward,  of 
Leeds;  Messrs.  Burford  and 
St.  Dalmas,  of  Leicester; 
Messrs.  T.  F.  Abraham 
and  Conroy,  of  Liverpool; 
a  strong  contingent  from 
London,  including  Messrs. 
Bremridge,  R.  H.  Davies, 
W.  Martindale,  Passmore, 
R.  A.  (afterwards  Sir 
Richard)  Robinson,  C. 
and  J.  C.  Umney,  J. 
Williams  and  A.  C. 
Wootton  (Editor  of  The 
Chemist  and  Druggist); 
Messrs.  J.  Angell  and 
A.  H.  Jackson,  of  Man- 
chester; Mr.  Allen,  of 
Sheffield;  and  Mr.  Groves, 
of  Weymouth. 

At  the  1908  Aberdeen 
meeting  of  the  Conference 
the  proceedings  assumed 
the  order  that,  with  slight 
variation  in  detail,  is  still 
usual.  A  civic  reception 
in  the  Art  Gallery  on  the 
eve  of  the  opening  was 
the  occasion  of  some  brief 
and  excellent  speeches. 
The  late  Mr.  Robert 
Wright,  of  Buxton,  was 
the  president;  the  vice- 
presidents  included  at 
least  three  who  may  be 
present  again  this  year  if 
circumstances  permit  — 
Professor  Greenish  and 
Messrs.  Naylor  and  Ran- 
som; the  treasurer  was 
Mr.  J.  C.  Umney;  the 
general  secretaries  were 
Messrs.  E.  Saville  Peck 
and  E.  White;  and  the  local  secretary  was  Mr.  W.  F. 
Hay  (now  chairman  of  the  Local  Executive  Committee). 
The  Science  Section  received  twenty-three  papers; 
among  the  contributors  were  Mr.  T.  Maltby  Clague, 
Mr.  F.  H.  Alcock,  Dr.  David  Hooper,  Mr.  Harold 
Wyatt,  Mr.  W.  B.  Cowie,  Mr.  B.  M.  Brander  (after- 
wards assistant  editor  of  The  Chemist  and  Druggist), 
Mr.  Gilbert  Simpson,  Mr.  J.  P.  Gilmour,  Dr.  W.  E. 
Dixon  (jointly  with  Mr.  W.  H.  Harvey),  Dr.  F.  B. 
Power  (with  Mr.  H.  Rogerson).  Mr.  Ernest  Quant,  Mr. 
E.  W.  Pollard  and  (with  Mr.  H.  E.  Watt)  Mr.  (after- 
wards Lieutenant-Colonel)  E.  F.  Harrison.  The  Con- 
ference was  welcomed  at  the  opening  session  by  the 
Vice-Chancellor  and  Principal  of  Aberdeen  University 
(the  Very  Rev.  Dr.  J.  Marshall  Lang),  who  was  the 
father  of  the  present  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  As  in 
1885,  the  numerous  excursions  culminated  in  an  all- 
day  outing  to  Braemar.  Our  "  Who  Were  There  " 
column  included  many  names  that  reappear  in  the 
corresponding  list  from  the  present  meeting. 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


321 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932 


Opening  Session 

Tuesday,  September  13 

Glorious  weather  greeted  the  members  and  visitors 
on  rising  on  Tuesday  morning,  and  the  MacRobert 
Hall  of  Robert  Gordon's  Colleges  was  well  filled  when 
the  chairman  of  the  Conference  (Mr.  Herbert  Skinner) 
took  the  chair.  He  was  supported  by,  among  others, 
Messrs.  Hines,  Keall,  Rowsell,  Franklin,  Tocher,  Peck, 
R.  R.  Bennett,  Gamble, 
D.  Lloyd  Howard,  Mel- 
huish.  Dr.  Hampshire 
and  Dr.  Crossley  Hol- 
land. 

The  Chairman  called 
on  Bailie  Swinney  to 
address  the  Conference. 

The  Civic  Welcome 

Bailie  W.  Dixon 
Swinney  (who  was  wear- 
ing his  crimson  robe  and 
gold  chain  of  office) 
said  :  ' '  Deputising  for 
Lord  Provost  Rust,  who 
much  regrets  his  inability 
to  be  present  to  greet 
you  here  this  morning, 
owing  to  pressing  civic 
duties,  I  have  great 
pleasure,  on  behalf  of 
the  Lord  Provost,  magis- 
trates, Council  and  citi- 
zens of  Aberdeen,  in  ex- 
tending to  you  a  most 
cordial  welcome  to  our 
city.  (Applause.)  We 
consider  it  an  honour 
that  such  a  learned  scien- 
tific body  should  be  hold- 
ing its  Conference  in  our 
midst  so  far  north. 
Many  people  who  do  not 
know  Scotland  well  are 
under  the  mistaken  im- 
pression that  civilisation 
stops  short  at  Edinburgli 
— (laughter) — and  they 
are  greatly  and  agreeably 
surprised  on  venturing 
further  north  to  find  a 
modern,  progressive,  well- 
equipped  city,  with  a 
charm  and  beauty  of 
its  own,  due  largely,  per- 
haps, .  to  the  material 
from  which  it  is  built — ("Hear,  hear"  and 
applause)— catering  not  only  for  the  physical  well- 
being  of  its  citizens,  but  possessing  a  University  whose 
record  and  traditions  pass  far  down  the  centuries,  and 
whose  sons  occupy  prominent  positions  all  over  the 
world.  (Aplause.)  So,  although  I  grant  you  that 
Edinburgh,  may  be  regarded  as  the  heart  of  Scotland, 
may  I  venture  the  suggestion  that  Aberdeen  may  have 
a  claim  to  the  head.  (Applause.)  I  trust,  therefore, 
that  the  bracing  atmosphere  of  our  city  and  the  natural 
beauty  of  its  surroundings  may  prove  conducive  to  a 
full  measure  of  success  -attending  the  efforts  of  your 
Conference.  (Applause.) 

It  is  but  natural  and  fitting  that  Aberdeen  should 
take  a  special  interest  in  your  proceedings,  because  I 
find  that  the  oldest  pharmaceutical  organisation  in 
Britain  was  the  Aberdeen  Pharmaceutical  Association, 
founded  in  1839 — (Applause) — so  that,  if  my  arithmetic 
is  correct,  that  is  thirty-four  years  before  your  Con- 
ference  began    its   activities.    (Applause.)    So   we,  in 


MR.  F.  GLADSTONE  HINES 

PRESIDENT  OF   THE  PHARMACEUTICAL  SOCIETY 
OF  GREAT  BRITAIN 


Aberdeen,  if  we  cannot  claim  to  be  the  parent  of  the 
British  Pharmaceutical  Conference,  may  be  permitted 
the  privilege  of  the  relationship  of  elder  brother. 
(Applause.)  Your  duties  as  pharmacists  are  intimately 
bound  up  with  the  great  science  and  art  of  healing, 
and  you  are  a  valuable — nay,  I  should  rather  say,  an 
essential  and  indispensable — adjunct  to  the  medical  pro- 
fession and  the  great  institutions  for  the  relief  of  the 
sick  and  the  suffering.  By  your  labours  you  are  perform- 
ing a  national  service  in  securing  that  the  fruits  of  the 
research  laboratories  are  made  available  to  the  public 

in  a  form  that  makes 
possible  the  successful 
treatment  of  diseases  that 
were  formerly  baffling  to 
medical  science,  You 
have  established  for 
yourselves  a  great  reputa- 
tion, and  have  deservedly 
won  the  confidence  of  the 
medical  profession  and , 
the  general  public.  There 
was  a  time  not  so  very 
long  ago — before  the  pass- 
ing of  the  Insurance  Acts 
—  when  the  skilful 
chemist  stpod  in  the  posi- 
tion of  guide,  philosopher 
and  friend  to  many  a 
working-class  household. 
(Applause.)  The  position 
has  now  changed  with 
the  operation  of  Health 
Insurance,  but  it  seems 
to  me,  as  a  friend  of 
mine  remarked  the  other 
day,  the  skilful  chemist 
has  now  re-established 
the  same  relationship 
with  the  middle  classes. 

Now,  ladies  and  gentle- 
men, I  know  from  your 
agenda  that  you  have 
many  matters  of  vital 
interest  to  discuss,  and  I 
sliall  not,  therefore, 
longer  detain  you  from 
the  business  for  which 
you  are  met.  I  trust 
your  discussions  and  de- 
liberations here  will  result 
in  further  benefit  to  the 
community,  and  add  still 
greater  lustre  to  the  name 
of  the  British  Phar- 
maceutical Conference. 
(Loud  applause.) 

The  President's  Reply 

Mr.  F.  Gladstone 
Hines  (president  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society) :  It 
is  for  me  this  morning,  on  your  behalf  as  a  Con- 
ference, and  on  behalf  of  the  Society,  to  thank  Bailie 
Swinney  for  the  very  kind  welcome  he  has  afforded 
to  us  to  this  City  of  Aberdeen.  (Applause.)  When- 
ever we  woke  up  we  realised  that  it  was  an 
invigorating  morning,  and  that  we  were  to  experience 
the  invigorating  breezes  of  Aberdeen,  and  had  received 
a  hearty  welcome  to  the  city  in  which  the  Conference 
is  so  greatly  appreciated.  (Applause.)  We  are  here, 
doubtless,  for  serious  business,  for  the  Conference  has 
to  do  with  two  things.  In  the  first  place  our  Con- 
ference is  the  culminating  point  of  the  year,  and  the 
presentation  of  that  amount  of  scientific  research 
which  has  been  done  to  provide  not  only  an  increasing 
amount  of  knowledge  in  pharmaceutical  affairs,  but 
to,  improve  the  processes  and  methods  of  manufacture, 
all  of  which  go  for  the  benefit  of  the  community 
itself.  (Applause.)  Tliat  is  the  serious  side.^  But 
there  is  also  the  social  side  with  its  social  reunions. 


322 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932 


A. 


(Applause.)  We  are  a  peripatetic  body,  and  like  all 
peripatetic  bodies,  we  widen  our  circle  of  friendships 
from  year  to  year  in  all  parts  of  the  British  Isles. 
We  have  been  at  Manchester,  Cardiff,  Brighton,  and 
now  we  are  in  the  Far  North,  because  we  think  there 
are  considerable  numbers  in  the  City  of  Aberdeen  who 
should  be  with  us — (Applause)- — and  we  hope  to  have 
a  good  time  in  exploring  the  beauties  of  this  part  of 
Scotland.  (Applause.)-  We  are  looking  forward  to 
making  acquaintance  with  beautiful  Deeside,  and  shall 
appreciate  the  opportunity  of  knowing  better  this  City 
of  Aberdeen.  (Applause.) 

Chairman's  Address 

The  chairman  then  delivered  his  address,  which  is 
printed  in  full  on  pp.  312-15  of  this  issue. 

Vote  of  Thanks 

Mr.  E.  Saville  Peck  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
chairman.  Mr.  Peck  said  he  could  not  help  feeling  a 
distinct  wiish  to  bring  to  the  notice  of  members  that 
twenty-four  years  ago  Robert  Wright  was  chairman  of 
the  Conference,  and  he  fulfilled  the  desire  which  had 
been  expressed  by  the  present  chairman,  who  had  been 
most  happy  in  the  choice  of  his  subject.  Mr.  Skinner 
was  the  greatest  authority  on  hospital  pharmacy.  He 
had  treated  his  subject  in  a  most  skilful  manner. 
(Applause.)  A  great  number  of  hospital  pharmacists 
could  teach  the  medical  man  to  appreciate  m.ore 
the  thing  he  ordered.  (Applause,  and  laughter.)  Mr. 
Peck  said  he  was  delighted  that  Mr.  Skinner  finished 
up  on  the  note  of  optimism,  because  he  was  of  opinion 
that  the  pharmacist,  properly  trained,  would  ultimately 
reap  adequate  remuneration.  (Applause.) 

Mr.  J.  H.  Franklin,  in  seconding  the  vote  of  thanks, 
said  .it  gave  him  very  great  pleasure  to  do  so.  It  was 
the  first  time  they  had  an  address  on  hospital  phar- 
macy, and  with  the  present  evolution  of  medicine  it 
was  the  most  appropriate  address  they  could  have  had. 
(Applause.)  Never  in  the  history  of  the  world  had 
pharmacy  reached  such  a  high  efficiency  as  at  the 
present  time  in  the  laboratories,  thanks  io  medical 
research  and  the  assistance  of  pharmacists  in  the 
hospitals.  And  if  the  importance  of  hospital  pharmacy 
was  recognised,  it  might  draw  attention  to  the  claims 
of  the  hospital  pharmacists.  (Applause.)  The  Con- 
ference must  do  all  it  can  for  this  advance  in  hospital 
pharmacy,  because  there  must  be  advance,  and  it  must, 
in  large  measure,  emanate  from  those  pharmacy  dis- 
pensaries which  are  usually  attached  to  modern  hospi- 
tals. (Applause.)  In  modern  hospitals  the  treatment 
was  vastly  different  from  what  it  was  twenty-five  to 
thirty  years  ago — and  of  that  they  would  get  some 
rather  startling  examples  in  the  British  Pharmacopoeia. 
He  thought  they  might  very  well  offer  their  thanks  to 
the  hospital  pharmacists  of  the  country  for  the  very 
valuable  work  they  were  doing.  (Applause.)  They 
might  say  the  hospital  pharmacist  was  a  success,  and 
hope  he  would  continue  to  promote  the  general  health 
of  the  country.  (Applause.) 

The  Chairman  of  the  Conference,  in  acknowledging 
the  vote  of  thanks,  said:  I  would  like  to  emphasise  that 
hospitals  have  the  name  of  being  extremely  useful  for 
helping  pharmacists,  and  I  think  they  are  in  a  better 
condition  than  ever  with  regard  to  the  treatment  of 
diseases  and  relieving  many  of  those  troubles-  that 
afflict  humanity.  Thear  are  quite  a  number  of  hospital 
pharmacists  here  to-d^y,  and  I  am  glad  to  think  they 
have  chosen  a  chairman  from  their  own  ranks. 
(Applause.)  We  should  be  conscious  we  have  the 
beginning  of  a  better  development  than  our  own  in 
being  attached  to  institutions  of  the  country.  What 
has  been  done  in  the  past  has  been  small  in  comparison 
to  what  we  will  be  able  to  do.  (Applause.)  If  we 
are  united  more  conscientiously  with  our  fellows  in  the 
hospital  .service — or  let  me  say,  rather,  in  the  medical 
science— we  can  secure  advances  in  that  service  and 
brmg  the  hospital  to  a  position  of  greater  efficiency. 


Science  Section 

Tuesday  Morning 

The  opening  meeting  of  the  Science  Session  com- 
menced at  11.30  on  Tuesday  morning,  the  chair  being 
occupied  by  the  chairman  of  the  Coniference,  Mr. 
Herbert  Skinner,  who  first  called  upon  Mr.  Norman 
Evers  to  read  a  paper  on :  — • 

The  Analytical  Classification  ot  the  Fish-Liver  Oils 

By  Norman  Evers,   B.Sc,   F.I.C,  and 
Wilfred  Smith,  B.Sc,  A.I.C. 

[Abstract] 

The  fish  from  which  liver  oils  are  extracted  commercially 
may  be  divided  into  three  groups: — (i)  The  lish  of  the 
GadidcB  family  including  the  cod,  coal-fish,  haddock, 
ling,  torsk,  etc.;  (2)  the  elasmobranch  class  of  fish,  in- 
cluding the  sharks,  dog-fish,  and  skate;  (3)  a  few  mis- 
cellaneous fish  such  as  the  hake  and  the  halibut.  The 
oil  may  be  readily  extracted  from  the  livers  of  the 
members  of  the  first  two  groups  by  a  simple  process  of 
heating  with  water.  This  distinguishes  them  from  most 
other  fish,  from  which  only  small  amounts  of  oil  can  be 
obtained  by  this  method.  The  object  of  the  authors' 
investigation  was  to  determine  how  far  differences  in 
analytical  characters  and  particularly  in  the  nature  of 
the  unsaponifiable  matter  correspond  with  the  zoological 
classification. 

The  Composition  and  Characters  of  the 
Unsaponifiable  Matter 

The  method  of  Bolton  and  Williams  ("  Analyst," 
1932,  57.  25)  for  the  determination  of  unsaponifiable 
matter  has  been  used  in  this  paper.  Bolton  and 
Williams  stress  the  importance  of  using  ether  rather 
tlian  light  petroleum  when  fish  or  fish-liver  oils  are 
being  tested.  The  authors  found  that  the  difference  in 
the  results  obtained  with  the  two  solvents  was  particu- 
larly evident  with  shark-liver  oils.  (A  table  is  given.) 
If  the  unsaponifiable  matter  be  re-saponified  with 
alcoholic  potash,  state  the  authors,  it  can  then  be  com- 
pletely extracted  with  light  petroleum  without  any  diffi- 
culty. 

The  authors  then  give  the  more  important  consti- 
tuents of  the  unsaponifiable  matter  of  fish-liver  oils  and 
a  summary  of  the  mort  important  investigations  on  cod- 
liver  oil,  shark-liver  oil,  dog-fish  liver  oil,  and  halibut- 
liver  oil. 

The  bulk  of  the  cholesterol  may  be  crystallised  from 
the  unsaponifiable  matter  by  dissolving  in  about  ten 
volumes  of  absolute  methyl  alcohol  and  allowing  to  stand 
for  twenty-four  hours  at  0°  C.  Mter  removal  of  the 
cholesterol  by  filtration  at  0°  C.  the  methyl  alcohol  may 
be  evaporated  off  and  on  dissolving  the  residue  in  about 
ten  volumes  of  acetone,  any  insoluble  matter  being 
filtered  off,  and  allowing  to  stand  at  0°  C.  for  twenty- 
four  hours  butyl  alcohol  if  present  in  any  quantity 
crystallises  out.  A  number  of  oils  were  treated  in  this 
way,  the  composition  of  the  crystals  being  checked  by 
means  of  the  melting-point  and  recrystallisation  being 
carried  out,  if  this  varied  by  much  from  that  of  the 
pure  substance.  The  crystals  so  obtained  were 
weighed.    (A  table  is  given.) 

From  the  table  it  appears  that  the  oils  may  roughly 
group  themselves  according  to  their  zoological  classifi- 
cation. These  results  suggested  the  possibility  of 
obtaining  quantitative  analytical  figures  on  the  unsaponi- 
fiable matter  which  would  show  these  variations  in  com- 
position. The  acetyl  value  appeared  to  be  a  likely 
figure,  but  it  was  found  that  there  was  great  difficulty 
in  obtaining  accurate  results  on  small  quantities  of  un- 
saponifiable matter  and  the  method  was  abandoned. 

The  iodine  values  of  the  unsaponifiable  matter  were 
obtained  on  the  series  of  oils  which  the  authors 
examined  and  are  reported.  (A  table  is  given.)  The 
oils  of  the  Gadidcs  family  give  definitely  higher  iodine 


September  17.  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


323 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  I  932 


values  than  any  of  the  other  oils.  This  would  not 
apply,  however,  to  those  shark-liver  oils  containing 
large  amounts  of  squalene. 

The  following  are  the  details  of  the  method  used  for 
the  preparation  of  the  acid  phthalic  esters  (results  are 
tabulated) :  — 

0.5  gm.  of  the  unsaponifiablo  matter  was  difsolvcd  in 
5  c.c.  of  pyridine  in  a  conical  flask  and  to  the  solution 
1.1  gm.  of  phthalic  anhydride  was  added.  After,  standing 
in  the  dark  for  from  throe  to  four  days  15  c.c.  of  water 
and  an  excess  of  peroxide-free  ether  were  added.  After 
washing  with  20  c.c.  of  2  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid  to  remove 
the  pyridine,  the  ether  layer  was  washed  with  water  until 
the  washings  were  neutral.  This  necessitates  as  many  as 
twenty  washings  in  most  cases.  The  ether  layer  was  dried 
over  anhydrous  sodium  sulphate,  filtered  into  a  weighed 
flask,  the  ether  evaporated  and  the  residue  dried  in  the 
eteam-oven  to  constant  weight.  The  residue  was  dissolved 
in  a  small  quantity  of  ether  ,  (about  2  c.c.)  and  a  largo 
excess  (250  c.c.)  of  light  petroleum  was  added  and  the  whole 
allowed  to  stand  overnight  at  a  temperature  of  about 
10^  C.  The  precipitate  was  filtered  off  and  well  washed 
with  light  jjotroleum  and  the  filtrate  and  washings  were 
collected  in  a  weighed  flask.  After  evaporating  the  mixed 
solvents  the  residue  was  dried  in  the  oven  to  constant 
weight.  This  gave  the  light  petroleum  soluble  matter,  while 
the  dift'erence  between  this  and  the  total  esteified  material 
gives  the  light  petroleum-insoluble  esters. 

General  Analytical  Characters 

The  figures  given  in  Tables  I  (III)  and  II  (IV)  were 
determined  on  oils  extracted  from  the  livers  of  fish 
caught  in  the  North  Sea  or  North  Atlantic,  being 
authenticated  specimens  made  from  livers  unmixed  with 
the  livers  of  other  fish.  The  figures  given  for  cod-liver 
oil  show  the  variation  in  the  results  obtained  with 
samples  of  pure  cod-liver  oil  extending  over  the  last 
few  years;  those  for  unsaponifiable  matter  include 
only  those  which  have  been  obtained  since  the  authors 
have  been  satisfied  that  the  method  of  determination 
gave  the  whole  of  the  unsaponifiable  matter  in  the  oil. 

Table  I  [III] 
COD-LivEE  Oils 


No.  ex- 
amined 

Mean 
value 

Limits 

B.P.  1932 
limits 

Sp.  gr.  15.5/15.5" 

40 

0.9262 

0.924-0.929 

0.922-0.929 

Eef.  ind.  40° 

32 

1.4711 

1.4705-1.4728 

1.4705-1.4745 

Acid  value 

87 

0.65 

0.20-1.50 

not  more  than 

1.2 

Saponification 

value 

42 

184.7 

181-189 

180-190 

Iodine  value 

46 

162.5 

154-172 

155-173 

Unsaponitiable 

matter 

27 

1.17 

0.95-1.52 

not  more  than 

1.5  per  cent. 

"Blue  "  value  . . 

63 

13.5 

4.6-24.6 

not  less  than 

6.0 

Concluding,  the  authors  state  that  from  these  results 
the  strong  resemblance  between  the  oils  of  the  Gadidce 
family  is  apparent,  although  none  of  these  oils  except 
cod  complies  with  the  B.P.  1932  requirements  in  every 
particular.  Among  the  elasmobranch  fish  the  sharks 
and  dog-fish  give  oils  having  a  close  resemblance  to 
one  another  in  having  low  s.  g.,  saponification  and 
iodine  values  and  in  containing  high  percentages  of 
unsaponifiable  matter.  These  oils  are  readily  distin- 
guishable from  the  Gadidcs  oils  by  analysis.  Skate- 
liver  oil,  on  the  other  hand,  is  markedly  different  from 
the  shark  and  dog-fish  liver  oils  and  its  analytical  con- 
'  stants  resemble  those  of  the  Gadidce.  The  unsaponifi- 
able matter,  however,  is  different  in  character.  Hake 
oil  again  is  indistinguishable  from  the  oils  of  the 
GadidcB  except  by  an  examination  of  the  unsaponifiable 
m.atter.  Halibut-liver  oil  is  remarkable  for  its  high 
"  blue  value,"  which  is,  however,  variable  in  different 
specimens  of  the  oil.  The  solvent-extracted  oil  contains 
a  high  proportion  of  unsaponifiable  matter. 

Summary 

(1)  The  composition  of  the  unsaponifiable  matter  of 
a  number  of  fish  liver  oUs  has  been  examined  especially 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  content  of  cholesterol 
and  butyl  alcohol. 

(2)  A  quantitative  method,  based  on  the  separation 
of  the  acid  phthalic  esters  of  cholesterol  and  the  dihydric 
aliphatic  alcohols  by  means  of  their  solubilities  in 
petroleum  ether,  has  been  applied  to  these  oils. 

(3)  The  iodine  values  of  the  unsaponifiable  matter  of 
the  oils  has  been  determined. 

(4)  The  results  show  a  variation  in  the  composition  of 
the  unsaponifiable  matter  according  to  the  zoological 
classification  of  the  fish.  The  iodine  value  of  the 
unsaponifiable  matter  combined  with  the  acid  phthalic 
ester  value  determined  by  the  method  described  should 
prove  useful  in  determining  the  type  of  fish  from  which 
an  unknown  oil  has  been  obtained. 

(5)  The  usual  analytical  values  for  these  oils  are  given. 

This  work  was  carried  out  in  the  laboratories  of 
Allen  &  Hanburys,  Ltd. 

Discussion 

The  Chairman  said  they  were  greatly  indebted  to 
Mr.  Evers  for  his  exposition  of  the  subject.  He  noticed 
that  it  was  somewhat  difficult  to  distinguish  between 
the  various  oils.  There  were  quite  a  number  of  diffi- 
cult points,  but  he  was  sure  there  were  several  present 
who  had  studied  the  subject. 

Mr.  T.  Edward  Lescher  asked  wliy  in  Table  II  the 
iodine  values  of  the  liver  ods  should  be  so  divergent, 
particularly  these  from  the  North  Sea,  all  of  which 
were  extraordinarily  low. 

Mr.  R.  R.  Bennett  thought  the  paper  bristled  with 


Table  II  [IV] 


Oil 


Cod  (mean  values) 
Coal-fish  (Saithe). . 
Haddock  . . 
Ling 

Torsk  (Brusmer) 


Blue  shark 

Black  shark 
Ground  shark 
Dog-fish  .. 
Skate 


Hake 

Halibut  (solvent  extra':ted) 
Halibut  (steamed) 


Species 


Sp.  gr. 
15.5/15.5° 

Eef.  ind. 
40" 

Acid 
value 

Saponift- 
ca':iou 
value 

Iodine 
value 

'•  Blue  " 
value 

Unsaponi- 
fiable 
matter 
per  cent. 


I  I 
Oils  of  Fish  of  Gadiihe  fdiiiU;/ 


G.  morrhna    '  . . 
G.  poUacMus    . , 
G.  aeglefinvs 
Molva  vulgaris 
Brosmius  brosme 


Carcliarias  glanciis 


0.9262 

1.4711 

0.65 

184.7 

162.5 

13.5 

1.17 

0.9241 

1.4702 

3.40 

182.0 

146.0 

60.0 

1.40 

0.9295 

1.4737 

1.60 

183.0 

165.0 

2.4 

1.22 

0.9236 

1.4690 

2.40 

186.0 

147.0 

17.8 

0.93 

0.9244 

1.4738 

2.40 

181.0 

148.0 

7.2 

3.34 

OUs  of  Elasmobranch  fish 


CarcJmrias  littorali 
Acmthias  vulgari 
Raia  batis 


s  (?) 


Other  Fish-Lirer  Oih 


Mcrlaceiiis  rulnaris 
Hippotilossus  hippo- 
glossus 


0.9120 

1.4685 

3.60 

155.0 

134.0 

56.0 

16.7 

0.9169 

1.4699 

0.28 

161.0 

135.0 

60.0 

0.9194 

1.4676 

1.20 

164.0 

136.0 

16.0 

0.9149 

1.4666 

0.50 

166.0 

120.0 

50.0 

0.9273 

1.4732 

0.60 

184.0 

177.0 

5.0 

13.0 
20.1 
14.8 
11.6 
11.2 
2.2 


0.9251 

1.4715 

2.40 

183.0 

153.0 

14.0 

2.0 

0.9229 

1.4705 

11.20 

170.0 

127.0 

475.0 

9.75 

0.9235 

1.4695 

1,30 

184.0 

146.0 

14.0 

1.72 

324 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  I  932 


interesting  points.  He  was  particularly  interested  in  the 
"  blue  values,"  because  in  the  new  B.P.  there  was  a 
standard  for  blue  value  of  cod-liver  oil.  He  asked  Mr. 
Evers  if  any  of  the  oils  had  been  examined  spectro- 
graphically  as  well  as  by  the  antimony  method. 

Dr.  Hampshire  congratulated  Mr.  Evers  on  his  paper. 
He  seemed  to  have  reached  the  stage  where  it  was 
possible  to  refer  an  oil  to  its  class.  A  subcommittee 
of  the  pharmacopoeia  had  pointed  out  that  the  expres- 
sion "  blue  value  "  was  an  undesirable  one.  It 
seemed  to  him  tha+  the  substitution  of  other  fish-liver 
oils  for  cod-liver  oil  required  great  consideration. 

Mr.  Powell  called  attention  to  the  different  values 
of  oils  used  bv  different  workers. 

Mr.  G.  R.  BoYES  asked  for  further  information  re- 
gardmg  the  great  variety  in  blue  value  in  the  two 
samples  of  halibut-liver  oil  (solvent-  and  steam-ex- 
tracted). If  the  blue  value  related  to  the  vitamin  con- 
tent, then  steaming  had  impaired  the  vitamin  content 
of  the  oil.  It  had  been  established  spectrographically, 
and  by  means  of  biological  assay,  that  solvent-extracted 
samples  of  halibut-liver  oil  were  higher  than  cod-liver 
oil,  and  the  hgures  shown  were  higher  than  those 
generally  reported.  He  asked  if  there  was  any  other 
data  regarding  the  vitamin  content  of  these  two 
specimens  of  oil. 

Mr.  Walmsley  asked  if  any  work  had  been  done 
on  the  body  oils  of  these  fish. 

Mr.  Evers,  in  reply,  said  he  did  not  know  why  the 
iodine  values  of  the  oils  varied  so  much.  None  of 
the  oils  had  been  examined  spectrographically.  Blue 
values  would  only  be  considered  as  very  approximate 
figures.  The  body  oils  appeared  to  be  very  low  in 
comparison  with  the  liver  oils. 

The  second  paper  to  be  taken  was:  — 

The  Colorimetric  Assay  of  Ergot 

By  Noel  L.  Allport,  A.I.C,  and  T.  Tusting 
Cocking,  F.I.C,  Ph.C. 

JAbstract] 

The  method  for  the  standardisation  of  ergot  and  its 
preparations  in  the  British  Pharmacopoeia  of  1932  is 
based  upon  a  colorimetric  determination  of  the  alkaloids 
ergotoxine  and  ergotinine,  the  results  being  expressed 
in  terms  of  "  total  alkaloids  calculated  as  ergotoxine." 
There  are  two  stages.  The  first  concerns  the  extraction 
of  the  alkaloids,  d^uring  which  they  are  finally  removed 
from  ethereal  solution  by  successive  shakings  with  (i  per 
cent.)  aqueous  tartaric  acid  solution.  This  note  relates 
to  the  second  stage,  consisting  of  the  official  colorimetric 
test,  which  differs  in  details  from  that  originally  pro- 
posed by  M.  I.  Smith.  The  dissolved  ether  is  removed 
from  the  united  acid  liquids  by  warming  gently  in  a 
current  of  air),  and  colorimetric  assay  is  made  thereon 
after  dilution  with  water  to  a  suitable  volume.  The 
reagent  used  is  made  twenty-four  hours  before  use,  and 
must  not  be  over  seven  days  old.  It  contains  0.125  per 
cent,  of  /i-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde  in  a  50  per  cent, 
sulphuric  acid  (v/v).  One  mil  of  solution  of  alkaloids 
is  mixed  with  two  mils  of  reagent  (which  raises  the 
temperature  to  45°)  and  the  colour  is  developed  by 
exposing  the  mixture  to  bright  light.  When  the  blue- 
violet  colour  attains  a  maximum  its  intensity  is  com- 
pared with  that  v^btained  by  treating  similarly  one  mil 
of  a  solution  containing  0.012  per  cent,  of  ergotoxine 
ethanesulphonate.  It  is  stipulated  that  test  coloration 
should  not  deviate  more  than  20  per  cent,  from  that  of 
standard.  The  ratio  of  blue  and  red  colours  to  match 
the  violet  is  constant,  and  it  is  convenient,  as  herein, 
to  take  only  the  blue  into  consideration  for  purposes  of 
calculation. 

The  official  reagent  corresponds  to  Smith's  reagent 
diluted  with  an  equal  volume  of  water,  but  the  compo- 
sition of  the  reaction  mixture  is  made  the  same  by 
using  half  the  amount  of  double-strength  solution  of 
alkaloids.    Some  rise  in  temperature  is  necessary  to  aid 


colour  formation,  and  the  researches  of  the  Ergot  Sub- 
committee of  the  Pharmacopoeia  Commission  found  that 
the  rise  to  45°  C.  with  the  half-strength  reagent  gave 
the  best  results.  The  original  reagent  causes  destruction 
of  alkaloid  by  overheating.  Replacement  of  sulphuric 
acid  by  hydrochloric  acid  overcomes  this  objection,  but 
colour  development  in  inhibited  to  a  greater  extent  by 
traces  of  peroxide  in  the  ether  used  for  alkaloidal  extrac- 
tion. On  a  bright  summer  day  the  colour  may  develop 
in  about  ten  minutes,  but  full  colour  development  is 
difficult  to  ensure  in  winter.  A  mercury  vapour  lamp 
or  carbon  arc  may  be  used,  but  ordinary  artificial  light 
is  insufficient.  Much  time  may  be  consumed  in  adjust- 
ing the  concentration  of  solution  of  alkaloids  to  that 
requisite  for  final  comparison. 

The  present  research  was  undertaken  to  simplify  the 
colorimetric  assay  of  ergot  by  eliminating  the  need  for 
exposure  to  light. 

A  mixture  of  phosphoric  and  sulphuric  acids  hastens 
colour  development,  but  the  improvement  is  not  suffi- 
cient to  justify  the  change  from  50  per  cent,  sulphuric 
acid  alone.  Other  aldehydes  offer  no  advantage  over 
/j-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde  in  developing  colour 
without  exposure  to  bright  light,  most  of  them  being 
less  sensitive.  Eventually  it  was  found  that  under 
certain  conditions  traces  of  ferric  chloride  causes  full 
colour  development  within  one  minute  without  exposure 
to  light.  The  reagent  finally  adopted  consists  of  a  solu- 
tion of  /)-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde  (0.125  per  cent, 
w/v)  in  sulphuric  acid  (65  per  cent,  v/v)  to  which 
ferric  chloride  (0.005  P^r  cent,  w/v)  is  added.  The 
quantity  of  ferric  chloride  exceeds  slightly  the  minimum 
amount  actually  necessary,  but  unless  sufficient  is 
present  the  development  of  colour  is  uncertain.  Smith's 
(concentrated  sulphuric  acid)  reagent  is  much  more  sen- 
sitive to  increasing  concentration  of  ferric  chloride  than 
is  the  reagent  made  with  65  per  cent,  of  acid.  The 
inhibiting  effect  of  peroxide  on  the  new  reagent  is 
slightly  more  than  with  the  official  reagent,  but  much 
less  so  than  with  the  reagent  prepared  with  hydrochloric 
acid.  The  presence  of  four  parts  per  million  of  peroxide 
(calculated  as  hydrogen  peroxide)  in  the  ether  causes  a 
decrease  of  about  5  per  cent,  in  the  colour  value, 
whereas  in  the  case  of  the  hydrochloric  acid  reagent  the 
decrease  in  colour  value  is  about  30  per  cent.  The 
possibility  of  this  sensitivity  to  peroxide  being  due  to 
the  chlorine  ions  led  to  trial  of  reagents  containing  ferric 
sulphate,  but  this  offers  no  advantage  over  ferric 
chloride.  The  importance  of  using  for  the  extraction  of 
the  alkaloids  pure  anaesthetic  ether  as  specified  in  the 
Pharmacopoeia  cannot  be  over-emphasised. 

The  proposed  reagent  has  been  compared  with  the 
official,  reagent  in  testing  a  number  of  samples  of  ergot 
and  its  preparations.  The  results  are  entirely  satisfac- 
tory, as  shown  in  the  following  table:  — 

Eesuxts  Obtaised  by  Independent  Observers  Using  the 
Official  and  the  Proposed  Reagents 


jSTature  of  isample 


(1)  Drug    . . 

(2)  Drug  .. 

(3)  Drug    . . 

(4)  Drug    .  . 

(5)  Liquid  extract 

(B.P.  1914)  .. 

(6)  Liquid  extract 

(old  sample) . . 

(7)  Liquid  extract 

(8)  Liquid  percolate 

(9)  Liquid  percolate 
(10)  Strong  extract 

(paste) 


Per  cent,  alkaloids  calculated  as  ergotoxine 


Using  official  reagent 
■warming  to  45°C.  and 
exposing  to  light 


0.214 
0.147 
0.180 
0.194 

0.008 

0.019 
0.054 
0.155 
0.020 

0.484 


Using  proposed  re- 
agent without  warm- 
ing or  exposing  to  light 


0.216 
0.146 
0.183 
0.194 

0.008 

0.020 
0.056 
0.162 
0.020 

0.488 


Summary 

The  colorimetric  determination-  of  the  alkaloids  of 
ergot  using  ^-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde  has  been 
critically  examined. 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


325 


BRfTTSH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1932 


It  has  been  shown  that  many  aromatic  aldehydes 
yield  similar  colours  with  ergotoxine  in  the  presence  of 
mineral  acid. 

The  necessity  for  warming  the  reaction  mixture  and 
exposing  it  to  light  in  order  to  allow  the  colour  to 
develop  may  be  obviated  by  the  addition  of  a  trace  of 
ferric  chloride  to  the  reagent,  and  the  use  of  a  slightly 
stronger  acid. 

By  the  use  of  the  proposed  reagent  the  colour 
develops  within  one  minute  and  may  thus  be  measured 
almost  immediately.  It  possesses  the  additional  advan- 
tages of  being  ready  for  use  immediately  it  is  made  and 
that  its  activity  remains  unimpaired  for  about  a  month 
if  kept  in  the  dark.  The  investigation  was  made  in  the 
laboratories  of  The  British  Drug  Houses,  Ltd. 

In  the  absence  of  the  authors  this  was  read  by  Mr. 
R.  R.  Bennett. 

Discussion 

The  Chairman",  in  opening  the  discussion,  said  it  was 
interesting  to  note  1bat  although  the  new  Pharmaco- 
poeia was  not  yet  published,  there  were  already 
critcisms  of  the  tests.  He  wondered  whether  the  ferric 
chloride  did  act  as  a  catalyst,  or  whether  there  was 
some  reaction  involved. 

Mr.  EvERS  said  the  position  in  regard  to  the  colour 
test  was  curious,  beuig  alternately  in  favour  and  dis- 
carded. He  regarded  as  valuable  the  authors'  sug- 
gestions relating  to  ferric  chloride. 

Dr.  Hampshire  presumed  the  authors  did  not  impugn 
the  pharmacopceial  method,  rather  they  had  attempted 
to  shorten  the  procedure;  but  had  they  not  introduced 
other  sources  of  error,  e.g.,  in  peroxide  in  the  ether 
and  the  temperature?  The  Pharmacopoeia  Commission 
tried  to  produce  a  preparation  which  contained  a  de- 
finite amount  of  ergotoxine. 

Mr.  Powell  referred  to  the  variable  nature  of  light 
in  winter,  aiid  the  tendency  for  the  sample  to  go  on 
developing  blue  colour,  which  vitiates  the  test. 

Mr.  Bennett,  in  thanking  those  who  had  taken  part 
in  the  discussion,  said  he  was  sure  the  authors  had  no 
wish  to  impugn  the  B.P.  method. 

The  next  paper,  read  by  Mr.  Corfield,  was  on:  — 

The  Determination  of  Colchicine  in  Colchicum  Corm 
and  Seeds  and  the  Official  Colchicum  Preparations 

By  P.  A.  W.  Self,  B.Sc,  F.I.C,  Ph.C,  and  C.  E. 
Corfield,  B.Sc,  F.I.C,  Ph.C. 

The  increasing  demand  for  standardised  preparations  of 
colchicum  has  led  to  the  unstandardised  official  pre- 
parations of  the  B.P.  1914  being  replaced  by  U.S. P. 
galencials.  The  necessity  for  including  standardised 
preparations  of  colchicum  corm  and  seed  in  the  British 
Pharmacopoeia  of  1932  provided  an  opportunity  for  a 
complete  e.xamination  of  assay  methods.  This  has  led 
to  the  introduction  of  a  more  satisfactory  process  for 
assay. 

The  methods  formerly  used  in  colchicum  assay  are 
those  of  Farr  and  Wright,  Davies  and  the  U.S. P.  X. 

Farr  and  Wright's  process  is  a  very  long  one.  It 
involves  shaking  out  the  alkaloid  twice  with  chloroform, 
as  well  as  three  extractions  with  petroleum  ether, 
precipitation  with  iodine  and  two  filtratioiis.  The 
alkaloid  obtained  is  verv  brown  in  colour  and  impure, 
being  incompletely  soluble  in  water. 

Davies'  method  is  a  little  shorter,  but  still  involves  two 
extractions  with  chloroform,  a  precipitation  and  three 
filtrations.  It  is  doubtful  whether  extraction  is  com- 
plete, the  volumes  of  chloroform  prescribed  being  com- 
paratively small.  The  alkaloid  obtained  is  evidenth- 
not  pure,  being  brownish  yellow  in  colour  and  not 
completely  soluble  in  cold  water,  particularly  in  the 
case  of  the  residue  obtained  in  the  assay  of  the  seeds. 

The  Method  of  the  U.S. P.  X.  is  slow  and  tedious  in 
application,  although  simpler  than  either  of  the  two 
others  in  principle.  The  chief  defects  are:  The  filtra- 
tion of  the  lead  subacetate  solution  is  slow:  it  involves 


the  taking  of  two  aliquot  parts;  and  the  difficulty  of 
extracting  the  colchicine  from  100  c.c.  of  an  aqueous 
solution.  The  last  is  a  serious  objection,  owing  to  the 
solubility  of  the  alkaloid  in  water  and  the  fact  that  100 
c.c.  of  solution  represents  only  5  grams  of  the  drug. 
Moreover,  obstinate  emulsions  are  frequently  formed. 
The  use  of  dilute  acid  in  the  final  e.xtrac'cion  of  tlie 
alkaloidal  residue  is  unnecessary  since  pure  colchicine 
is  readily  soluble  in  cold  water  alone.  The  extracted 
alkaloid  is  comparatively  pure. 

Preliminary  experiments  showed  that  precipitation  by 
iodine  is,  under  suitable  conditions,  as  complete  as  pre- 
cipitation by  phosphotungstic  acid.  An  attempt  to 
simplify  Farr  and  Wright's  process  was  unsatisfactory. 
It  was  found  that  the  alkaloid  extracted  from  solutions 
containing  sodium  hydroxide  was  much  lighter  in  colour 
than  that  obtained  from  ammoniacal  solutions. 

Alcoholic  extracts  of  colchicum  seed  or  corm,  when 
taken  up  in  water,  were  purified  much  more  thoroughly 
by  washing  with  ether  than  with  light  petroleum.  "I'he 
aqueous  solutions  after  extraction  with  ether  were  still 
very  cloudy,  and  it  was  impossible  to  obtain  clear 
filtrates.  By  using  a  20-per-cent.  solution  of  sodium 
sulphate  with  a  very  small  quantity  of  powdered  talc, 
perfectly  bright  solutions  were  obtained  on  filtration. 
When  this  liquid  was  made  alkaline  with  sodium 
hydroxide  and  extracted  with  chloroform,  an  alkaloid 
was  obtained  from  the  seeds  which  was  completely 
soluble  in  water.  In  some  experiments  a  little  acid 
was  added  to  the  sodium  sulphate  solution,  but  no  n.ore 
alkaloid  was  obtained,  and  it  was  slightly  less  pure. 

The  following  methods  are  recommended  for  accurate 
assay  of  colchicum  seed  and  corm:  — 

Colchicum  Seed 
Take  20  gm..  in  coarse  powder,  mix  uilh  30  c.c.  of 
alcohol  (95  per  cent.)  ,and  heat  on  a  water  bath  for  about 
fifteen  minutes.  Transfer  to  a  continuous  extractor  and 
extract  for  three  hours.  Cool  the  extract,  allow  to  stand 
for  half  an  hour  and  filter,  washing  the  filter  with  alcohol 
until  free  from  ■alkaloid.  Evaporate  the  filtrate  to  dryness 
on  a  water  bath,  w^ash  the  residue  into  a  separator  with 
20  c.c.  of  20-per-cent.  solution  of  sodium  sulphate  and  50  c.c. 
of  ether,  well  shake,  allow  to  separate  and  run  the  lower 
layer  into  .a  second  separator  containing  50  c.c.  of  ether, 
again  well  shake  and  separate.  Wash  the  dish  with  a 
further  5  c.c.  of  the  solution  of  sodium  stdphate,  transfer 
to  the  fir.-t  separator,  shake,  separate,  run  into  the  second 
separator,  shake  and  again  separate.  Repeat  the  washing 
of  the  dish  and  contents  of  the  two  separators  in  the  same 
manner  with  a  further  three  portions  of  5  c.c.  each  of 
water.  Unite  all  the  aqueous  liquids,  heat  on  a  water  batJi 
until  the  ether  is  completely  expelled,  cool,  add  0.2  gram 
of  purified  talc  and  make  up  to  50  c.c.  with  solution  cf 
sodium  sulpKate.  Allow  to  stand  for  about  an  hour,  fre- 
quently shaking,  and  filter,  rejecting  the  first  5  c.c.  of  the 
filtrate.  Take  40  c.c.  of  the  filtrate  (representing  16  grams 
of  the  seeds),  shake  with  40  c.c.  of  ether,  separate  and  wash 
the  ether  with  three  successive  portions  of  5  c.c.  each  of 
water.  Mix  the  aqueous  liquids,  add  50  c.c.  of  chloroform 
and  shake  and  then  add  2  c.c.  of  N l\  sodium  hydroxide  anrl 
again  well  shake.  Run  off  the  lower  layer  into  a  second 
separator  containing  2  c.c.  of  iV/10  soda  and  15  c.c.  of  water, 
shake,  separate  and  filter  the  chloroform  throuoh  a  double 
filter.  Continue  the  extraction  with  further  portions  of 
chloroform,  washing  each  portion  with  the  alkaline  liquid 
contained  in  the  second  separator  and  filtering,  as  before. 
Evaporate  olf  the  chloroform,  add  2  c.c.  of  alcohol,  evapor- 
ate, add  a  further  2  c.c.  of  alcohol  and  again  evaporate, 
dry  at  100*^  C.  and  weigh  the  residue  of  colchicine.  The 
weight  of  residue  obtained  multiplied  by  6.25  gives  the 
percentage  of  colchicine  in  the  seecl. 

Colchicum  Corm 
Take  20  gm.,  in  coarse  powder,  and  proceed  by  tho 
method  given  for  Colchicum  Seed  with  the  following  addi- 
tion :  To  the  weighed  residue  add  about  10  c.c.  of  water, 
allow  to  stand  for  a  short  time  and  filter  through  a  small 
filter.  Wash  the  dish  and  filter  with  water  until  the  alkaloid 
is  completely  removed.  Dissolve  any  insoluble  matter  on. 
the  filter  in  a  little  alcohol,  return  to  the  dish  containing 
tho  remainder  of  the  insoluble  matter,  dr,y  at  100°  C.  and 
weigh.  Subtract  the  weight  so  obtained  from  the  weight 
of  total  residue  in  order  to  obtain  the  weight  of  pure 


326 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1  932 


colchicine.  The  weight  of  pure  colchicine  obtained  multi- 
plied by  6.25  gives  the  percentage  of  colchicine  in  the  corm. 

Three  hours'  continuous  extraction  with  alcohol  is 
sufficient  for  complete  extraction  of  powdered  colchicum. 
The  results  obtained  are  not  less  satisfactory  than  by 
percolating  with  70-per-cent.  alcohol  in  the  cold  as 
in  Davies'  method.  Any  slight  emulsification  durmg 
the  first  two  washings  with  ether  may  be  disregarded 
by  transferring  this  to  the  next  stage,  together  with  the 
clear  aqueous  layer.  In  cold  weather  evaporation  of 
ether  may  lower  the  temperature  and  cause  some  separa- 
tion of  sodium  sulphate.  In  this  case  a  slightly 
warmed  solution  of  the  salt  may  be  used.  The  final 
extraction  with  chloroform  needs  a  considerable  number 
of  shakings  owing  to  the  high  solubility  of  colchicine 
in  water,  but  there  is  little  or  no  tendency  to  emulsi- 
fication. When  a  high  degree  of  accuracy  is  not 
required  the  assay  of  the  corm  may  be  carried  out  as 
in  the  case  of  the  seed  since  the  amount  of  insoluble 
matter  is  usually  very  small. 

The  results  obtained  by  the  various  methods  are 
summarised  in  the  tables  below:— 

TABLE  I.— COLCHICUM  Seed 


Process  used 


1  Process  recommended 


2  As  (1)  without  talc, 
and  ammonia  In  final 
washing  instead  of 
jV/1  sodium  hydroxide 

3  Farr  and  Wright's 
Process 

4  MethodoftheU.S.P.X 

5  Davies'  Process  (no 
alliali  in  final  extrac- 
tion) 

Davi  es'  Process  (using 
ammonia  in  tinal  ex- 
traction) 


Kesult 


0.478  per  cent. 


0.471 


0.724 


0.512 
0.460 


0.435 


Properties  of  the  residue 
obtained 


Pale   lemon   yellow  in 

colour  ;  wholly  soluble 

in  cold  water. 
Pale  lemon   yellow  in 

colour  ;  0.003  per  cent. 

insoluble  in  cold  water. 

Yellowish  brown  in 
colour ;  incompletely 
soluble  in  cold  water. 

Lemon  yellow  coloirr. 

Brownish  yellow  in  col- 
our ;  0.038  per  cent, 
insoluble  in  cold  water. 

Dark  yellow  in  coloirr ; 
0.03  per  cent,  in- 
soluble in  cold  water. 


TABLE  II. — Colchicum  Corm 


Process  used 


1  Process  recommended 


As  ( 1)  but  percolating 
with  70  per  cent,  alco- 
hol 

Farr  and  Wright's 
Process 


U.S.P.  X. 

Davies'  Process  (no 
alkali  in  final  extrac- 
tion) 

Davies'  Process  (using 
ammonia  in  final  ex- 
traction) 


Result 


0.245  per  cent, 
(soluble 
alkaloid) 
0.243  per  cent, 
(soluble 
alkaloid) 
0.368  per  cent. 


0.250 
0.284 


0.2S5 


Properties  of  the  residue 
obtained 


Pale  lemon  yellow  in 
colour  ;  0.007  per  cent, 
insoluble  in  cold  water. 

Pale  lemon  yellow  in 
colour  ;  0.012  per  cent, 
insoluble  in  cold  water. 

Yellowish  brown  in  col- 
our ;  incompletely  sol- 
uble in  cold  water. 

Lemon  yellow  in  colour. 

Lemon  yellow  in  coloiu- ; 
0.013  per  cent,  in- 
soluble in  cold  water. 

Lemon  yellow  in  colour  ; 
0.09  per  cent,  insoluble 
in  cold  water. 


Farr  and  Wright's  process  gives  very  high  results, 
due  to  impure  character  of  alkaloid.  The  method  ot 
the  U.S.P.  X.  gives  results  which  are  slightly  high  for 
both  seed  and  corm  Davies'  assay  process  gives  slightly 
low  results  for  seed  and  slightly  high  results 
the  corm.  The  alkaloid  is  not  quite  pure, 
especially  in  the  case  of  the  seeds.  The  re.«-ults 
vary  during  final  extraction,  being  distinctly  lower 
with  ammonia  than  without  alkali. 

Preparations  Of  Colchicum 
The  new  Pharmacopceia  includes  three  preparations 
of  colchicum — Liquid  Extract  of  Colchicum,  Tincture  of 
Colchicum  and  Dry  Extract  of  Colchicum.  The  two 
former  are  made  from  the  seed  (the  tincture  by  dilu- 
tion of  the  liquid  extract)  and  the  dry  extract  is  made 
from  the  corm.  Assays  on  liquid  extract  (20  c.c.) 
and  tincture  (200  c.c.)  indicate  that  it  is  suflicient  to 
evaporate  ofif  the  alcohol.  In  the  case  of  the  dry 
extract  (5  gm.  being  taken)  it  is  desirable  to  extract 
with  alcohol  in  a  continuous  extractor  to  remove 
matter  insoluble  in  alcohol  as  much  as  possible.    It  is 


necessary  to  correct  for  the  insoluble  matter  in  the 
residual  alkaloid  in  the  manner  recommended  in  the 
assay  for  the  corm. 

A  sample  of  Liquid  Extract  of  Colchicum  supplied  by 
the  Pharmacopoeia  Commission  gave  0.296  per  cent,  of 
colchicine,  which  was  completely  soluble  in  cold  water. 
Dry  Extract  of  Colchicum,  supplied  by  the  Pharma- 
copoeia Commission,  gave  0.795  per  cent,  of  soluble 
alkaloid  and  0.086  per  cent,  of  matter  insoluble  in 
water.  A  second  sample  showed  1.285  per  cent,  of 
soluble  alkaloid  and  0.060  per  cent,  of  matter  insoluble 
in  cold  water.  In  each  case  the  alkaloidal  residues 
were  much  darker  than  in  other  assays,  and  it  appears 
that  a  certain  amount  of  alkaloidal  decomposition 
occurs  during  manufacture  of  this  preparation. 

Summary 

The  assay  processes  now  in  use  for  colchicum  corm 
and  colchicum  seed  and  preparations  of  these  two  drugs 
have  been  reviewed. 

The  method  of  Farr  and  Wright  for  the  assay  of 
colchicine  in  the  corm  and  seeds  gives  very  high  results 
and  must  now  be  regarded  as  practically  useless. 

The  assay  process  described  by  Davies  and  the 
method  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  give  much 
more  accurate  results  but  are  complicated  and  trouble- 
some to  carry  out. 

The  new  processes  are  described  by  which  a  purer 
alkaloidal  residue  is  obtained.  The  use  of  phospho- 
tungstic  acid  and  iodine  are  unnecessary  for  the  puri- 
fication of  colchicine,  and  in  the  process  recommended 
the  inert  matter  is  removed  by  treating  the  colchicine 
solution  with  sodium  sulphate  and  ether.  •  In  the  assay 
of  the  corm  and  the  dry  extract  prepared  from  it,  a 
small  amount  of  impurity  in  the  final  residue  is  removed 
by  dissolving  out  the  colchicine  with  water. 

These  processes  are  much  simpler  in  character,  and 
give  consistent  and  accurate  results  for  the  proportion 
of  colchicine  in  the  two  crude  drugs  and  the  galenical 
preparations  prepared  from  them. 

Discussion 

Mr.  Deane,  referring  to  the  pharmacopceia!  test,  sug- 
gested leaving  the  extract  of  syrupy  consistency. 

Mr.  CoRFiELD  said  it  was  true  that  workers  sometimes 
had  difficulty  in  determining  what  was  meant  by  pub- 
lished words.  In  the  seed  test  he  thought  the  alcohol 
in  the  liquid  should  be  removed  by  evaporation. 

The  next  paper,  which  in  the  absence  of  the  autl.or, 
was  read  by  Mr.  John  Keall,  was:  — 

Some  Proposed  New  Formulas  for  the  British 
Pharmaceutical  Codex 

By  H.  Treves  Brown,  B.Sc,  Ph.C. 
[Abstract] 

In  connection  with  the  revision  of  the  British  Pharma- 
ceutical Codex,  the  pharmacy  subcommittee  have  sub- 
mitted recommendations  to  the  Codex  Revision  Com- 
mittee for  the  inclusion  of  many  new  formulas  and 
for  important  alterations  in  a  number  of  formulas  of 
the  1923  Codex. 

Elixir  Ephedrin.e  Hydrochloridi 
Ephedrine  hydrochloride       .  .        . .        4.6  gm. 
Distilled  water  . .        . .        . .        . .      83.3  mils 

Glycerin   200.0  mils 

Glycerin  of  saffron      .  .        .  .        . .      50.0  mils 

Spirit  of  chloroform     .  .        . .        .  .      50.0  mils 

Alcohol  (90  per  cent.)  125.0  mils 

Tincture  of  lemon       .  .        .  .        .  .      50.0  mils 

Syrup   to  1000.0  mils 

Glycerinum  Bismuthi  Carbonatis 
Two  formulas  are  given  for  this  preparation  in  the 
present  Codex,  one  using  bismuth  nitrate,  and  the 
other  the  subnitrate.  Glycerin  of  bismutlr  carbonate 
is  stated  to  contain  about  50  per  cent,  w/v  of  bismuth 
oxycarbonate,  and  there  is  a  further  statement  that 
"  mixtures  prepared  therewith  contain  the  bismuth  in 
a  better  state  of  suspension  than  when  ordinary  bis- 
muth  oxycarbonate  is   used."       This   statement  also 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


327 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932- 


appeared  in  the  1907  Codex,  and  was  doubtless  true 
at  that  time;  but  the  bismuth  carbonate  of  to-day  is 
a  very  different  product  from  that  obtainable  twenty- 
five  years  ago.  The  Committee  accepted  the  suggestion 
that  glycerin  of  bismuth  carbonate  should  be  prepared 
directly  from  the  official  bismuth  carbonate.  The  fol- 
lowing formula  was  accepted;  it  can  be  prepared  in  a 
few  moments  from  materials  readily  availalale  and  is 
identical  with  an  average  sample  made  from  the  old 
formula :  — 

. .  500  gm. 
.  .  500  mils 
to  1000  mils 


Bismuth  carbonate 
Distilled  water  .  . 
Glycerin  .  . 


Glycogelatinum 
Complaints  have  been  made  from  time  to  time  that 
the  present  B.P.C.  basis  for  throat  pastilles  is  too 
soft.  Experiments  on  the  optimum  proportions  of 
glycerin  and  distilled  water  to  be  used  with  20  per 
cent,  of  gelatin  resulted  in  'the  acceptance  by  the 
Comm.ittee  of  the  following  formula:  — 


Gelatin    .  . 

Glycerin  .  . 

Sucrose    .  . 

Citric  acid 

Sodium  benzoate 

Oil  of  lemon 

Solution  of  carmine 

Triple  orange-flower  water 

Distilled  water  .  . 


200  gm. 
400  mils 
50  gm. 
20  gm. 
2  gm. 
1  mil 

10.4  mils 

62.5  mils 
to  1000  gm. 


Soak  the  gelatin  in  one  and  a-half  times  its  weiglit  of  distilled 
water  until  softened,  add  the  glycerin  and  heat  on  a  water  batli 
until  the  gelatin  is  dissolved  and  the  mixture  weighs  850  gm.  ; 
add  the  sucrose,  citric  acid  and  sodium  benzoate  previovisly 
dissolved  in  the  triple  orange-flower  water,  the  oil  of  lemon, 
the  solution  of  carmine  and  sufficient  distilled  water  to  produce 
the  required  weight.    Strain  throxigh  muslin  and  allow  to  cool. 

GuTT.^;  Physostigmin^ 
Eserine  eye  drops  are  at  present  prepared  with  the 
sulphate.  The  salt  official  in  the  new  Pharamcopceia 
is  the  salicylate,  and  the  monograph  on  this  salt  in 
the  1923  Codex  states  that  its  solutions  do  not  become 
pink  so  readily  as  solutions  of  the  sulphate.  It  was 
thought  desirable  to  confirm  this  statement,  and  also 
to  try  the  effect  of  boric  acid  in  preventing  coloration, 
although  it  is  usually  stated  that  the  development  of 
colour  is  accompanied  by  little  or  no  loss  of  myotic 
activity.  One  per  cent,  solutions  of  each  salt,  pre- 
pared with  recently  boiled  and  cooled  water,  were 
placed  in  completely  filled  bottles,  and  also  in  partly 
filled  bottles  which  were  loosely  corked;  samples  of 
each  of  these  were  stored  in  the  light  and  in  the  dark. 
In  addition  to  the  solutions  prepared  with  distilled 
water  only,  solutions  of  each  salt  were  made  contain- 
ing also  I  per  cent,  and  3  per  cent  of  boric  acid,  and 
samples  of  these  were  similarly  stored.  The  general 
conclusions  reached  may  be  summarised  as  follows :  — 

(1)  Boric  acid  has  little  or  no  effect  on  the  sulphate 
solution,  but  the  addition  of  3  per  cent,  is  a  considerable 
improvement  to  the  salicylate  solution. 

(2)  In  the  dark,  the  sulphate  alone  is  quite  satisfac- 
tory, and  equal  to  the  salicylate  with  3  per  cent,  of  boric 
acid. 

(3)  In  the  light,  the  salicylate  alone  is  slightly  better 
than  the  sulphate  alone,  but  the  salicylate  with  3  per 
cent,  of  boric  acid  is  much  better  than  the  sulphate, 
whether  alone  or  with  boric  acid. 

(4)  In  all  cases,  the  exclusion  of  air  is  advantageous. 
It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  results  that  the  salicylate 
with  3  per  cent,  of  boric  acid  is  never  less  satisfactory 
than  the  sulphate,  and  in  the  majority  of  storage  con- 
ditions is  superior. 

The  following  formula  was  therefore  accepted  by  the 
Committee:  — 


Physostigmine  salicylate 
Boric  acid 
Sterilised  water 


1  gm. 
3  gm. 
100  mils 


The  1923  CodcK  gives  the  solubility  of  physostigmine 
salicylate  as  i  in  130;  the  new  Pharmacopoeia  says  that 


it  is  soluble  in  about  100  parts  of  water,  and  employs  a 
I  per  cent.  vv/v  solution  in  two  of  the  tests  given  in  th^ 
monograph;  the  U.S. P.  figure  is  i  in  75,  and  Martindale 
gives  I  in  150.  No  difficulty  was  experienced  in  pre- 
paring a  i-per-cent.  solution  for  the  above  tests,  using 
distilled  water  at  laboratory  temperature. 

LiNiMENTUM  Ammonia 
It  is  well  known  that  the  new  Codex  is  including  a 
number  of  preparations  of  the  1914  Pharmacopoeia 
which  have  been  omitted  from  the  13. P.  1932.  Among 
these  is  liniment  of  ammonia,  the  B.P.  1914  formula 
for  which  employs  25  per  cent,  of  almond  oil.  This 
liniment  is  rarely  required  in  prescription  work.  J.  H. 
Franklin  has  recommended  a  liniment  prepared  with 
liquid  paraffin,  oleic  acid '  and  olive  oil,  and  has  found 
that  this  preparation  does  not  thicken  on  standing  for 
three  months.  A  sample  made  to  this  formula,  using 
olive  oil  liaving  an  acid  value  of  5.6  (and,  therefore, 
just  within  the  limit  laid  down  by  the  new  B.P.  for 
olive  oil  for  liniments),  thickened  very  considerably, 
becoming  barely  pourable  after  standing  for  two  months. 
It  was  decided  to  replace  the  two  oils  of  the  B.P.  1914 
preparation  with  liquid  paraffin  and  oleic  acid,  and  the 
following  formula  was  found  to  yield  a  satisfactory  lini- 
ment, which  did  not  thicken,  and  showed  only  a  small 
degree  of  separation  after  prolonged  standing:  — 

Dilute  solution  of  ammonia  .  .        .  .     250  mils 

Oleic  acid         .  .         .  .        ....      25  mils 

Liquid  paraffin  .  .         .  .        .  .     725  mils 

Mix  the  oleic  acid  with  the  licjuid  paraffin,  add  the  dilute 
solution  of  ammonia  and  shake. 

LiNIMENTUM  CAI.AMINiE 

The  considerations  dealt  with  in  respect  of  liniment 
of  ammonia  apply  equally  to  liniment  of  calamine;  the 
thickening  in  this  case  occurs  more  rapidly  than  with 
liniment  of  ammonia.  Further,  if  a  pharmacist  does 
not  avail  himself  of  the  pharmacopoeial  permission  to 
use  an  olive  oil  of  higher  acid  value  for  making  liniments 
he  will  experience  difficulty  in  making  this  preparation, 
for  the  amount  of  calcium  oleate  formed  will  not  be 
sufficient  to  ensure  stability.  The  final  formula  is:  — 
Calamine  .  .        .  .        , .        . .      45.7  gm. 

Zinc  oxide         ..        ..        ..        ..      34.3  gm. 

Oleic  acid    5.0  mils 

Wool  fat   10.0  gm. 

Liquid  paraffin    485.0  mils 

Solution  of  calcium  hydroxide         .  .     500.0  mils 
Melt  the  wool  fat  in  the  liquid  paraffin  with  the  aid  of  gentle 
heat  and  add  the  oleic  acid.    Gradually  add  this  mixture,  with 
constant  trituration,  to  the  calamine  and  zinc  oxide  previously 
mixed  with  the  solution  of  calcium  hydroxide. 

Liquor  Calcis  Sulphurate 
This  solution  is  now  of  more  value  in  horticultural 
practice  than  in  pharmacy,  but  the  formula  of  the 
B.P.C.  1923  was  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Committee 
because,  on  an  order  for  the  B.P.C.  article,  a  solution 
containing  5  per  cent,  total  sulphur  was  supplied.  This 
was  found  to  be  stronger  than  had  been  obtained  else- 
where, although  inspection  of  the  Codex  formula  would 
suggest  that  a  5  per  cent,  solution  was  intended.  The 
following  formula  was  accepted;  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
very  much  stronger  solutions  are  available  in  commerce, 
it  was  deemed  advisable  to  include  in  the  monograph 
a  standard  of  from  4  to  5  per  cent,  w/v  of  total  sulphur, 
and  also  to  give  an  assay  process. 

Calcivmi  oxide  ..        ..        ..        ..      25  gm. 

Sublimed  sulphur        . .        . .        . .      50  gm. 

Distilled  water   to  1000  mils 

Shake  the  calcium  oxide  with  an  equal  quantity  of  distilled 
water,  add  the  sulphur  and  500  mils  of  distilled  water,  and  boil 
in  a  flask  until  the  sulpluu-  is  dissolved  ;  cool,  filter,  and  pass 
sufficient  distilled  water  through  the  filter  to  produce  the 
required  volume. 

Liquor  Quinin.e  et  Strychnin;e 
This  solution  is  used  in  conjunction  with  solution  of 
ferrous  phosphate  for  the  extemporaneous  production  of 
Easton's  syrup.    The  formula  in  the  present  Codex  is 


328 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  I  932 


of  such  a  strength  that  90  minims  represents  the  alka- 
loidal  content  of  one  fluid  ounce  of  the  B.P.  1914  syrup. 
This  strength  has  proved  inconvenient  in  practice,  and 
wholesale  houses  usually  supply  solutions  which  are  eight 
times  the  alkaloidal  strength  of  the  syrup.  It  is  not 
possible  to  prepare  a  solution  of  this  strength,  using 
phosphoric  acid  as  solvent,  even  when  due  allowance  is 
made  for  the  reduced  quantity  of  strychnine  in  the  new 
B.P.  formula,  and  it  was  therefore  suggested  that  the 
phosphoric  acid  should  be  replaced  by  another  acid. 

Various  experiments  in  mixing  and  storage  are  men- 
tioned by  the  author.  The  new  formula  for  liquor 
quininae  et  strychninse  is  as  follows :  — 


Quinine  sulphate 
Strychnine  hydrochloride 
Hypophosphorous  acid 
Glycerin  .  . 
Distilled  water  .  . 


.  .     118.4  sni. 
2.4  gm. 
60.0  mils 
.  .     620.0  mils 
to  1000.0  mils 


Triturate  the  quinine  sulphate  and  the  strychnine  hydro- 
chloride with  a  mixture  of  tlie  glycerin  and  225  mils  of  distilled 
water  and  the  hypophosphorous  acid  and  stir  until  the  alka- 
loidal salts  have  dissolved.  Then  add  sufficient  distilled  water 
to  produce  the  reqviired  volume. 

The  quantity  of  syrup  in  eight  fluid  ounces  of  the 
new  B.P.  Easton's  syrup  is  4  fl.  oz.  230.4  mils,  very 
nearly  4-J-  fl.  oz.  Hence  the  following  formula  yields 
a  syrup  differing  from  the  new  official  product  only 
in  the  presence  of  0.75  per  cent,  of  hypophosphorous 
acid:  — 

Solution  of  quinine  and  strychnine..        1  fl.  oz. 
Solution  of  ferrous  phosphate  .  .        1  fi.  oz. 

Glycerin  .  .        .  .        .  .        .  .        .  .        ^  fl.  oz. 

Distilled  water  .  .        .  .        .  .        .  .        1  fl.  oz. 

Syrup      .  .        .  .         .  .        .  .        to        8  fl.  oz. 

The  solution  darkens  on  long  exposure  to  air  and 
light,  but  keeps  very  satisfactorily  in  the  dark,  and 
also  in  the  light  if  in  completely  filled  bottles.  The 
syrup  prepared  from  it  also  darkens  on  being  stored 
in  partly  filled  bottles  exposed  to  the  light;  it  does 
not,  however,  differ  in  this  respect  from  the  new 
official  product,  but,  unlike  the  latter,  no  deposit  has 
formed  even  on  storing  for  three  months. 

Liquor  Tolutanus 

Dilution  of  this  solution  with  seven  times  its  volume 
of  syrup  forms  a  convenient  method  of  preparing  a 
syrup  of  tolu  somewhat  similar  to  the  product  made 
by  the  process  of  the  Pharmacopoeia.  The  1923  Codex 
states  that  the  product  of  the  formula  given  therein 
yields  on  dilution  with  syrup  a  preparation  which  is 
more  aromatic  than  the  B.P.  syrup  of  tolu.  Apart 
from  this  difference  of  flavour  there  is  a  considerable 
difference  in  the  sugar  contents  of  the  two  prepara- 
tions, as  has  been  pointed  out  by  Liverseege.  The 
position  has  been  further  complicated  by  the  inclusion 
in  the  B.P.C.,  1923,  of  a  syrup  to  which  the  pharma- 
copoeial  Latin  title  was  applied.  It  is  proposed  to 
delete  syrupus  tolutanus  from  the  new  13. P. C,  and 
the  compilers  of  the  new  Pharmacopoeia  have  adopted 
syrup  of  tolu  as  the  English  title.  The  formula 
accepted  is:  — 

Balsam  of  tolu  .  .        .  .        .  .     100  gm. 

Alcohol  (90  per  cent.)  ..        ..     300  mils 

Kaolin    ..        ..         ..        ..        ..     100  gm. 

Svicrose   .  .        .  .        .  .        .  .        .  .     500  gm. 

Distilled  water   to  1000  mils 

Dissolve  the  balsam  of  tolu  in  the  alcohol,  add  the  kaolin  and 
350  mils  of  distilled  water  heated  to  70°,  shake,  allow  to  stand 
for  twenty-four  hours  and  filter  ;  dissolve  the  sucrose  in  the 
filtrate  and  pass  it  necessary  sufficient  distilled  w-ater  through 
the  filter  to  produce  the  recjuired  volume. 

This  result  would  seem  to  indicate  that  in  the  official 
process  for  syrup  of  tolu,  according  to  which  the 
tjalsam  is  extracted  with  boiling  water,  more  than  half 
the  aromatic  principles  are  wasted.  The  author  thanks 
the  Codex  Revision  Committee  for  permission  to  publish 
these  formulas,  and  to  express  his  appreciation  of  the 
suggestions  and  guidance  received  from  members  of 
the  pharmacy  subcommittee. 


Discussion 

The  Chairman  said  there  are  many  points  which  must 
arise  in  the  minds  of  practising  pharmacists  as  the  result 
of  this  paper.  He  himself  had  doubts  if  the  new 
formula  for  lin.  ammon.  would  be  quite  as  effective  as 
if  made  with  vegetable  oil. 

Mr.  J.  P.  GiLMOUR,  speaking  in  regard  to  glycerin, 
bismuthi,  reminded  members  that  twenty-five  years  ago 
the  precipitation  method  gave  a  more  diffusible  prepara- 
tion than  the  carbonates  then  on  the  market.  Prepara- 
tions made  from  the  newer  carbonates,  however,  gave  as 
diffusible  a  product  owing  to  their  fine  state  of  sub- 
division. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Franklin  thought  the  formula  for  glycerin, 
bismuthi  carb.  would  undoubtedly  give  a  more  satis- 
factory product  than  the  older  form,  and  inquired  if  it 
was  necessary  to  use  bismuth  carbonate  of  a  specific 
density.  He  noted  that  in  glyco-gelatin  preservative 
was  used.  We  in  this  country  had  been  slow  in  making 
use  of  preservatives — this  he  regarded  as  a  defect  in 
English  pharmacy.  In  this  formula  he  suggested  the 
use  of  oil  in  place  of  orange-flower  water.  The  formulas 
for  lin.  ammon.  and  lin.  calaminse  met  with  his 
approval,  and  he  congratulated  the  author  on  the  use 
of  hypophosphorous  acid  in  the  liquor  quin.  et  strych. 
He  regarded  the  introduction  of  sucrose  in  the  liquor 
tolutanus  as  ingenious,  as  it  will  ensure  conformity  with 
the  B.P.  article. 

Mr.  A.  R.  Melhuish  said  the  paper  would  help  to 
give  a  true  idea  of  the  work  the  author  had  done. 
Glycerin  of  saffron,  he  pointed  out,  has  a  fleeting  colour. 
Glyco-gelatin  was  an  improvement,  but  care  must  be 
taken  not  to  make  it  too  hard.  The  suggested  lin. 
calaminse  he  regarded  as  an  advance. 

Mr.  Rae  suggested  the  use  of  tartrazine  yellow,  or 
something  similar,  in  place  of  glycerin  of  saffron,  and 
advocated  the  inclusion  in  the  Codex  of  such  harmless 
solutions  for  colouring  purposes.  He  thought  it  would 
be  better  to  use  glucose  as  the  preservative  in  the 
Easton's  syrup  formula. 

Mr  Jackson  asked  if  it  would  not  be  better  to  specify 
"  powdered  gelatin  "  instead  of  just  "  gelatin."  He 
regarded  the  lin.  ammon.  suggestions  as  intriguing; 
enthusiasm  had  lead  the  author  away.  If  this  formula 
became  official,  the  preparation  would  become  extinct. 
It  was  essential  to  use  vegetable  oil. 

Mr.  Bull  said  that  while  the  suggested  formulas  were 
quite  good  they  needed  to  be  modified,  and  rounded  off' 
in  regard  to  the  decimals.  He,  too,  thought  that  some- 
thing better  than  saffron  could  be  used  for  colouring. 
In  the  glycerin,  bismuthi  carb.  water  should  be  made 
the  variable  instead  of  the  glycerin. 

Mr.  T.  Edward  Lescher  commented  on  the  difference 
between  bismuth  carbonate  of  twenty-five  years  ago  and 
to-day;  but,  he  said,  it  was  possible  to-day  to  have  two 
samples  equally  light,  yet  the  one  less  suspensible  than 
the  other. 

Mr.  Berry  said  that  after  trying  glucose  and  hypo- 
phosphorous acid  as  preservatives  for  Easton's  Syrup 
he  had  turned  both  down.  Storing  in  a  full  bottle  was 
the  only  way  to  preserve  it.  Glycerin  was  tried,  but 
this  also  colours.  Paraffin  alters  the  character  of  lin. 
amnion.,  but  no  vegetable  oil  gives  a  satisfactory  pre- 
paration. 

Mr.  De.we  reminded  members  that  in  agriculture  it 
was  the  polysulphide  sulphur  which  was  valuable,  and 
if  therapy  was  parallel  this  method  was  not  satisfactory. 

Mr.  Brewis  pointed  out  that  glucose  was  one  of  the 
products  in  which  sulphur  dioxide  is  a  permitted  pre- 
servative. 

Dr.  Hampshire  suggested  that  the  author  should  have 
made  experiments  using  amber  bottles  for  the  guttse 
physostigminae.  Lin.  calaminse  is  not  a  liniment  in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  and  any  changes  in  this 
preparation  should  be  submitted  to  dermatologists.  The 
liquor  for  Easton's  syrup  raised  the  question  of  the  use 
of  solutions  of  this  kind  by  pharmacists,  and  he  pointed 
but  that  the  increasing  importance  of  the  Codex  brought 
with  it  added  responsibilities  and  the  need  for  ethical 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


329 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1  932 


considerations.  The  syrup  of  the  new  Pharmacopceia 
will  keep  better  than  that  of  the  B.P.  1914. 

Mr.  Keall,  in  reply,  characterised  the  discussion  as  a 
most  valuable  one. 

The  Chairman  thanked  Mr.  Keall  for  reading  the 
paper  and  asked  him  to  convey  the  thanks  of  the  meet- 
ing to  the  author. 


Science  Section 
Tuesday  Afternoon 

The  first  paper  taken  was :  — • 

The  Assay  of  Santonin  in  Artemisia 

By  James  Coutts,  Ph.C. 
[Abstract] 

Despite  the  fact  that  santonin  may  be  isolated  in  a 
high  state  of  purity  its  quantitative  separation  is  a, 
matter  of  some  difficulty.  No  completely  satisfactory 
method  of  assay  has  as  yet  been  formulated,  and  the 
numerous  suggested  methods  yield  results  of  varying 
accuracy.  Of  the  three  methods  which  have  been  sug- 
gested, gravimetric,  polarimetric  and  volumetric,  only 
the  first  has  received  any  great  deal  of  attention,  and 
it  alone  has  been  developed  to  give  results  of  any  con~ 
sistency.  These  gravimetric  methods  generally  attempt 
the  separation  of  the  santonin  by  a  process  of  crystal- 
lisation in  order  to  remove  the  resinous  matter.  A  cor- 
rection for  the  santonin  left  in  solution  in  the  mother 
liquor  is  applied.  Such  methods  are  at  best  empirical, 
and  are  only  suitable  for  the  comparative  sampling  of 
drugs  of  similar  nature  and  santonin  content.  They 
cannot  be  applied  to  a  low  santonin-content  drug 
because  of  the  magnitude  of  the  correction.  Similarly, 
owing  to  the  different  nature  of  the  extractive  and  tlie 
larger  amount  present,  the  methods  generally  are  often 
not  applicable  to  the  analysis  of  a  drug  consisting  of 
entire  herb  or  of  leaves,  alone,  or  admixed  with  flower- 
heads.  The  commercial  production  of  santonin  is 
already  in  operation,  using  the  entire  Indian  herb  as 
source.  In  view  of  these  facts  it  was  decided  to  review, 
all  the  available  methods  of  assay  and  to  find,  if  pos- . 
sible,  a  process  generally  applicable  for  the  quantitative 
determination  of  santonin. 

Criticism  of  the  PRocxissES 

Polarimetric. — Favrel's  polarimetric  assay  yields 
results  which  approximate  closely  to  those  obtained  by 
gravimetric  methods.  It  would  appear  that  some  cor- 
rection should  be  made  for  santonin  lost  in  shaking 
with  15-per-cent.  sodium  carbonate  solution,  as  it  has 
been  shown  that  when  using  pure  chemicals,  a  certain 
amount  of  santonin  is  extracted  from  the  benzene  solu- 
tion by  this  operation.  The  figures  found  for  pure 
chemicals  are  not  applicable  for  a  crude  extract,  but 
it  is  assumed  that  there  would  be  some  loss  to  the 
sodium  carbonate  solution  when  it  is  shaken  with  a 
crude  chloroformic  extract.  Dragendorif  also  gives  a 
correction  of  3  mgm.  to  be  added  for  solubility  of 
santonin  in  8-per-cent.  sodium  carbonate  solution  when 
10  c.c.  is  used  to  wash  crystals.  This  cannot,  however, 
be  confirmed,  as  it  was  found  that  on  washing  the  fairly 
clean  crystals  from  an  assay,  with  this  solution,  there 
was  no  appreciable  diminution  in  the  weight.  Further- 
more, the  essential  oil  present  in  the  crude  drug  is  still 
present  in  the  final  solution,  and  as  it  is  also  optically 
laevorotatory,  the  reading  is  increased.  The  oil  pro- 
duces only  a  small  rotation  of  polarised  light,  but  it 
is  nevertheless  sufficient  to  effect  the  result  quite 
noticeably  in  the  case  of  drugs  of  low  santonin  content. 
There  is  also  the  possibility  of  other  (optically  active 
substances  being  present  and  affecting  the  result,  while 
remaining  undetected  as  interfering  agents.  Mouton 
gives  examples  of  this,  and  shows  that  even  when 
santonin  was  present  in  the  drug,  a  deviation  to  the 
right  was  observed.    No  similar  phenomenon  has  been 


noticed  by  the  present  author.  This  polarimetric 
method  is  little  used. 

Volumetric. — The  volumetric  assay  of  Kariyone  and 
Kimura  is  not  satisfactory.  The  results  obtained  by 
using  it  are  always  high,  evidently  due  to  the  saponi- 
fication of  some  other  substance.  Mouton  and  Favi'el 
have  criticised  this  method,  and  their  statements  that 
erroneously  high  results  are  given  by  it  are  in  accord- 
ance with  the  findings  of  the  author.  Favrel's  state- 
ment that  the  method  of  the  Japanese  workers  does  not 
extract  all  the  santonin  present  is,  however,  unfounded, 
as  the  extraction  process  is  the  same  as  that  used  in 
Katz'  method,  which  he  finds  accurate,  and  which  he 
himself  uses  in  his  polarimetric  estimation.  Katz'  volu- 
metric method,  probably  on  account  of  its  length  and 
mtricacy,  is  not  much  used.  Although  Katz  gives 
figures  for  some  estimations,  which  show  a  close  relation- 
ship with  those  obtained  by  his  gravimetric  method,  the 
usefulness  and  accuracy  of  the  method  do  not  appear 
to  have  been  confirmed.  The  extra  purification  by 
taking  up  with  15-per-cent.  alcohol  is  an  advantage  over 
the  process  of  Kariyone  and  Kimura. 

Gravimetric. — All  the  gravimetric  methods  mentioned 
give  reasonably  accurate  results,  although  these  are 
dependent  to  some  extent  on  individual  manipulation, 
and  are  very  liable  to  variation  with  varying  condi- 
tions. They  also  give  results  varying  among  them- 
selves by  reason  of  the  different  substances  present  in  the 
mother  liquors  from  which  the  santonin  is  made  to 
crystallise.  Apart  from  the  factors  the  biggest  objec- 
tion is  to  the  correction  required  to  be  made  for  the 
solubility  of  the  santonin  in  the  alcohol  used  in  the 
final  stage  of  all  of  them,  except  Palkin's.  It  is  diffi- 
cult to  imagine  this  long,  complicated  process  as  a  prac- 
tical method  of  assay.  This  correction,  usually  taken  as 
6  mgm.  per  10  gm.  of  solution,  is  necessarily  an  arbi- 
trary one,  since  the  other  substances  in  solution  vary 
constantly  and  so  influence  the  solvent  action.  The 
correction  is  usually  regarded  as  small,  but  in  a  drug 
containing  2  per  cent,  of  santonin  it  corresponds  as 
a  rule  to  about  30  per  cent,  of  the  amount  of  santonin 
actually  recovered.  Such  a  drug  is  considered  good. 
In  an  inferior  drug  containing  i  per  cent,  of  santonin 
the  correction  is  very  nearly,  if  not  over,  100  per  cent, 
of  the  recovered  santonin,  a  fact  which  shows  how 
unsatisfactory  such  a  correction  is.  It  also  shows  why 
the  processes  do  not  give  good  results  or  are  even 
inapplicable  in  the  case  of  drugs  of  low  santonin  con- 
tent. In  the  case  of  drugs  somewhat  low  in  santonin 
content,  but  for  which  the  processes  are  applicable,  the 
final  weight  of  santonin  is  inconveniently  small,  which 
would  not  be  the  case  but  for  the  amount  left  in  the 
alcohol. 

New  Gravimetric  Method 

The  estimation  is  carried  out  by  extracting  14  gm. 
of  the  dried,  coarsely  powdered  drug,  by  shaking  fre- 
quently during  six  hours  with  140  mils  of  benzene, 
loi  mils  of  the  liquid  is  filtered  off  and  shaken  briskly 
for  five  minutes  in  a  separating  funnel  with  35  rails  of 
8-per-cent.  sodium  carbonate  solution.  Separation  is 
allowed  to  take  place  and  80.5  mils  of  the  benzene 
solution,  corresponding  to  8  gm.  of  the  drug,  is 
decanted  into  a  flask  and  evaporated  to  dryness  on  a 
water  bath.  The  residue  is  extracted  by  heating  for 
ten  minutes  with  60  mils  of  saturated  barium  hydroxide 
solution  at  95°  C,  and  the  solution  is  immediately 
filtered  into  a  flask,  the  flask  and  filter  being  washed 
with  two  portions,  each  of  10  mils,  of  saturated  barium 
hydroxide  solution  at  95°,  and  the  filtrates  united.  The 
flask  is  then  plugged  with  cotton-wool  and  the  solution 
is  allowed  to  cool,  made  slightly  acid  by  the  addition 
of  5  mils  of  25-per-cent.  hydrochloric  acid,  and  set 
aside  for  twenty-four  hours  to  crystallise,  being  gently 
agitated  occasionally.  The  crystals  are  collected  in  a 
tared  Gooch  crucible,  any  crystals  remaining  in  the 
crystallising  flask  being  washed  into  the  crucible  with 
small  portions  of  the  filtrate.  The  crucible  and  crj-stals- 
are  finally  washed  with  10  mils  of  cold  water  and  dried 


330 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1  932 


to  constant  weight  at  loo"  C.  After  cooling  in  a  desic- 
cator the  weight  of  santonin  is  found  and  represents 
the  weight  cf  santonin  present  in  8  gm.  of  the  crude 
drug. 

Benzene  was  chosen  as  the  extracting  agent  because 
it  extracts  less  inert  and  resinous  matter  than  do  the 
other  common  organic  solvents.  It  is  suggested,  how- 
ever, that  commercial  crystallisable  benzene,  completely 
volatile  belo^/  95°  C,  be'  used,  as  was  done  in  the  pre- 
sent work.  Benzol  of  commerce  cannot  be  completely 
removed  from  the  extract  at  the  temperature  of  the 
water  bath,  at  ordinary  pressure.  It  has  been  shown 
that  8-per-cent.  sodium  carbonate  solution  has  no 
extractive  action  when  shaken  with  a  solution  of 
santonin  in  benzene,  although  15-per-cent.  sodium  car- 
bonate solution  does  extract  some  of  the  santonin.  The 
latter  solution  has  no  advantage  over  the  8-per-cent. 
solution  for  the  present  purpose,  as  can  be  seen  by 
repeating  the  shaking  with  8-per-cent.  solution  and 
by  shaking  with  15-per-cent.  solution  after  the  first 
extraction  with  8-per-cent.  solution  has  been  done.  In 
both  cases  the  second  alkali  layers  are  practically  pure, 
the  15-per-cent.  solution  extracting  no  more  than  the 
8-per-cent.  one.  A  correction  is  not  considered  to  be 
necessary  for  this  stage  of  the  assay.  No  difficulty  was 
experienced  in  getting  the  two  layers  to  separate.  The 
crystals  obtained  are  good  clean  plates,  practically  free 
from  contamination  of  any  kind  and  having  a  melting 
point  of  168°  to  170°.  The  process  was  tried  out  on 
commercial  santonica  yielding  approximately  1.45  per 
cent,  of  santonin  by  Katz',  Fromme's  and  Mouton's 
methods,  and  the  same  result  was  obtained.  The  drug 
for  which  the  process  was  required  was  composed  chiefly 
of  the  leaves  of  a  species  of  Artemisia  containing  in 
some  cases  only  a  small  percentage  of  santonin,  in 
addition  to  there  being,  often,  only  a  few  grams  of  the 
drug  available.  It  was  found  that  a  half  or  a  quarter 
of  the  amounts  given  could  be  used  and  a  weighable 
quantity  of  santonin  obtained  at  the  end.  The  other 
methods  mentioned  were  not  very  satisfactory  with  this 
drug,  Mouton's  final  solution  being  strongly  coloured 
green  and  often  yielding  no  crystals.  The  other  two 
methods  gave  very  small  weights  of  crystals  which  were 
very  badly  contaminated  with  resinous  matter  or  no 
crystals  at  all  wers  obtained. 

Summary 

The  existing  methods  for  assaying  santonin  in  san- 
tonica have  been  reviewed.  A  new  gravimetric  process, 
applicable  for  the  examination  of  all  classes  of  crude 
drugs  containing  santonin,  has  been  suggested. 

The  author  thanks  Dr.  J.  P.  Todd  for  the  interest 
which  he  has  taken  in  the  work. 

Discussion 

The  Chairman  said  that  santonin  was  still  a  strong 
favourite  as  an  anthelmintic. 

Dr.  Hampshire  asked  if  the  author  had  looked  into 
the  question  of  separating  the  santonin  in  the  form 
of  a  derivative. 

Mr.  CoRFiELD  said  he  was  very  interested  in  Mr. 
Coutts's  paper.  The  British  Pharmaceutical  Codex  con- 
tained a  number  of  vegetable  drugs,  and  the  tendency 
was  to  follow  the  B.P.  in  including  standards.  There 
were  all  sorts  of  artemisia  on  the  market.  He  asked 
the  author  if  he  could  give  them  a  reasonable  figure 
for  the  santonin  content  of  artemisia.  In  Fromme's 
method  he  agreed  that  the  correction  was  large,  but 
by  slight  modification  of  the  method  that  correction 
could  be  very  considerably  reduced.  Fromme's  method, 
in  his  opinion,  was  one  of  the  most  valuable.  Mr. 
Coutt's  method,  he  thought  was  incomplete  until  the 
comparative  table  of  results  was  included.  He  asked 
if  the  table  shortly  to  be  published  would  include 
control  tests.  He  would  like  to  see  Mr.  Coutts's  method 
compared  with  others  in  the  estimation  of  santonin  in 
the  Persian  wormseed  now  on  the  market. 

In  reply,  Mr.  Coutts  said  he  had  tried  the  method 


of  separating  the  santonin  as  a  derivative  as  suggested 
by  Dr.  Hampshire,  but  had  found  it  to  be  inaccurate. 
Indian  wormseed  seemed  to  be  quite  satisfactory  as  a 
source  of  santonin.  Control  and  actual  figures  would 
be  given  in  a  later  paper. 

.  The  next  paper,  read  by  Dr.  Hampshire  in  the 
absence  of  the  author,  was :  — 

A  Comparison  of  Tests  for  Balsam  of  Peru 

By  E.  M.  Smelt,  B.Pharm.,  Ph.C. 
[Abstract] 

It  is  generally  admitted  that  balsam  of  Peru  is  very 
liable  to  adulteration  with  various  substances,  including 
factitious  balsam  which  may  even  be  substituted  for  it. 
Several  tests  are  included  in  various  current  pharma- 
copoeias, and  it  was  with  the  object  of  determining,  as 
far  as  possible,  which  tests  are  the  most  suitable  for 
the  detection  of  sophistication  that  these  experiments 
were  undertaken.  The  qualitative  tests  most  commonly 
occurring  in  the  various  pharmacopoeias  are  given  by 
the  author,  and  comprise  the  light  petroleum  test,  odour 
of  the  light  petroleum  extract,  acetic  anhydride  test, 
nitric  acid  test,  copper  acetate  test,  alcohol  test,  chloral 
hydrate  test,  carbon  disulphide  test,  specific  gravity, 
and  the  percentage  of  balsamic  esters  and  their  saponifi- 
cation value. 

Seventeen  specimens  of  balsam  of  Peru  were  obtained, 
of  which  three  were  believed  to  be  genuine.  The  quali- 
tative tests  mentioned  above  were  applied  to  each  of  the 
seventeen  specimens  and  the  results  recorded  (a  table  is 
given).  The  table  shows  that  the  tests  run  parallel  for 
specimens  which  appear  to  be  genuine,  but  they  do  not 
agree  so  well  with  sophisticated  balsams,  and  it  is  obvious 
that  a  single  test  is  only  capable  of  detecting  certain 
adulterants.  In  order  to  check  the  results^  two  arti- 
ficial balsams  were  prepared,  adding  known  adulterants 
to  a  specimen  which  reacted  as  genuine  tp  the  tests. 
The  same  tests  were  applied  to  these  factitious  balsams 
and  the  results  also  recorded.  The  surprising  feature  of 
these  results  is  that  the  light  petroleum  test  which  was 
prescribed  for  the  detection  of  artificial  balsam,  and 
extolled  by  Schnei'-er  and  Tschirch,  failed  to  reject 
artificial  balsam. 

In  order  to  determine  which  adulterants  the  separate 
tests  detected,  approximately  20  per  cent,  of  each  of 
several  different  adulterants  was  mixed  with  separate 
portions  of  a  specimen  which  reacted  to  the  tests  as 
genuine  balsam  and  the  same  tests  were  applied  to  the 
mixtures.    The  results  obtained  are  given  below: — - 


Test 


1.  Light 
petroleum 


3.  Acetic 
anhydride 


4.  ^Nitric  acid 


5.  Copper 

acetate 


6.  Alcoliol 


7.  Cliloral 

hydrate 

8.  Carbon 
disulpliide 


Adulterants  detected 


Canada  balsam,  copaiba, 
gurjun  balsam,  l;erosene 
(not  less  than  20  per  cent.) 

Canada  balsam,  copaiba, 
colophony,  gurjun  balsam, 
storax 

Balsam  of  tolu,  Canada 
balsam,  copaiba,  colo- 
phony, gurjun  balsam, 
storax,  turpentine,  castor 
oil,  olive  oil 

Canada  balsam,  copaiba, 
colophony 


None 


Castor  oil  (after  standing 
for  fifteen  minutes),  olive 
oil 

?  Gurjun  balsam,  ?  olive  oil, 
kerosene 


Adulterants  not  detected 


Balsam  of  tolu,  colo- 
phony, storax,  turpen- 
tine, castor  oil,  olive 
oil,  alcohol,  benzyl 
benzoate 

Balsam  of  tolu,  castor 
oil,  olive  oil,  turpen- 
tine, alcohol,  benzyl 
benzoate,  kerosene 

Alcohol,  benzyl  ben- 
zoate, kerosene 


Balsam  of  tolu.  gurjun 
balsam,  storax,  tur- 
pentine, castor  oil, 
olive  oil,  alcohol,  ben- 
zyl benzoate,  kerosene 

Balsam  of  tolu,  Canada 
balsam,  copaiba,  colo- 
phony, gurjun  balsam, 
storax,  turpentine,  cas- 
tor oil,  kerosene,  benzyl 
benzoate 

Kerosene 


Balsam  of  tolu.  Canada 
balsam,  copaiba,  colo- 
phony, storax,  turpen- 
tine, castor  oil,  alcohol, 
benzyl  benzoate 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


331 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932 


Mixtures  of  genuine  balsam  with  gurjun  balsam  or  with 
olive  oil  were  not  clear,  and  the  turbidity  obtained  with 
carbon  disulphide  was  possibly  due  to  this  cause.  In 
addition  to  turpentine,  the  presence  of  such  adulterants 
as  copaiba  and  Canada  balsam  was  suggested  by  the 
odour  of  the  light  petroleum  extract. 

Discussion 

Mr.  Brewis  said  the  only  way  to  get  genuine  Peru, 
tolu  or  copaiba  balsam  is  to  obtain  it  from  a  reliable 
source. 

The  Chairman  expressed  the  thanks  of  the  meeting 
to  the  author. 

The  next  paper  was: — 

A  Comparison  of  the  Antidiuretic  and  Oxytocic 
Potencies  of  Commercial  Pituitary  Extracts 

By  Frank  Wokes 

[Abstract] 

The  author  deals  first  with  the  accuracy  of  the  rat 
method  for  the  determination  of  anti-diuretic  potency. 
In  his  experiments  the  accuracy  of  the  method  was 
tested  by  duplicate  assays  on  seven  different  extracts. 
The  error  on  each  extract  was  calculated  from  the 
deviation  of  each  result  from  the  average  of  the  two 
results,  and  was  expressed  as  a  percentage  of  the  latter. 
Since  the  true  value  for  each  extract  was  not  known, 
it  was  not  possible  to  calculate  the  individual  percentage 
errors  accurately,  but  on  the  average  this  method  of 
calculation  gives  fairly  satisfactory  results.  On  the 
seven  extracts  the  percentage  error,  calculated  in  this 
manner,  ranged  from  1.8  to  ig.2  per  cent.,  and  averaged 
9.5  per  cent.  (A  table  is  given.)  The  average  error 
was  thus  rather  larger  than  Burn  experienced  in  his  five 
comparisons,  and  a  search  was  therefore  made  for  any 
factors  which  might  have  caused  the  increase  in  the 
experimental  error.  The  first  possibility  examined  was 
that  the  curve  of  reference,  which  had  been  determined 
by  Burn  on  four  sets  of  sixteen  rats,  did  not  apply  to 
the  three  sets  of  rats  employed  in  the  author's  investi- 
gation. The  response  produced  by  the  same  dose  of  the 
standard  pituitary  extract  in  the  same  set  of  rats  fluc- 
tuated considerably  from  one  experiment  to  another. 
The  widest  variation  was  experienced  in  the  first  set  of 
rats,  which  gave  a  figure  of  1.75  (135  minutes)  in  their 
second  experiment,  and  a  figure  of  7.0  (186  minutes)  in 
their  fourth  experiment  a  fortnight  later,  a  difference  of 
400  per  cent,  in  the  response  produced  by  the  same  dose. 
The  second  set  of  rats  gave  more  regular  results,  but 
even  these  showed  a  fluctuation  of  from  1.4  (127  minutes) 
in  their  seventh  experiment  to  4.0  (166  minutes)  in  their 
second  experiment,  a  difference  of  nearly  300  per  cent, 
in  the  response  produced  by  the  same  dose.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  general  trend  of  the  results  failed  to 
give  definite  proof  of  any  alteration  in  the  susceptibility 
of  the  rats  to  pituitary  extract,  even  after  they  had 
received  a  large  number  of  doses. 

Another  indication  that  the  kidney  efficiency  of  the 
rats  had  not  appireciably  altered  during  the  experiments 
was  afforded  by  the  results  given  by  administration  of 
water  only.  The  large  errors  observed  in  some  of  his 
duplicate  assays,  states  the  author,  could  not  be  attri- 
buted to  the  employment  of  the  characteristic  curve. 
The  rats  employed  by  Burn  weighed  between  140  and 
240  gm.  Those  used  in  the  author's  experiments  were 
rather  larger  than  this.  The  larger  average  weight  of 
the  rats  may  have  explained  their  greater  susceptibility 
to  the  anti-diuretic  activity  of  pituitary  extract.  This 
suggestion  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  the  first  set  of 
rats,  which  was  slightly  heavier  than  the  second  set, 
gave  on  the  average  a  slightly  larger  response  to  the 
same  dose  of  pituitary  extract.  But  this  difference  in 
average  weight  would  not  explain  the  wide  fluctuations 
in,  the.  response  of  the  same  group  to  the  same  dose  on 
different  days.  Neither  does  it  seem  likely  to  account 
for  the  larger  experimental  errors  in  some  of  the  dupli- 
cate assays,  since  the  average  error  was  no  larger  in 


assays  employing  two  groups  than  in  those  employing 
the  same  group  for  both  assays.  Another  possible 
source  of  error  lay  in  the  fact  that  the  total  amount  of 
urine  excreted  during  different  experiments  was  a  vary- 
ing proportion  of  the  amount  of  water  administered. 
But  careful  analysis  of  the  results  showed  that  there  was 
no  fixed  relation  between  these  variations  and  the  fluctu- 
ations in  response,  so  that  the  large  errors  experienced 
in  some  duplicate  assays  were  not  due  to  these  variations. 

Thus,  states  the  author,  it  seems  that  the  variation 
in  response  of  the  rats  on  different  days  to  the  same 
dose  of  pituitary  extract  was  not  due  to  any  alteration 
in  the  external  conditions,  but  probably  to  some  internal 
changes  in  the  rats  themselves,  possibly  connected  with 
the  hormone  balance. 

It  seems  clear,  however,  that  the  average  error  of 
the  anti-diuretic  method  is  not  more  than  10  per  cent. 

The  author  then  deals  with  the  accuracy  of  the 
isolated  uterus  method  for  the  determination  of  oxytocic 
potency.  The  most  satisfactory  assays,  he  states,  are 
those  in  which  the  extract  is  proved  to  contain  more 
than  a  certain  number  of  units  per  c.c,  and  less  than 
another  number  of  units  per  c.c.  The  difference  between 
these  two  results  indicates  the  accuracy  of  the  assay. 
Sixteen  different  samples  of  pituitary  txtract  made  by 
manufacturers  in  this  country  and  in  America  were 
assayed  both  for  their  anti-diuretic  and  for  their 
oxytocic  potency.  The  results  are  given  in  a  table, 
which  also  includes  the  results  on  the  four  extracts  pre- 
viously published  by  Burn.  The  results  show  that 
although  the  oxytocic  potency  in  the  majority  of  com- 
mercial pituitary  extracts  probably  runs  fairly  parallel 
with  the  anti-diuretic  potency,  it  is  not  safe  to  assume 
that  in  any  given  extract  either  of  these  activities  can 
be  taken  as  a  safe  guide  to  the  other.  At  present  most 
of  the  pituitary  extracts  in  use  are  only  assayed  for 
their  oxytocic  potency.  Clinical  reports  have  from 
time  to  time  indicated  that  the  anti-diuretic  potency  of 
different  e.xtracts  may  vary  considerably,  even  although 
these  extracts  possess  the  same  oxytocic  potency.  This 
investigation  has  shown  that  amongst  extracts,  all  sup- 
plied as  containing  10  units  per  c.c,  the  variation  in 
anti-diuretic  potency  may  be  as  large  as  400  per  cent, 
(i.e.,  from  5.7  units  per  c.c.  to  24  units  per  c.c).  There- 
fore, it  seems  clear,  concludes  the  author,  tliat  any 
pituitary  extract  which  is  to  be  employed  for  its  anti- 
diuretic effect  should  be  assayed  for  this  activity  by  an 
approved  method  such  as  that  devised  by  Burn. 

Summary 

(1)  Sixteen  different  samples  of  commercial  pituitary 
extracts  were  assayed  both  for  their  anti-diuretic  and 
for  their  oxytocic  potencies. 

(2)  The  anti-diuretic  potency  was  determined  by  the 
rat  method  devised  by  Burn.  The  accuracy  of  this 
method  has  been  investigated  by  means  of  duplicate 
assays,  which  indicate  an  average  experimental  error 
of  not  more  than  10  per  cent. 

(3)  In  eleven  of  the  samples  the  difference  between 
the  two  potencies  was  greater  than  the  combined  aver- 
age experimental  error  of  the  two  methods.  In  one 
sample  the  anti-diuretic  potency  was  nearly  two  and  a 
half  times  the  oxytocic  potency.  Only  in  five  out 
of  sixteen  samples  was  the  agreement  between  the  two 
activities  satisfactory. 

(4)  In  commercial  pituitary  extracts  supplied  as  con- 
taining 10  units  per  c.c,  the  variation  in  anti-diuretic 
potency  may  be  as  large  as  400  per  cent. 

(5J  The  oxytocic  activity  of  a  pituitary  extract  is 
not  a  safe  guide  to  its  anti-diuretic  potency.  Extracts 
which  are  to  be  employed  for  the  anti-diuretic  effect 
must  be  assayed  for  this  activity. 

Discussion 

Mr.  Bennett  read  a  letter  from  Dr.  Underbill  in 
which  he  commented  on  Mr.  Wokes' s  paper.  Dr.  Under- 
bill wrote  that  he  felt  inclined  to  emphasise  the  agree- 
ment between  the  assays  rather  than  the  difference. 
He   thought   Mr.  Wokes  was  rather  optimistic    in  his 


332 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1  932* 


BRITISH 
i'""    ~  A-.^ —  — 

estimation  of  the  error  ef  the  oxytocic  activity.  The 
error  of  sl  single  test  might  be  lo  per  cent.,  but  a  repe- 
tition of  the  test  on  a  different  uterus  might  give  a 
result  differing  by  more  than  lo  per  cent,  from  the 
previous  test,  that  also  having  its  error  of  lo  per  cent. 
He  thought  the  agreement  between  the  two  methods 
indicated  that  the  great  majority  of  commercial  extracts 
showed  equivalence  between  their  oxytocic  and  anti- 
diuretic potencies.  It  would  be  of  interest  to  investi- 
gate the  cause  of  the  relatively  high  antidiuretic  potency 
of  extract  No.  13,  since  it  might  lead  to  a  method 
for  the  preparation  of  a  highly  active  antidiuretic 
extract.  He  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Wokes  if  any  esti- 
mations of  the  pressor  principles  had  been  carried  out 
on  this  extract.  It  was  usually  stated  that  the  pressor 
and  antidiuretic  principles  accompanied  each  other,  if 
they  were  not  identical.  He  asked  if  extract  No.  13 
was  relatively  high  in  pressor  potency. 

Mr.  BoYES  made  acknowledgment  on  behalf  of  the 
author. 

The  next  paper  (also  read  by  Mr.  Boyes)  was  on 

The  Protein  Content  of  Commercial  Pituitary 
Extracts 

By  Frank  Wokes,  B.Sc.  F.I.C,  Ph.C. 
[Abstract] 

In  a  report  by  Professor  Bijlsma  made  in  1928  to  the 
International  Committee  on  Biological  Standardisation, 
it  is  stated  that  the  oxytocic  value  of  pituitary  extract 
may  be  decreased  by  as  much  as  30  per  cent,  by  the 
presence  of  protein  in  unduly  large  amount,  whereas  the 
pressor  and  antidiuretic  potencies  appear  to  be  unim- 
paired. The  protein  content  of  pituitary  extracts  is 
usually  much  too  small  to  be  estimated  by  ordinary 
methods,  most  samples  containing  less  than  i  mgm.  of 
nitrogen  per  c.c.  The  micrometric  method  adopted 
consisted  in  measuring  0.4  c.c.  of  pituitary  extract  in  a 
syringe  permitting  only  some  2  per  cent,  error,  and 
heating  this  until  clear  with  a  mixture  of  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid,  potassium  sulphate  and  copper  sulphate. 
The  heating  is  continued  for  another  fifteen  or  twenty 
minutes.  After  making  alkaline  with  sodium  hydroxide, 
the  ammonia  is  distilled  into  excess  of  N /  yo  sulphuric 
acid,  of  which  10  c.c.  is  usually  sufficient.  Owing  to 
high  dilution  as  much  as  o.ii  c.c.  of  N/yo  sodium 
hydroxide  solution  is  required  in  the  back  titration  to 
effect  the  complete  change  of  the  methyl  red  used  as 
indicator.  This  introduces  a  possible  error  of  10  per 
cent.,  as  the  alkali  reading  is  sometimes  under  i  c.c. 
Therefore  it  became  necessary  to  titrate  to  a  Ph  value 
of  5.5  by  adding  30  c.c.  of  standard  buffer  solution. 
By  adding  alkali  in  amounts  of  about  o.oi  c.c.  and 
careful  matching  of  colour  with  that  of  standard  buffer 
it  was  possible  to  estimate  less  than  0.5  mgm.  of  total 
nitrogen  with  an  error  of  about  2  per  cent.  The  protein 
content  of  fourteen  different  commercial  pituitary 
extracts  (estimated  in  terms  of  total  nitrogen)  is  given 
in  Table  I: — - 

TABLE  I 

Nitrogen  Content  and  Oxytocic  AcTiviir  or  Commercial 
Pituitary  E.\tracts 


Extract 
No. 

Total  nitrogen 
(nigin.  per  c.c.) 

Oxytocic  activity 
(units  per  c.c.) 

Total  nitrogen  per 
oxytocic  unit 
(mgm.) 

8 

0.26 

7.4 

0.035 

18 

0.27 

12.  5 

0.022 

20 

0.31 

11.4 

0.031 

7 

0.34 

9.0 

0.038 

14 

0.39 

14.0 

0.028 

16 

0.41 

7.0 

0,059 

15 

0.49 

10.1 

0.049 

19 

0.54 

12.1 

0.450 

12 

0.65 

11.0 

0.059 

10 

0.67 

17.5 

0.041 

9 

0.95 

20.0 

0.048  , 

13 

1.13 

13.0 

0.087 

5 

1.21 

18.0 

0.068 

11 

1.76 

15.5 

0.114 

Standard 

0.26 

10.0 

0.026 

The  wide  variation  of  from  0.26  to  1.76  mgm.  of 
total  nitrogen  per  c.c.  is  equivalent  to  a  range  of  some 
680  per  cent.,  which  cannot  be  explained  by  differences 
in  activities  or  loss  of  activity  by  storage,  since  the 
extracts  were  all  freshly  made.  The  oxytocic  activity 
ranged  from  7  to  20  units,  and  the  corresponding  protein 
content  varied  from  0.022  to  0.114  mgm.  of  total 
nitrogen  per  oxytocic  unit.  Thus  there  may  be  five 
times  as  much  protein  per  given  oxytocic  dose  in  one 
sample  as  compared  with  that  present  in  the  same  dose 
of  another.  Table  II  shows  that  similar  discrepancies 
exist  between  antidiuretic  activity  and  protein  content, 
the  range  being  nearly  600  per  cent :  — 

TABLE  II 

Nitrogen  Content  and  antidiuretic  Activity  of  Comjiercial 
Pituitary  Extracts 


Extract 
No. 

Total  nitrogen 
(mgm.  per  c.c.) 

Antidiuretic 

activity 
(units  per  c.c.) 

Total  nitrogen  per 
antidiuretic  unit 
(mgm.) 

8 

0 

26 

11.6 

0 

022 

18 

0 

27 

11.1 

0 

024 

20 

0 

31 

6.2 

0 

050 

7 

0 

34 

5.7 

0 

060 

14 

0 

39 

11.2 

0 

035 

16 

0 

41 

4.1 

0 

10 

15 

0 

49 

10.6 

0 

045 

19 

0 

54 

6.6 

0 

082 

12 

0 

65 

14.6 

0 

044 

10 

0 

67 

14.6 

0 

046 

9 

0 

95 

27.0 

0 

035 

13 

1 

13 

31.  5 

0 

036 

5 

1 

21 

22.0 

0 

055 

11 

1 

76 

13.5 

0 

130 

Standard 

0 

26 

10.0 

0 

026 

Such  wide  variations  in  the  protein  content  of  pitui- 
tary extracts  should  not  occur,  especiall}^  as  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that  excessive  protein  causes  pain  after 
injection.  In  addition  the  high  protein  content  indi- 
cates considerable  loss  of  activity  during  manufacture. 
By  freezing  the  fresh  glands  immediately  after  collection 
it  is  possible  to  prepare  pituitary  extract  containing  less 
than  0.026  mgm.  of  total  nitrogen  per  oxytocic  or  anti- 
diuretic unit.  By  removal  of  inert  protein  the  ratio 
can  be  reduced  to  less  than  0.001  mgm.  of  total  nitrogen 
per  oxytocic  unit.  There  is  little  variation  in  activity 
per  unit  weight  of  posterior  lobe  of  pituitary  gland  when 
fresh,  and  the  protein  content  should  be  fairly  constant 
and  run  parallel  with  the  activit;^.  Hence  the  nitrogen 
content  per  unit  of  activity  can  be  taken  as  a  guide  to 
efficiency  in  manufacture.  The  higher  this  figure,  the 
more  of  the  active  principle  that  has  been  destroyed. 
Nine  out  of  the  fourteen  commercial  extracts  give  figures 
not  exceeding  0.05  mgm.  per  unit.  The  results  on 
extract  No.  11  indicate  a  loss  of  from  two- thirds  to  four- 
fifths  of  the  initial  activity.  In  the  same  manner 
extract  No.  13  has  lost  one-half  to  two-thirds  of  avail- 
able activity,  the  Ph  value  of  5.4  being  another  indi- 
cation of  lack  of  efficiency  during  manufacture.  It  is 
clear  that  certain  pituitary  extracts  have  been  prepared 
in  such  a  manner  that  there  has  been  considerable  loss 
of  activit}^  This  leads  to  unnecessarily  high  protein 
content.  It  is  suggested  that  makers  should  aim  at 
securing  a  figure  below  0.05  mgm.  of  total  nitrogen  per 
oxytocic  unit. 

Table  III  contains  results  upon  fifteen  extracts  (in- 
cluding one  made  from  standard  pituitary  powder)  in 
which  the  ratio  of  oxytocic  activity  to  antidiuretic 
activity  is  compared  with  content  of  total  nitrogen. 
The  evidence  does  not  confirm  the  hypothesis  of  Bijlsma 
and  van  Esveld  that  the  largest  quantity  of  protein  is 
found  in  extracts  showing  the  closest  agreement  between 
oxytocic,  antidiuretic,  and  pressor  activities.  There 
appears  to  be  fairly  good  correlation  in  some  extracts 
giving  a  ratio  higher  than  unity  (e.g.,  Nos.  8,  9,  12 
and  3).  Extract  No.  13  supplies  a  contradictory  figure. 
The  evidence  is  against  the  hypothesis  in  extracts  in 
which  the  antidiuretic  activity  is  less  than  the  oxytocic 
potency  (e.g.,  Nos,  14,  7  and  16). 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


333 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932' 




TABLE  III 

Nitrogen  Content  and  Katio  Between  Antidiuretic  and 
Oxytocic  Activities  of  Cojimerciai  Pituitary  Extracts 


Extract 
No. 

Ratio  of 
oxytocic  to 
antidiuretic 

activity 

Total  nitrogen 

Per  oxytocic  unit 

Per  antidiuretic 
unit 

13 

1 

2.44 

0 

C87 

0 

036 

8 

1 

1.57 

0 

035 

0 

022 

9 

1 

1.35 

0 

048 

0 

035 

12 

1 

1.31 

0 

059 

0 

044 

19 

1 

1.29 

0 

045 

0 

082 

5 

1 

1.22 

0 

068 

0 

055 

18 

1 

1.12 

0 

022 

0 

024 

15 

1 

1.05 

0 

049 

0 

046 

Standard 

1 

1.00 

0 

026 

0 

026 

10 

1 

0.88 

0 

041 

0 

046 

11 

1 

0.87 

0 

114 

0 

130 

14 

1 

0.80 

0 

028 

0 

035 

7 

1 

0.64 

0 

038 

0 

060 

16 

1 

0.59 

0 

059 

0 

10 

20 

1 

0.56 

0 

031 

0 

50 

Discussion 

Mr.  Bennett  said  he  had  on  this  paper  also  some 
comments  from  his  colleague,  Dr.  Underhill.  The 
latter  pointed  out  that  variation  in  protein  content 
may  be  due  to  ditferences  in  manufacture.  Mr.  Wokes 
had  assumed  that  every  manufacturer  makes  his  extract 
by  the  same  method.  This  may  be  so  now,  but  was 
not  so  a  year  or  two  ago.  It  is  possible  that  varia- 
tions in  nitrogen  content  indicate  variations  in  methods 
of  manufacture.  A  high  nitrogen  content  would  then 
indicate  a  bad  method  of  manufacture  rather  than 
carelessness  in  freezing  the  glands  before  extraction. 

Mr.  EvERS  remarked  that  there  were  better  methods 
of  determination  of  nitrogen  than  the  one  mentioned  in 
the  paper. 

The  next  paper  w,.s:  — 

The  Volumetric  Assay  of  Chlorates 

1. — Reduction  by  Hydriodic  Acid  in  the  Presence  of  Ferrous 
Sulphate 

By  G.  J.  W.  Ferrey,  B.Sc.  A.I.C. 
[Abstract] 

The  assay  process  recommended  by  the  Pharmaceutical 
Chemistry  Subcommittee  for  inclusion  in  the  B.P.  mono- 
graph on  potassium  chlorate  was  worked  out  by  Harvey, 
who  studied  the  reduction  of  chlorates  by  hydriodic  acid 
in  the  presence  of  ferrous  sulphate  as  catalyst.  As  the 
result  of  a  large  number  of  experiments,  Harvey  came 
to  the  conclusion  that  this  reduction  is  incomplete,  and 
that,  under  the  conditions  laid  down  in  his  method, 
results  were  returned  about  i  per  cent,  below  theory. 
Since  Harvey's  method  has  been  recommended  for  adop- 
tion by  the  B.P.  in  its  entirety,  without  any  modifica- 
tion,* it  was  of  obvious  interest,  in  view  of  the  require- 
ment of  99  per  cent,  purity  for  potassium  chlorate  (as 
determined  by  this  method),  to  discover  whether 
Harvey's  conclusion  was,  in  fact,  correct,  or  whether, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  process  was  capable  of  returning 
theoretical  results. 

For  this  purpose,  two  samples  of  pure  potassium 
chlorate  were  prepared  from  two  different  lots  of  B.P. 
potassium  chlorate  by  recrystallisation  from  hot  water, 
and  drying  at  loo"  C.  for  several  hours.  On  testing  for 
nitrates,  perchlorates,  chlorides,  sulphates,  calcium  and 
iron,  no  reactions  were  obtained.  When  assayed  by 
evaporation  with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  followed  by 
gentle  ignition  and  weighing  of  the  chloride  residue, 
results  of  loo.o  and  loo.i  per  cent,  were  obtained.  The 
N/io  sodium  thiosulphate  solutions  used  in  this  work 
were  prepared  from  A.R.  sodium  thiosulphate,  and 
checked  against  both  iodine  and  potassium  dichromate  of 
A.R.  quality.  All  volumetric  apparatus  had  been  care- 
fully calibrated,  and  the  titrations  were  carried  out  iit  as 


*  In  the  SuVommittee's  report,  the  composition  of  the  acid 
fohition  of  ferrous?  sulphate  is  not  given.  It  was  assumed  that  as 
Harvey  s  method  had  been  adopted,  this  solution  would  have  the 
composition  recommended  by  Harvey— viz.,  iV/10  in  reducing  power 
and  iN  in  acidity. 


standard  a  method  as  possible.  Ten  mils  of  a  solution 
containing  0.08  gm.  of  potassium  chlorate  is  heated  in 
a  stoppered  bottle  at  about  50°  C.  for  twenty  minutes 
with  25  mils  of  acid  solution  of  ferrous  sulphate  and 
5  gm.  of  potassium  iodide.  After  cooling,  50  mils  of 
water  is  added  and  the  liberated  iodine  titrated  with 
N  /  JO  thiosulphate.  A  blank  experiment  on  10  mils  of 
water  is  carried  out  simultaneously.  The  first  six 
results  in  Table  I  show  that,  within  the  limits  of  experi^ 
mental  error,  Harvey's  method  does,  in  fact,  return 
theoretical  results  even  when  the  temperature  of  reaction 
is  as  low  as,  but  not  below,  30°  C.  •■■1 

TABLE  I 

Potassium  iodide  5  gm.    Ferrous  sulphate  JV/10. 


Expt. 

Strength 

KCIO3 
taken 
gm. 

^V/10  thio- 

N/lO thio- 

KCIO3 
per 
cent. 

of 

Temp. 

sulphate 

sulphate 

No. 

sulphuric 
acid 

"C 

s.a 

H  3 

required 
mils 

(theor.) 
mils. 

1 

3iV 

50 

20 

0.08021 

39.3 

39.28 

100.1 

2 

45 

0.08126 

39.8 

39.79 

100.0 

3 

40 

0.08021 

39.25 

39.28 

99.9 

4 

30 

39.25 

39'.' 59 

99.9 

5 

25 

00. 8086 

38.05 

96.1 

6 

15 

31.45 

79.4 

7 

8 

25 
19 

39.55 
38.1 

99.9 
96.2 

9 

15 

34.95 

88.3 

10 

19 

39.55 

99.9 

11 

15 

38.85 

98.1 

12 

10 

37.25 

94.1 

13 

4'.V 

30 

39.55 

99.9 

14 

25 

39.3 

99.3 

15 

30 

39.6 

100.0 

16 

25 

39.6 

100.0 

17 

20 

39.2 

99.0 

18 

15 

37.95 

95.8 

19 

14 

60 

39.6 

100.0 

20 

14 

0.08044 

39.35 

39'.'39 

99.9 

It  occurred  to  the  writer  that  the  method  might  be 
simplified  and  a  possible  source  of  error  removed  if,  by 
suitable  adjustment  of  the  conditions  of  experiment,  the 
necessity  for  heating  the  reaction  mixture  could  be 
avoided.  Witli  this  object  in  view,  the  experiments 
were  continued,  reducing  the  temperature  as  low  as 
13°  C.  and  increasing  the  time  of  reaction  to  sixty 
minutes.  Using  an  acid  solution  of  ferrous  sulphate  of 
Harvey's  strength  {N / 10  in  reducing  power  and  in 
acidity)  it  was  found  that  low  results  were  obtained  at 
15°  C.  even  after  sixty  minutes'  reaction  (experiments 
7  to  11).  With  an  increase  in  sulphuric  acid  in  the 
reagent  from  to  ^N,  theoretical  results  were  obtained 
in  sixty  minutes  at  14°  C,  but  not  in  the  shorter  periods 
of  time  examined  (experiments  13  to  20).  Following  a 
suggestion  in  the  work  of  Green,  that  ferrous  and  ferric 
salts  catalyse  the  reaction  in  proportion  to  their  concen- 
tration, the  strength  of  ferrous  sulphate  in  the  acid  solu- 
tion of  ferrous  sulphate  was  increased  from  N /  10  to  N /  5 
(Table  II).  When  the  acid  strength  was  ^N,  the  re- 
action was  complete  in  sixty  minutes,  but  not  in  forty 
minutes  at  13°  C.  (experiments  21  to  27),  but  by  in- 
creasing the  acid  to  4A^,  theoretical  results  were  obtained 
in  thirty  minutes  at  13°  C.  (experiments  32  to  34). 
Increase  in  the  strength  of  acid  to  6N  presented  no 
advantage. 

TABLE  II 


Potassium  iodide  5  gm.    Ferrous  sulphate  iV/5. 


Expt- 

Strength 
of 

Temp. 

11)3 

KCIO3 
taken 
gm. 

N/lO  thio- 
sulphate 

N/10  thio- 
sulphate 

KClOj 

No. 

sulphuric 

°c 

s  ^ 

required 

(theor.) 

per 
cent. 

acid 

mils 

mils 

21 

3.V 

20 

10 

0.08044 

33.75 

39.39 

85.7 

22 

20 

38.75 

98.4 

23 

30 

39.3 

99.8 

24 

40 

39.4 

»j 

100.0 

25 

13 

30 

38.3 

97.2 

26 

40 

38.9 

98.7 

27 

i'y 

60 

39.4 

100.0 

28 

20 

39.25 

99.6 

29 

30 

39.4 

100.0 

30 

40 

39.35 

99.9 

31 

60 

39.4 

100.0 

32 

In 

30 

0.08794 

39,4 

100.0 

33 

43.0 

43!66 

99.9 

34 

43.1 

100.1 

334 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦1932 


-  The  following  method  is  therefore  suggested  as  being 
more  convenient,  than  the  method  suggested  for  inclusion 
in  the  B.P.,  and  equally  accurate: — lo  mils  of  a  solu- 
tion containing  0.08  gm.  of  ■  potassium  chlorate  is 
pipetted  into  a  stoppered  bottle  of  about  300  mils 
capacity.  Five  gm.  of  potassium  iodide  is  added,  fol- 
lowed by  25  mils  of  an  acid  solution  of  ferrous  sulphate, 
in  reducing  power  and  4N  in  acidity  (i.e.,  55.6  gm. 
of  ferrous  sulphate  and  200  gm.  of  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid  per  litre).  The  mixture  is  allowed  to  stand  for  not 
less  than  thirty  minutes  at  room  temperature  (not  below 
13°  C),  diluted  with  70  mils  of  water,  and  titrated 
with  N / 10  thiosulphate.  A  blank  test  on  10  mils  of 
water  is  carried  out  under  the  same  conditions.  This 
blank  test  should  be  protected  from  the  light. 

Summary 

It  is  shown  that  at  a  temperature  above  30°  C.  the 
reduction  of  chlorates  by  hydriodic  acid  in  the  presence 
of  ferrous  sulphate  as  catalyst  is  quantitative  under  the 
conditions  of  the  proposed  B.P.  assay  method.  By 
increasing  the  ferrous  sulphate  and  sulphuric  acid  in  the 
acid  solution  of  ferrous  sulphate  from  TV/ 10  and  3Ai'  to 
A''/5  and  4N  respectively,  and  the  time  of  reaction  from 
twenty  to  thirty  minutes,  the  reaction  is  quantitative  at 
a  temperature  as  low  as  13°  C.  Other  conditions  under 
which  the  reaction  is  quantitative  are  indicated. 

From  the  analytical  laboratory  of  James  Woolley, 
Sons  &  Co.,  Ltd. 

Discussion 

Mr.  CoRFiELD  said  he  felt  that  all  the  iodometric 
methods  were  objectionable.  They  could  be  applied  to 
a  pure  substance,  but  failed  when  that  substance  con- 
tained small  quantities  of  impurities. 

Dr.  Hampshire  asked  if  there  was  any  reason  for 
varying  the  conditions  between  the  blank  and  the  main 
test. 

Mr,  Ferrey  briefly  replied.  The  next  paper,  by 
the  same  author,  was :  — 

II. — Reduction  by  Hydriodic  Acid  in  the  Presence  of  Strong 
Hydrochloric  Acid 

By  G.  J.  W.  Ferrey,  B.Sc,  A.I.C. 
[Abstract] 

The  reaction  between  chloric  acid  and  hydriodic  acid 
has  been  comparatively  neglected  by  analysts  owing  to 
the  high  concentration  of  mineral  acid  introducing  com- 
plications. The  idea  appears  to  be  prevalent  that 
lengthy  periods  of  time  and /or  high  temperatures  are 
necessary  to  ensure  completion  of  the  reaction,  and  that 
the  error  from  the  secondary  reaction  between  atmo- 
spheric oxygen  and  hydriodic  acid  may  attain  con- 
siderable proportions.  The  iodine  liberated  by  atmo- 
spheric oxygen  is  derived  from  the  excess  of  potassium 
iodide  beyond  that  theoretically  required  by  chlorate. 
However,  the  error  is  less  than  0.04  per  cent,  when  the 
time  of  reaction  is  limited  to  one  minute.  Contrary  to 
text-book  impressions,  the  reaction  between  chloric  and 
hydriodic  acids  is  ver)'  rapid  providing  the  concen Vation 
of  hydrochloric  acid  is  j.^N  or  greater.  It  is  complete 
without  heatmg  in  one  minute  when  1.5  of  the  theoreti- 
cal amount  of  potassium  iodide  is  present,  and  in  five 
minutes  with  the  molecular  proportion  of  potassium 
iodide.  The  presence  of  potassium  nitrate  (up  to  5  per 
cent.)  does  not  interfere  with  accuracy  of  assay.  Since 
the  reaction  is  not  reversible,  any  desired  amount  of 
water  may  be  added  before  titration. 

The  details  of  the  method  are  as  follows: — - 
Dissolve  about  0.8  gm.  o£.  •  potassium  chloi'ate,  accurately 
wcig-hed,  in  water  and  ,niake  up  to  100  mils.  Pipette  10 
mils  into  a  stoppered  bottle  of  about  300  mils  capacity.  Add 
1  gm.  of  potassiuni  iodide,  allow  to  dissolve,  and  then  add 
30  mils  of  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid.  Quickly  replace 
tlie  stopper  (which  should  be  anoi^tencd  with  a  drop  of 
potaissium  iodide  solution)  and  allow  to  stand  for  one 
minute,  during  tho  last  fifteen  seconds  of  which  the  bottle 


is  slowly  rotated  under:  the  tap  to  cool  it  slightly  and 
prevent-  loss- on  removing  the  stopper.  Add  120  mile,  of 
water  and  titrate  with  iV'/lO  thiosulphate.  Starch  may  be 
used  as  indicator.  -  -  -        -  - 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  titration  of 
10  mils  of  chlorate  solution  after  adding  specified 
amount  of  potassium  iodide  and  30  mils  of  concentrated 
hydrochloric  acid: — 


Time  of 
reaction 
minutes 

Potassiiun 
iodide 
gm. 

Potassium 
chlorate 
taken 
gm. 

.A'/IO  thio- 
sulphate 
required 
mils 

xV/10  thio- 
sulphate 
(theor.) 
mils 

KCIO3 
per  cent. 

0.5 

1.0 

0.08007 

35.85 

39.21 

91.4 

1 

39.23* 

100.05 

2 

39.18* 

99.93 

5 

0.'67 

39.24* 

100.08 

5 

0.08021 

39.30 

39.28 

100.05 

1 

1.0 

0.09023 

44.14 

44.18 

99.90 

1 

0.08021(a) 

39.35 

39.28 

100.17 

5 

0.08021(6) 

39.35 

100.17 

*  =  mean  of  three  titrations. 

(a)  =  plus  0.0040  gm.KN03(  = 

(b)  =  plies  0.0016  gm.  KN03(- 


5  per  cent,  approx.) 
^  2  per  cent,  approx.) 


Summary 

(1)  It  is  shown  that,  contrary  to  the  impression  to 
be  gained  from  the  text-books,  the  reaction  between 
chloric  and  hydriodic  acids  is  very  rapid  provided  the 
concentration  of  hydrochloric  acid  present  be  7.5N  or 
greater. 

(2)  The  reaction  goes  to  completion  in  five  minutes 
without  heating  when  only  the  theoretical  amount  of 
potassium  iodide  is  present,  and  in  one  minute  in  the 
presence  of  approximately  1.5,  the  theoretical  quantity. 

(3)  When  the  time  of  reaction  is  limited  to  one 
minute,  the  error  involved  through  the  action  of 
atmospheric  oxygen  is  less  than  0.04  per  cent. 

(4)  The  presence  of  as  much  as  5  per  cent,  of  potas- 
sium nitrate  in  potassium  chlorate  does  not  interfere 
with  the  accuracy  of  the  assay. 

The  work  involved  in  this  communication  was  carried 
out  in  the  analytical  laboratory  of  James  Woolley,  Sons 
&  Co.,  Ltd.,  Manchester. 
There  was  no  discussion. 
The  next  paper  was: — 

Strong  Solution  of  Lead  Subacetate 
By  Charles  Morton,  B.Sc. 
[Abstract] 

In  this  paper  a  partial  investigation  is  made  at  25°  C. 
of  the  ternary  system  PbO— Pb(C,H30„),— H,0  by  phase- 
rule  methods  with  a  view  to  arriving  at  the  composition 
of  Goulard's  extract.  The  conclusion  is  deduced  that, 
in  the  official  strong  solution  of  lead  subacetate,  the 
composition  of  the  solute  varies  continuously  with  the 
relative  proportions  of  the  three  components  present  in 
the  reaction  mixture.  Lead  oxide  and  lead  subacetate 
are  present  in  molecular  proportions  approximating  that 
of  the  monoxyacetate  (assumed  by  various  investigators 
as  being  in  equilibrium  with  its  saturated  solution);  but 
the  solution  must  be  regarded  as  a  mixture  and  not  a 
pure  compound,  since  it  is  not  possible  to  recrystallise 
the  solid  residue  from  distilled  water  without  decom- 
position taking  place.  The  results,  over  the  restricted 
range  studied,  indica'te  that  the  solid  phase  consists  of 
the  dioxyacetate  2PbO,Pb(C„H30„)„,4H,0.  The  experi- 
mental data  indicate  that  at  equilibrium  (prior  to  dilu- 
tion) the  liquid  phase  in  the  pharmacopoeial  reaction 
mixture  contains  the  equivalent  of  12.62  per  cent,  of 
basic  lead  and  16.97  per  cent,  of  normal  acetate,  corre- 
sponding to  a  molecular  ratio 

PbO :  Pb(C„Hp,)„  =  i  .08  :  i 
During  the  subsequent  washing  of  the  solid  phase  (on 
the  filter)  with  distilled  water  as  in  the'  pharmacopoeial 
method,  hydrolysis  takes  place  and  the  filtrate  becomes 
richer  in  acetic  acid.    In  the  diluted  solution  the  degree 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


335. 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  1  932* 


of  hydrolysis  varies  with  the  mode  of  preparation.  Con- 
stancy of  composition  is  not  maintained  over  even  a 
limited  range,  as  would  be  the  case  if  the  equilibrium 
mixture  consisted  of  solution  of  monoxyacetate  in  equili- 
brium with  its  solid. 

It  is  suggested  that  part  of  the  basic  lead  is  present 
in  colloidal  solution.  This  explains  the  anomaly  of 
Goulard's  extract  showing  considerable  sensitivity  to 
electrolytes  and  yet  remaining  clear  when  the  "  precipi- 
tation Ph  ■"  of  lead  hydroxide  is  exceeded.  The 
behaviour  of  the  solution  of  lead  subacetate  in  forming 
an  opaque  jelly  with  mucilage  of  acacia  and  the  precipi- 
tates obtained  with  many  vegetable  substances  agree 
with  these  resulting  from  adsorption  and  entrainment 
rather  than  the  precipitation  of  definite  chemical  com- 
pounds. 

Summary 

(1)  In  the  preparation  of  Goulard's  extract  the  residue 
removed  by  filtration  consists  of  the  pure  dioxyacetate 

2PbO,Pb(C,H30J,,4H,0. 
The  solution  is  a  ternary  mixture  in  equilibrium  with 
the  dioxyacetate  as  solid  phase.    There  appears  to  be 
no  evidence   of  the   existence  of  the   supposed  mon- 
oxyacetate 

Pb(0H)„Pb(C,H30,), 
either  as  solute  or  solid  phase.    These  conclusions  are 
based  on  a  partial  investigation  (by  phase-rule  methods) 
of  the  ternary  system  PbO— Pb(C,H30,)  — H^O  at  25°  C. 

(2)  The  low  lead-ion  concentration  of  Goulard's  extract 
and  its  sensitivity  towards  electrolytes,  taken  in  con- 
junction with  the  fact  that  the  solution  is  stable, 
although  the  "  precipitation  Ph  "  of  lead  hydroxide  is 
exceeded,  suggest  that  part  of  the  basic  lead  is  present 
in  colloidal  solution. 

This  paper  was  taken  as  read  in  the  absence  of  the 
author. 

The  Chairman  expressed  the  thanks  of  the  members. 
The  next  paper  was  :  — 

The  Origins  of  British  Pharmacy 

By  J.  P.  GiLMOUR,  M.P.S. 
[Abstract] 

Contemporary  civilisation  is  concerned  with  only  so 
much  of  the  bygone  as  can  reasonably  be  inferred 
materially  and  morally  to  influence  the  present,  and 
only  with  so  much  of  the  future  as  may  be  presumed  to 
be  affected  by  the  present  (W.  K.  Clifford).  In  this 
instance,  what  is  true  of  the  whole,  holds  good  for  the 
part.  For  an  adequate  insight  into,  and  enlightened 
management  of  all  branches  of  the  pharmaceutical  pro- 
fession, and,  in  particular,  of  its  scientific  and  technical 
sides,  some  acquaintance  with  the  annals  of  pharmacy  is 
prerequisite. 

The  historic  study  of  British  pharmacy  is  culpably 
neglected,  and,  for  the  most  part,  the  literature  of 
the  subject  is  quite  unworthy  of  it.  Bell  and  Red- 
wood's "  Progress  of  Pharmacy  "  is  serviceable  up  to 
a  point,  but  at  best  is  a  mere  fragment,  and  for  the 
rest  we  have  to  search  through  the  periodical  pharma- 
ceutical Press  for  sporadic  fugitive  articles  on  promi- 
nent personalities  or  memorable  events  in  pharmacy, 
notably  in  addresses  by  former  presidents  or  chair- 
men of  this  Conference.  The  International  Congress  of 
the  History  of  Medicine,  which  held  its  third 
meeting  in  London  in  1922,  on  that  occasion 
received  an  historic  sketch  of  British  pharmacy 
by  the  author.  There  is  a  European  Society 
for  the  History  of  Pharmacy,  which  has  issued 
monographs  on  Scheele  and  the  "  Star  Phar- 
macy "  at  Niirnberg,  a  French  Society  with 
an  official  organ  in  which  biographical  sketches 
of  the  early  apothecaries  have  appeared;  and 
there  is  an  active  and  productive  history  of  pharmacy 
section  of  the  annual  general  meeting  of  the  American 
Pharmaceutical  Association.    The  advent  of  a  compre- 


hensive  and  standard  work  on  the  history  of  British 
pharmacy  is  long  overdue,  and  a  strenuous  systematic 
effort  should  be  made  between  now  and  the  date  of 
the  centenary  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great 
Britain  in  1941  to  meet  this  desideratum. 

A  critical  examination,  not  only  of  folk  medicine 
and  lore,  but  also  of  what  is  commonly  accepted  as 
orthodox  medical  doctrine  and  treatment,  reveals  many 
survivals  of  primitive  ideas  and  methods.  For  example, 
quite  a  number  of  vegetable  drugs  owe  their  reputa- 
tion to  the  fantastic  doctrine  of  signatures,  according 
to  which,  if  a  plant  bears  the  stigmata  of  a  disease, 
e.g.,  the  bulbils  on  the  roots  of  the  lesser  celandine, 
which  resemble  piles,  it  is  the  preordained  remedy  for 
that  disease.  Within  the  historic  period,  as  among 
the  great  civilisations  of  the  ancient  world  of  Assyria, 
Babylonia,  India,  Egypt,  Greece  and  Rome,  Lenormant 
has  shown  that  in  Mesopotamia  medicine  and  magic 
were  almost  correlatives.  Thirty  per  cent.  of 
the  drugs  in  the  Pharmacopoeia  of  1914  were  known  to 
and  used  in  Egyptian  hieratic  medical  practice,  and 
37  per  cent,  of  our  official  materia  medica  was  in  the 
armamentarium  of  the  Greeks  in  the  age  of  Hippo- 
crates, and  50  per  cent,  was  employed  by  the  Arabic- 
speaking  physicians  between  the  sixth  and  tenth  ■  cen- 
turies. The  Romans  borrowed  their  medical  science  and 
art  almost  entirely  from  the  Greeks,  and  debased  rather 
than  improved  what  they  borrovved.  Their  medical 
knowledge  was  carried  by  them  into  the  countries  which 
they  invaded  or  conquered,  but  made  no  permanent 
impression  on  the  barbarous  inhabitants  of  Gaul  and 
Britain.  The  priests  of  the  Druids  in  both  countries 
were  also  medicine  men,  and  in  addition  to  the  mystic 
mistletoe  which  was  venerated  as  a  panacea,  the  prin- 
cipal drugs  in  their  materia  medica  were  selago  (fir 
clubmoss),  samolus  (brookweed  or  water  pimpernel), 
verbena  and  oak.  Later  still  the  ■  Angles,  Jutes 
and  other  so-called  Teutonic  invaders  and  settlers 
brought  with  them  from  the  Continent  the  medical 
lore  which  had  much  in  common  with  the  earlier  Druidi- 
cal  system.  In  Saxon  times,  as  described  in  Cock- 
ayne's "  Saxon  Leechdoms,  Wart  Cunning  and  Star 
Craft,"  the  preparation  and  administration  of  drugs 
were  accompanied  by  incantations  and  conjurations 
and  other  rites  which  persisted  down  to  the  period  of 
the  age  of  the  herbalists. 

Apothecaries'  Shops 

From  the  booth  in  the  bazaar  in  the  Far  and  Near 
East,  through  Italy  and  Spain,  there  evolved  those 
apothecaries'  shops  ' '  according  to  the  custom  of  the 
Arabs,"  which  began  to  make  their  appearance  in 
Europe  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries.  Among 
the  more  notable  early  pharmacies  were  the  pharmacy 
of  the  Small  Brethren  in  Dobremik,  Bohemia  (1317), 
two  pharmacies  in  Old  Prague,  founded  in  1332  and 
1337  respectively,  and  the  better-known  examples  at 
Dijon  and  Niirnberg.  Apothecaries,  who  were  minor 
medical  practitioners  specialising  in  the  preparation 
and  compounding  of  drugs,  came  from  the  Continent 
to  England  and  Scotland  towards  the  end  of  the  thir- 
teenth and  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
In  Edinburgh,  between  1436  and  1460,  in  the  reign  of 
James  IV,  Master  Stephane,  an  apothecary  to  that 
monarch,  who  was  a  liberal  patron  of  medicine  and 
an  ardent  amateur  practitioner  of  it,  was,  by  royal 
command,  given  the  tenancy  of  a  booth  in  Edinburgh 
for  the  sale  of  "  his  material  and  spicery."  Between 
1500  and  1600  apothecaries,  whose  principal  business 
was  to  sell  and  dispense  drugs  under  Court  patron- 
age, had  shops  in  the  chief  Scottish  towns.  In  Glasgow, 
in  1599,  when  the  Faculty  of  Physicians  there  was 
erected  by  a  Royal  Charter  granted  by  James  VI, 
there  were  placed  on  the  first  register  several  ' '  farma- 
tians,"  a  vernacular  variant  of  the  French  title  "  Phar- 
macien,''  this  being  one  of  the  many  assimilations  to 
French  idioms  and  modes  during  the  Auld  Alliance 
between  France  and  Scotland.  In  England,  down  to 
the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  such  drugs  and  medi- 


336 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932 


cines  as  were  then  in  vogue  were  sold  largely  by  grocers 
and  spicers,  but  during  the  sixteenth  century  the  teach- 
ing of  Paracelsus  as  to  the  superiority  of  chemical  com- 
pounds in  the  treatment  of  disease  had  made  such 
headway  that  a  new  class  of  producers  and  distributors 
came  into  being,  namely,  ,  the  "  chymists." 

It  was  about  this  time  that  some  of  the  grocers 
found  it  profitable  to  specialise  in  the  stocking  and 
sale  of  drugs  and  so  came  into  competition  with  the 
apothecaries.  At  first,  probably  to  join  forces,  the 
apothecaries  became  incorporated  with  the  grocers'  com- 
pany, but  in  1617,  under  a  charter  from  James  I,  the 
apothecaries  formed  a  separate  society,  and  thence- 
forward the  competition  and  rivalry  was  between  the 
physicians  and  apothecaries,  with  at  time  open  warfare. 
Later  friction  arose  between  the  apothecaries  and  the 
emerging  and  growing  class  of  chemists  and  druggists, 
who,  after  organising  from  time  to  time  for  emergency 
purposes  in  defence  of  their  rights,  in  1841  founded 
the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain,  the  history 
of  which  lies  beyond  the  scope  of  this  paper. 

The  Beginnings  of  Pharmacy  Law 

In  England  the  first  measure  of  statutory  control  of 
the  practice  of  medicine,  entitled  "  An  Act  for  Appoint- 
ing Physicians  and  Surgeons,"  w'as  passed  in  151 1.  In 
15 18,  mainly  on  the  initiative  of  Linacre,  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians  (London)  was  founded,  and  in  1540 
powers  were  given  to  it  "  to  search,  view  and  see  "  the 
apothecaries'  "  wares,  drugs  and  stuffs."  By  an  Act 
of  1553  the  College  was  authorised  to  "survey  and 
examine  the  stocks  of  apothecaries,  druggists,  distellers 
and  sellers  of  waters  and  oils,  and  preparers  of  chemical 
medicines."  In  Scotland,  as  early  as  1450,  under  an  Act 
of  James  II,  all  persons  were  forbidden  under  pain  of 
treason  to  bring  home  poison  for  any  use  by  which  any 
Christian  man  or  woman  could  take  harm.  Under  the 
Medical  Charter  of  1599  for  Glasgow,  a  prototype  of  our 
now  familiar  poisons  schedule  was  introduced.  This 
provided  that  none  should  sell  rat  poison,  arsenic  or 
corrosive  sublimate  except  the  registered  apothecaries, 
who  were  -required  to  demand  security  from  purchasers 
to  cover  risk  of  injury  to  man  or  beast,  due  to  the  mis- 
use of  these  poisons.  In  Scotland,  between  1649-61,  the 
eventful  years  of  the  Great  Civil  War,  the  Common- 
wealth and  the  Restoration,  it  is  on  record  that  each 
town  in  Fifeshire  (The  Kingdom)  was  provided  with 
its  physician  or  apothecary.  Under  an  Order  (162 1)  of 
James  the  Sixth  of  Scotland  and  the  First  of  England, 
an  official  national  price  list  of  drugs  and  medicines  was 
issued,  but  whether  it  was  ever  enforced  is  a  detail  upon 
which  history  is  silent.  This  order  prohibited  the  sale 
to  the  public  of  "  any  drogues  of  dangerous  quality, 
such  as  antimony,  opium,  scammony,  arsenic,  mercury, 
or  any  narcotic,  cathartic  or  purging  medicament."  In 
1685  the  Scottish  Parliament  ratified  a  decree  of  the 
Lords  of  Session  (the  Law  Lords)  enacting  that  surgery 
and  pharmacy  should  be  distinct  occupations,  not  to  be 
followed  by  one  and  the  same  person.  In  1695  a  regu- 
lation was  issued  by  the  Surgeon  Apothecaries  of  Edin- 
burgh that  no  person  could  lawfully  practise  pharmacy 
in  the  city  unless  licensed.  In  1737  there  was  a  whole- 
sale drug  house  in  Edinburgh  with  the  high-sounding 
trade  name  of  the  "  Chymicall  Laboratory,  of  Edin- 
burgh," from  which  Dr.  William  Cullen,  of  Hamilton, 
afterwards  the  famous  Professor  of  Physic  in  Edinburgh 
University,  obtained  his  supplies  of  drugs. 

Pharmacopceias 
A  pharmacopoeia  is  the  canonical  criterion  for  phar- 
macy, but  in  the  production  of  the  early  European 
pharmacopceias,  j)harmacists  as  such  had  very  little 
voice  or  part.  In  an  article  on  "  The  Evolution  of  Our 
Pharmacopoeirv,"  Professor  Stockman  has  pointed  out 
that  much  of  the  material  for  the  pioneer  pharmacopoeias 
was  derived  fijtn  collections  of  approved  or  favourite 
prescriptions,  or  from  manuals  of  recipes,  written  ex- 
pressly for  apothecaries.  The  first  official  pharma- 
copoeia to  bear  the  impriinatur  of  a  University  was  the 


"  Antidotarium  Florentinum  "  (Florence,  1498).  The  first 
London  Pharmacopxia  (1618)  did  not  differ  materially 
from  the  worst  Continental  models,  which  it  had  almost 
servilely  copied.  The  first  Edinburgh  Pharmacopoeia 
(1699)  enumerated  goo  simples,  and  included  many 
mediaeval  abominations  and  monstrosities,  of  which  it 
was  gradually  purged  in  subsequent  issues,  so  that  in 
its  final  issue  the  number  of  efficacious  drugs  had  been 
reduced  to  300.  The  first  Dublin  Pharmacopoeia  ap- 
peared in  1807,  and  in  pursuance  of  the  Medical  Act  of 
1858  the  first  British  Pharmacopoeia  was  published  in 
1864.  The  apothecaries  who  were  licentiates  of  the 
Society  of  Apothecaries  had  some  share  in  the  pro- 
duction of  each  national  pharmacopoeia  and  of  the  first 
British  Pharmacopceia,  but  chemists  and  druggists,  if 
consulted  at  all,  were  referred  to  only  to  help  the 
medical  compilers  out  of  some  difficulty  or  as  an  act  of 
condescension.  Nevertheless,  there  were  already  present 
the  seminal  elements  of  recent  developments  in  which 
pharmacy  has  received  more  adequate  and  equitable 
recognition  and  treatment  in  the  work  of  pharmacopoeial 
revision. 

Pharmaceutical  Education,  Science  and  Research 

Academic  or  any  systematic  teaching  and  training  in 
medicine  and  pharmacy  are  of  comparatively  recent 
origin.  In  Scotland  not  until  1768  was  the  first  "Professor 
of  Materia  Medica  appointed  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity. In  1794  the  surgeon  apothecaries  in  that  city 
instituted  a  course  of  lectures  in  chemistry  which  in- 
cluded demonstrations  of  pharmaceutical  processes. 
A  chemical  laboratory  was  instituted  in  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity in  1747,  at  the  instance  of  Joseph  Black,  whose 
researches  on  the  "mild  alkalis"  and  discovery  of 
carbon  dioxide  are  among  the  classic  discoveries  of 
chemical  science.  It  was  the  Pharmaceutical  Society 
that  opened  in  its  School  of  Pharmacy  in  London  the 
first  chemical  laboratory  in  this  country  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  students  in  practical  work  in  the  science  which 
has  since  become  so  dominant  a  force  in  modern 
civilisation. 

Pharmaceutical  science  is  based  upon  and  pervaded 
by  all  the  physicaL  sciences,  but  more  especially  bv 
botany,  chemistry  and  physics.  For  its  botanical 
ancestry  we  have  to  go  back  to  Diodorus,  Theophrastus, 
Galen  and  Avicenna;  the  classic  herbalists  on  the  Con- 
tinent and  in  England;  the  physic  gardens  of  the  English 
herbalists  and  Society  of  Apothecaries,  and  also  those 
laid  out  and  maintained  in  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow. 
In  the  former  city  a  beginning  in  1664  with  the  sys- 
tematic cultivation  of  medicinal  plants  for  instruction 
in  materia  medica  was  made,  and  Ion  go  intervallo 
Glasgow  followed  in  1704,  when  a  part  of  the  Old 
College  grounds,  described  in  Scott's  "  Rob  Roy,"  was 
set  aside  for  the  purpose.  Again,  it  was  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Society  which  in  1842,  with  Anthony  Todd 
Thomson  as  professor,  instituted  the  first  systematic 
course  in  botany  for  students  of  pharmacy.  Chemistry 
was,  so  to  speak,  sublimated  from  alchemy.  In 
England  it  was  John  Mayovv,  Robert  Boyle,  Joseph 
Black,  Priestly,  Cavendish,  Dalton  and  Davy  who 
placed  it  on  a  scientific  basis.  In  the  late  eighteenth 
and  early  nineteenth  century,  many  of  the  more  im- 
portant discoveries,  for  example,  the  isolation  of  alka- 
loids, were  made  by  workers  who  had  commenced  life 
as  pharmacists  or  had  received  a  pharmaceutical 
training. 

Here  is  a  promising  field  for  exploitation  and 
cultivation  for  that  future  historian  of  British  or 
world  pharmacy  for  whom  we  are  waiting.  This  Con- 
ference stands  for  and  has  consistently  sought  to 
develop  and  advance  pharmaceutical  research.  Before 
any  piece  of  research  work  can  safely  be  entered  upon, 
the  would-be  investigator,  if  he  is  to  avoid  the  risk 
of  having  been  forestalled,  must  read  up  the  literature 
of  the  relevant  subject.  Similarly,  if  there  is  to  be  a 
correct  orientation  and  interpretation  in  other  pharma- 
ceutical interests  and  issues,  there  must  be  at  least  a 
reconnaissance  of  the  ground  to  be  traversed.    For  these 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


337 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  952 


reasons  it  would  be  an  undoubted  advantage  to  phar- 
macy, particularly  on  the  scientific,  technical  and 
professional  sides,  if  the  Conference  gave  some  encour- 
agement to  the  study  of  the  history  of  pharmacy  by 
recommending  it  as  a  subject  for  research  and  com- 
munication to  its  proceedings.  [The  author  appended  a 
bibliography.] 

Discussion 

Mr.  FouRACRE  said  he  always  thought  that  the  use 
of  aspirin  originated  with  the  Eomans,  who  went  to 
the  damp  parts  where  the  willows  grew  and  used  the 
bark.  From  that  beginning  the  preparation  of  aspirin 
developed. 

Mr.  GiLMOUR,  in  reply,  said  he  did  not  think  that 
Mr.  Fouracre's  example  had  any  real  historical  founda- 
tion. The  Eomans  in  general  did  nothing  to  add  to 
medical  knowledge. 

The  next  paper  was: — 

The  Volumetric  Determination  of  Mercuric  Chloride 
by  Rupp's  Method 

By  flARRY  Brindle,  B.Sc,  F.I.C.,  Ph.C. 

[Abstract] 

Rupp's  method  for  the  volumetric  determination  of 
mercuric  chloride  has  been  adopted  as  the  official  pro- 
cess of  the  British  Pharmacopoeia,  1932.  In  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  process  has  been  subjected  to  much 
adverse  criticism  the  author  has  examined  the  method 
with  the  object  of  checking  its  accuracy.  In  the  course 
of  the  work  it  was  discovered  that  the  chief  draw- 
hack  to  tlic  process,  i.e.,  the  difficulty  in  dissolving  the 
precipitated  mercury  in  the  iodine  solution,  could  be 
Dvcrcome  by  very  simple  means.  Briefly  stated,  the 
luocess  consists  in  dissolving  about  0.3  gm.  of  mercuric 
chloride  in  10  mils  of  potassium  iodide  solution  and 
75  mils  of  water,  and  adding  15  mils  of  sodium 
liydroxide  solution  and  3  mils  of  formaldehyde  diluted 
with  10  mils  of  water.  The  mixture  is  shaken 
vigorously  for  two  minutes,  20  mils  of  acetic  acid 
added,  and  then  35  mils  of  N / 10  iodine.  The  mixture 
is  thi-n  shaken  for  ten  minutes  or  until  the  mercury  is 
i:om|))etely  dissolved.  The  excess  of  iodine  is  then 
litrated  with  N / 10  sodium  thiosulphate. 

An  ordinary  sample  of  mercuric  chloride  supplied  as 
of  '■  B.P."  quality  was  used  for  all  the  tests.  The 
sample  was  well  powdered  and  mixed  in  a  mortar  to 
ensure  uniformity.  Assayed  gravimetrically  by  electro- 
lytic methods,  using  a  platinum  gauge  cathode  both 
stationary  and  rotated,  the  following  results  were 
obtained: — {a}  99.63  per  cent,  of  HgCl,;  {b)  99.61  per 
cent,  of  HgClj.  The  mercuric  chloride  used,  therefore, 
contained  99.62  per  cent,  of  HgCl,,  the  second  decimal 
place  being  approximately  correct.  Early  experiments 
proved  that  the  criticism  that  the  alkaline  formalde- 
hyde did  not  completely  reduce  the  mercuric  chloride 
to  the  metal  were  not  justified,  at  least  when  the  above 
stated  conditions  were  complied  with.  Accurate  results 
were  obtained  when  the  formaldehyde  was  shaken  with 
the  mercuric  chloride  for  two  minutes.  Considerable 
difficulty  was  experienced  in  dissolving  the  precipitated 
mercury  in  the  iodine  solution.  More  than  ten  minutes' 
continuous  shaking  was  frequently  required,  although 
sometimes  solution  was  complete  in  less  than  this  time. 
The  chief  objection  to  the  process  was,  however,  that 
it  was  impossible  to  decide  when  all  the  mercury  had 
l)(:en  dissolved,  and  the  only  way  to  obtain  a  result 
which  could  be  relied  upon  was  to  continue  shaking  for 
a  period  much  longer  than  ten  minutes,  say  twenty 
minutes  or  so.  In  the  absence  of  a  shaking  machine 
this  would  prove  very  tedious,  and  attention  was  first 
directed  to  this  stage  of  the  process  with  the  object 
of  overcoming  the  difficulty.  The  addition  of  mucilage 
of  acacia  as  recommended  by  Viebock  and  Brecher 
was  rejected,  since  it  retarded  the  reduction  of  the 
mercuric  chloride  by  the  alkaline  formaldehyde.  When 
30  per  cent,  of  glycerin  was  added  to  the  liquid  only 
60  per  cent,  of  the  mercuric  chloride  was  reduced  after 
four  minutes'  continuous  shaking.    Since  it  was  prac- 


tically certain  that  other  "protective"  substances 
added  with  the  object  of  obtaining  the  mercury  in  a' 
very  finely  divided  form  would  act  similarly  it  was 
decided  to  abandon  this  line  of  attack.  Alcohol,  chloro- 
form and  ether  were  tried  without  greatly  affecting  the 
rate  of  solution,  but,  as  the  following  results  show,- 
complete  success  was  attained  by  the  addition  of  a  few, 
millilitres  of  a  mixture  of  chlorform  i  vol.  and  ether 
2  vol.  In  each  case  the  addition  was  made  immediately 
following  the  addition  of  the  iodine  solution.  In  the 
earlier  experiments  the  temperature  of  the  liquid  was 
not  taken,  although  it  was  later  found  that  it  had  a 
considerable  effect. 


No.  of 
experiment 

Additional  liquid  added 

Tempera- 
ture 

Time  of 
shaliing 

Result 

1 

Nil  

15=  C. 

7 

98.63 

2 

Nil  

15°  C. 

5 

96.70 

3 

Nil  

1 

87.07 

4 

5  milscliloroform 

X 

87.  53 

5 

5  ,, 

25'  C. 

i 

98.88 

6 

5  etlier 

1" 

99.12 

7 

5  ,, 

1 

98.76 

8 

20  ,, 

1. 

96.80 

9 

36    ,,  .. 

25'  C. 

96.  56 

10 

c       /  C'hlorofonn  1  vo! . 
"  \  Etlier      ..  2  vols. 

j'24=C. 

\ 

99.60 

11 

f; 

15'  C. 

99.  57 

12 

5  " 

15  '  C. 

1' 

99.57 

13 

5  ,, 

t 

89.00 

14 

5  ,, 

i 

97.47 

Even  when  working  rapidly  the  reaction  was  nearly 
always  found  to  be  complete  after  half  a  minute's 
shaking;  there  is  therefore  ample  latitude  in  recom- 
mending that  the'  excess  of  iodine  be  titrated  after 
shaking  for  one  minute  with  5  mils  of  a  mixture  of 
2  vol.  of  ether  with  i  vol.  of  chloroform.  The  ether 
and  chloroform  used  should  be  of  B.P.  quality.  Ether 
containing  peroxides  gives  a  low  result,  due  to  the 
liberation  of  iodine  from  the  potassium  iodide. 

Eeduction  of  Mercuric  Chloride"  to  Metallic 
Mercury 

As  mentioned  above,  several  workers  have  stated 
that  this  is  incomplete.  It  was  considered  advisable  to 
vary  the  conditions  with  the  object  of  obtaining  a 
knowledge  of  the  conditions  necessary  for  success.  It 
was  found  that  the  temperature,  time  and  concentra- 
tion of  alkali  all  have  a  considerable  effect.  The  time 
of  shaking  recommended  for  the  B.P.  1932  process  is 
two  minutes,  and  no  mention  is  made  of  the  tempera- 
ture. It  follows,  therefore,  that  the  temperature  of 
the  liquid  would  be  about  that  of  the  laboratory, 
although  there  is  some  shght  increase,  about  2°  C, 
when  the  caustic  soda  solution  is  added.  The  amount 
of  caustic  soda  solution  is  15  mils,  and  as  the  strength 
is  presumably  20  per  cent,  w/v,  the  concentration  of 
NaOH  in  the  reaction  mixture  is  about  3  per  cent.,  or 
rather  below  normal.  In  nearly  every  case  chloroforin 
and  ether  mixture  as  recommended  above  was  added 
to  facilitate  the  solution  of  the  mercury  in  the  iodine; 
when  this  was  not  done  the  liquid  was  shaken  for 
twenty  minutes  before  titrating  the  excess  of  iodine 
solution.  [A  table  of  results  is  given.]  The  facts 
emerging  from  this  table  are  that  the  reduction  of  the 
mercuric  chloride  is  only  complete  in  the  presence  of 
7  5  mils  of  sodium  hydroxide  solution,  i.e.,  in  a  con- 
centration of  about  1.5  per  cent,  of  sodium  hydroxide, 
when  the  liquid  is  shaken  for  two  minutes  at  a  tem- 
perature exceeding  20'  C.  If  shaken  for  a  longer 
period,  the  reaction  is  complete  at  lower  temperatures. 
The  results  of  another  table  given  show  that  reduction 
is  incomplete  at  low  temperatures  after  ij  minute's 
shaking  with  the  full  mils,  i.e.,  3  per  cent,  concentra- 
tion of  NaOH,  but  is  complete  at  8°  C.  in  two  minutes. 
It  is  unsatisfactory  to  heat  the  solution,  since  it  has 
been  shown  that  at  elevated  temperatures  the  alkali 
reacts  with  the  formaldehyde  to  produce  a  substance 
which  reacts  with  the  iodine.  It  has  also  been  stated 
that  the  concentration  of  the  alkali  should  not  exceed 
4  per  cent. 


338 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  I  932 


Summary 

An  examination  has  been  made  of  the  volumetric 
process  for  the  determination  of  mercuric  salts  first 
suggested  by  Rupp,  i.e.,  reduction  to  metallic  mercury 
by  means  of  alkaline  formaldehyde  and  the  dissolvinig 
of  the  mercury  in  standard  iodine  solution.  It  is 
shown  that  the  reduction  of  mercuric  chloride  is 
dependent  upon  the  concentration  of  the  alkali,  the 
temperature  and  the  time.  Using  0.3  gm.  of  mercuric 
chloride  and  excess  of  formaldehyde  the  reduction  is 
complete  in  less  than  two  minutes  at  ordinary  tem- 
perature in  the  presence  of  3  per  cent,  of  sodium 
hydroxide.  The  difficulty,  not  only  in  dissolving  the 
precipitated  mercury  in  the  iodine  solution,  but  also  in 
determining  when  solution  is  complete,  is  overcome  by 
the  addition  of  5  mils  of  a  mixture  of  2  vol.  of  ether 
and  I  vol.  of  chloroform.  Solution  is  then  always 
complete  after  one  minute's  shaking,  even  at  tempera- 
tures below  normal.  It  is  recommended  that  this  addi- 
tion be  always  made  in  carrying  out  the  process,  therebv 
greatly  decreasing  the  time  required  and  increasing  the 
reliabiiity  of  the  results  obtained. 

From  the  Pharmaceutical  Department,  Manchester 
University. 

Discussion 

Mr.  Jones  said  he  could  not  quite  follow  as  to  how 
the  mercury  went  into  solution. 

Mr.  Powell  said  the  author's  results  had  confirmed 
his  (Mr.  Powell's)  experiments. 

Mr.  Brindle  replied. 

The  next  paper  was 

The  Determination  of  Mercury  in  Mixtures  Containing 
Solutions  of  Mercuric  Chloride  and  Vegetable 
Infusions 

By  L.  M.\RjoRiE  MuNDY,  Ph.C,  and  Clarice  W.  S.  Rix 
[Abstract] 

In  the  determination  of  mercuric  chloride,  by  x'recipita- 
tion  of  the  sulphide,  in  mixtures  containing  solution  of 
mercuric  chloride  and  infusion  of  calumba,  considerable 
disparity  of  results  has  been  noticed,  and  to  a  less 
marked  extent  in  similar  mixtures  containing  potassuim 
iodide.  These  differences  have  been  overcome,  and  the 
present  paper  shows  how  the  proportion  of  mercuric 
chloride  in  such  mixtures  may  be  determined  with  a 
high  degree  of  accuracy.  On  passing  hydrogen  sulphide 
into  a  mixture  containing  solution  of  mercuric  chloride 
and  12.5  per  cent,  of  concentrated  infusion  of  calumba 
(r-7),  no  precipitate  of  mercuric  sulphide  is  obtained. 
On  alternately  heating  the  slightly  acidified  liquid  for  a 
considerable  time  and  resaturating  with  'hydrogen 
sulphide,  either  no  precipitate  or,  in  other  cases,  a 
small  and  very  flocculent  one,  obviously  mixed  with  an 
appreciable  amount  of  organic  matter,  separates.  In 
experiments  made  with  a  view  to  rendering  some  of 
the  constituents  of  the  infusion  insoluble,  the  liquid. was 
evaporated  to  dryness  on  the  water  bath,  the  residue 
taken  up  in  20  mils  of  water  and  3  mils  of  hydro- 
chloric acid,  allowed  to  stand  overnight  and  filtered, 
the  filter  being  washed  with  70  mils  of  water. 
After  reducing  the  acidity  of  the  resulting  solu- 
tion with  ammonia  and  saturating  with  hydrogen 
sulphide,  no  immediate  precipitate  was  obtained,  but 
on  heating  on  the  water  bath  and  again  saturating 
with  hydrogen  sulphide  a  very  small  amount  of 
sulphide,  equivalent  to  about  i.o  per  cent,  of  the 
solution  of  mercuric  chloride,  was  thrown  down.  On 
again  heating  and  passing  hydrogen  sulphide  for  a  con- 
siderable time,  in  three  subsequent  determinations, 
mercury  sulphide  corresponding  to  only  10.5  per  cent., 
10.7  per  cent.,  and  10. o  per  cent,  of  the  solution  of 
mercuric  chloride  was  precipitated.  Further  experi- 
ment showed  that  on  evaporating  a  control  solution  of 
mercuric  chloride  only,  for  the  same  length  '  of  time, 
and  treating  the  residue  in  the  same  manner,  only  a 
few  milligrammes  of  sulphide  were  obtained,  whereas 


without  previous  evaporation,  a  solution  of  mercuric 
chloride  gave  100  per  cent,  of  the  mercury  contained 
in  it.  It  is  evident  therefore  that  mercuric  chloride  in 
dilute  solution  is  extremely  volatile  in  steam,  and  that 
the  presence  of  the  infusion  not  only  hinders  the  pre- 
cipitation of  the  sulphide,  but  does  in  some  degree 
reduce  the  loss  from  evaporation. 

The    same   method   applied    to   a  mixture  contain- 
ing,   in     addition     2.286     per     cent,     of  potassium 
iodide,  or  mist,  hydrarg.    et    pot.    iodid,  N.F.,  gave 
better  results;  but  as  the  precipitate  was  still  some- 
what amorphous,   difficulty  was  experienced  in  filtra- 
tion, and  more  particularly  in  washing  the  precipitate 
on  the  Gooch  crucible.    On  collecting  the  portion  caiTied 
through  with  the  filtrate  and  washings  and  adding  this 
to  the  weight  of  the  main  portion,  results  correspona- 
ing  to  22.0  per  cent.,   23.7  per  cent.,   and  22.2  per 
cent,  of  solution  of  mercuric  chloride  respectively  were 
obtained,     but  a  fourth    quantity,     which  had  been 
allowed  to  remain  on  the  water  bath  for  about  an  hour 
after  its  evaporation  to  dryness  yielded  sulphide  equiva- 
lent to  only   II. o  per  cent,   of  the  mercuric  chloride 
solution.    Since  the  addition  of  ptotassium  iodide  to  the 
mixture,  therefore,  retards  the  loss  during  evaporation 
and  has  some  bearing  on  the  ease  with  which  pre- 
cipitation is  effected,   the    proportion    was  increased 
beyond  that  of  mist,  hydrarg.  et  pot.  iodid.  to  twice 
that  quantity  and  still  further.    The  additional  potas- 
sium iodide  was  added  to  the  mixtures  before  evapora- 
tion, but  in  the  case  of  the  experiments  with  4.57  per 
cent,  of  potassium  iodide,  almost  complete  precipitation 
was  effected  after  heating  once  and  saturating  twice 
with  hydrogen  sulphide,  but  the  washings  still  tended 
to  carry  amorphous  sulphide  through  the  Gooch  crucible. 
Two  trial   mixtures  with    7    per  cent,   of  potassium, 
iodide  added  were  found  to  yield  results  corresponding 
to  24.0  per  cent,  and  24.8  per  cent.,  of  solution  of 
mercuric  chloride  and  clear  filtrates  and  washings  were 
obtained.    In  similar  experiments  when  the  liquid  was 
cautiously  evaporated  on  a  gently  boiling  water  bath 
and  removed  as  soon  as  dry,  care  being  taken  not  to 
allow  the   steam  from  the   bath  to  blow  across  the 
surface  of  the  dish,  practically  the  whole  of  mercur>' 
present  was  recovered.    Equally  good  results    were  ob- 
tained by  the  same  process  on  a  mixture  in  which  the 
infusion  of  calumba  was  replaced  by  infusion  of  gentian, 
and  in  this  case  also  the  omission  of  the  potassium 
iodide  prevented  satisfactory  precipitation  with  or  with- 
out previous  evaporation.    No  attempt  has  been  made 
to  explain  the  action  of  the  potassium  iodide  imder 
these  conditions,  but  it  may  be  of  interest  to  note  that 
sodium  chloride  does  not  prevent  the  loss  of  mercuric 
chloride  by  evaporation  or  in  any  way  assist  the  pre- 
cipitation of  the  sulphide. 

The  table  below  gives  the  results  obtained  in  terms 
of  percentage  of  solution  of  mercuric  chloride  (i  in 
1000)  on  mixtures  containing  25  per  cent,  of  liq. 
hydrarg.  perchlor.  and  12.5  per  cent,  of  inf.  calumb. 
(ex  cone,  i — 7),  with  and  without  the  addition  of 
potassium  iodide; — • 


Experiment 

,  Percentage  of  KI 
present 

Percentage  of  liq.  hyd. 
perchlor.  found 

1 

nil 

10.5 

2 

nil 

10.7 

5 

nil 

10.0 

4 

2.286 

22.0 

5 

2.286 

23.7 

6 

2.286 

22.2 

7 

4.571 

22.8 

8 

7.0 

24.6 

9 

7.0 

24.8 

10 

7.0 

24.9 

Process  Recommended 

To  not  less  than  150  mils  of  a  mixture  contain- 
ing about  25  per  cent,  of  solution  of  mercuric  chloride 
and  the  concentrated  infusion  add  potassium  iodide  to  a 
concentration  of  not  less  than  7  per  cent.;  evaporate 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


339 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  -1952 


the  mixture  just  to  dryness  on  a  water  bath,  care 
being  taken  not  to  allow  the  steam  from  the  bath  to 
blow  across  the  surface  of  the  dish,  and  digest  the 
residue  overnight  with  20  mils  of  water  and  3 
mils  of  hydrochloric  acid;  filter  and  wash  with 
70  mils  of  water,  make  alkaline  with  ammonia  and 
then  just  acid  with  i  per  cent,  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  saturate  with  hydrogen  sulphide;  warm  on  a  water 
bath  for  twenty  minutes,  again  saturate  with  hydrogen 
sulphide  and  allow  to  stand  for  not  more  than  i  hour; 
filter  on  a  Gooch  crucible,  wash  with  50  mils  of 
cold  water,  with  three  quantities  of  carbon  tetra- 
chloride, and  finally  three  times  with  10  mils  of 
alcohol;  dry  to  constant  weight  at  100°  C;  each  gram 
of  residue  is  equivalent  to  1.167  gram  of  mercuric 
chloride. 

Several  mixtures  dispensed  under  average  dispensing 
conditions  have  been  examined  by  this  method,  and 
the  proportion  of  mercuric  chloride  present  has  been 
found  to  be  approximately  correct. 

Conclusions  ' 

The  presence  of  7  per  cent,  of  potassium  iodide  pre- 
vents, when  ordinary  care  is  taken,  any  appreciable  loss 
of  mercury  during  the  evaporation  of  solutions  or  mix- 
tures containing  mercuric  chloride.  It  also  enables  the 
mixture  containing  the  precipitated  mercuric  sulphide  to 
be  heated  on  the  water  bath  without  loss  by  volatili- 
sation and  the  sulphide  to  be  collected  in  a  sufficiently 
granular  form  to  minimise  the  difficulty  previously  ex- 
perienced in  filtration  and  washing.  By  the  method 
described  the  mercury  content  of  mixtures  containing 
vegetable  infusions  can  be  determined  with  a  high  degree 
of  accuracy. 

This  communication  was  read  by  Mr.  Corfield  in 
the  absence  of  the  authors. 

Discussion 

Mr.  Brindle  said  the  facts  in  the  paper  would  be  of 
great  service  to  analysts,  otherwise  they  may  be  led 
into  serious  error.  He  wondered  if  the  authors  had  tried 
the  electrolytic  method  for  the  estimation  of  mercury. 
He  had  found  this  most  satisfactory. 

The  Chairman  tendered  the  thanks  of  the  members  to 
the  authors. 

The  final  paper  to  be  read  at  this  session  was  that  on 

The  Preparation  and  Composition  of  the  Precipitated 
Phosphates  of  Calcium 

By  Norman  Glass,  A.I.C.,  and  A.  J.  Jones,  A.I.C, 
Ph.C. 

[Abstract] 

This  paper  deals  in  a  general  way  with  the  reactions 
between  a  calcium  salt  and  phosphor-ic  acid  when 
they  are  brought  together  in  solution  under  varying 
conditions;  and  a  method  is  given  whereby  the  propor- 
tions of  the  resulting  dibasic  and  tribasic  phosphates  or 
the  excess  lime  in  a  basic  phosphate  may  be  determined 
in  a  speedy  manner  sufficiently  accurate  for  most  prac- 
tical purposes.  [A  review  of  the  existing  literature 
opens  the  monograph.]  One  of  the  present  authors, 
while  estimating  the  phosphate  in  chemical  food,  had 
made  use  of  a  differential  titration  method  for  the  assay 
of  calcium  phosphate,  in  which  the  substance  was  dis- 
solved in  a  known  excess  of  standard  acid  and  the  solu- 
tion back  titrated  with  standard  sodium  hydroxide,  first 
using  dimethylaminoazobenzene  and  then  continuing 
with  phenolphthalein  at  a  temperature  of  70°  C,  as  in 
Shireman's  method  for  estimating  the  third  hydrogena- 
tion  in  phosphoric  acid.  This  process  was  now  tried 
again,  and  gave  good  results  in  connection  with  some 
trade  samples  of  calcium  phosphate.  But  the  method 
failed  on  one  of  the  specimens  prepared  in  the  labora- 
tory, the  trouble  being  located  in  the  usual  place  for 
this  type  of  titration,  namely,  the  phenolphthalein  end- 
point.    In  previous  papers  each  succeeding  author  has 


tried  to  overcome  this  difficulty  by  altering  the  indi- 
cator, changing  the  temperature,  or  varying  the  con- 
centration,  and  it  appears  to  have  been  possible  to 
adjust  the  conditions  sufticiently  well    to    enable  the 
phosphoric  acid  estimation  to  be    carried    out  with 
apparent  accuracy;  but  the  end-point  only  indicates  an 
artificial  condition  of  balance,  and  any  departure  from 
the  standard  conditions  will  lead    to    failure.    At  all 
events,  the  method  admits  of  no  very  extensive  applica- 
tion to  the  present  problem.    In  view  of  this  develop- 
ment, attention  was  directed  to  the  mechanism  of  the 
reaction  between  sodium  hydroxide  and  solutions  con- 
taining phosphate,  chloride,  and  calcium  under  various 
conditions.    Some  information  was  obtained  during  the 
preparation  of  the  various  specimens,  and  some  was 
the  outcome  of  analytical  trials,    A  check  was  made,  on 
Smith's  modification  of  Shireman's  method  and  good 
results  were  obtained,   but,   as  expected,   the  process 
could  not  be  extended  to  include  a  titration  in  which 
calcium  was  present  from  the    commencement.  The 
fact  of  the  presence  of  calcium  from  the  outset  consti- 
tutes the  vital  difference  between  the  titration  of  the 
third  hydrogen  in  phosphoric  acid  by  methods  such  as 
Shireman's  and  the  titration  of  an  acid  solution  of  cal- 
cium phosphate.      A  solution  of  calcium  phosphate  in 
hydrochloric  acid  may  be  regarded  as  a  solution  of 
calcium  chloride  and  phosphoric  acid,  in  which  gradual 
neutralisation  is  to  be  effected  by  sodium  hyclroxide, 
and  in  which  the  calcium  chloride  reacts  with  sodium 
phosphate  as  that  body  is  formed.    In  the  second  stage 
of  the  reaction,  namely,  fiom  the  commencement  of  the 
formation  of  Na.,HPO^,   calcium  phosphate  begins  to 
precipitate,  and  it  is  from  this  point  that  a  complicated 
series  of  reactions  is  set  up,  whether  in  analysis  or  in 
manufacture.    In  order  to  show  the  effect  of  changing 
conditions  upon  the  titration  of  such  an  acid  phosphate, 
a  series  of  experiments  was  performed  with  phosphoric 
acid  in  the  presence  of  calcium  chloride,  under  widely 
different  conditions  of  concentration  and  temperature 
and  with  various  indicators.     [Details,   with  a  table, 
are  given.]    To  show  what  variations  might  result  with 
different  indicators,  titrations  were  conducted,  taking  the 
exact  equivalent  of  calcium  chloride  and  completing  the 
titration  at  boiling  temperature.     [The  results  are  given 
in  a  table.]    When  the  progress  of  the  reaction  was 
better  understood  it  became  evident  that  nothing  satis- 
factory could  be   done  with  the    "  third   hydrogen  " 
method,  and  search  was  made  for  some  other  means  of 
arriving  at  the  desired  result. 

Finally,  a  rather  rough  but  flexible  method  was 
adopted,  quite  suitable  for  comparing  samples  of  widelj^ 
different  composition,  which  made  use  of  the  loss  on 
ignition  and  the  amount  of  acid  absorbed  by  the  phos- 
phate in  being  converted  to  calcium  acid  phosphate. 
The  procedure  "is  as  follows: — 

One  gm.  of  the  sample  is  ignited  to  constant  weight, 
either  in  the  muffle  furnace  or  over  the  blowpipe. 
Another  gram  of  the  sample  is  dissolved  in  25  c.c. 
TV/ 1  HCl  and  back  titrated  with  Njz  NaOH  using 
dimethylaminoazobenzene  as  indicator.  This  gives  the 
acid  "  absorbed,"  and  the  calculation  is  then  as  fol- 
lows:— From  the  loss  on  ignition  calculate  the  acid 
required  for  one  gm.  of  the  ignited  material.  This 
latter  is  assumed  to  consist  of  tribasic  calcium  phos- 
phate together  with  pyrophosphate  from  the  ignition  of 
Ca„H,^  (POj) ,;  or  calcium  oxide  and  tribasic  calcium 
phosphate  from  samples  containing  an  excess  of  lime. 
These  titration  figures  may  now  be  apportioned  between 
the  two  compounds  by  alligation  and  converted  to  per- 
centages on  the  original  sample.  [Examples  are 
given.]  There  are  several  weaknesses  in  the  method  as 
it  stands. 

Preparation  of  Specimens 

In  all,  some  thirty  samples  were  examined,  and  of 
these  about  one  dozen  had.  been  specially  prepared  with 

-  a  view  to  obtaining  as  great  a  variety  as  possible.  A 
stock  solution  of  calcium  phosphate  in  hydrochloric  acid 

■  was  first  prepared,  by  dissolving  some  ordinary  "  calc. 


340 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  1  932 


phosph.  prsecip."  in  a  minimum  of  hydrochloric  acid, 
estimating  the  calcium  and  the  phosphoric  acid,  and 
adjusting  to  the  correct  ratio  for  Ca3P„03  by  the 
addition  of  calcium  chloride.  From  this  liquor  the  cal- 
cium phosphate  was  precipitated  in  various  ways.  The 
most  satisfactory  way  of  washing  the  precipitate  was 
found  to  be  by  percolation,  the  mother  liquor  and  wash 
water  being  allowed  to  drain  away  from  a  large  Buchner 
funnel.  To  a  portion  of  the  phosphate  solution,  dilute 
caustic  soda  was  added  until  the  free  hydrochloric  acid 
had  been  neutralised,  as  indicated  by  dimethylaminoazo- 
benzene.  There  was,  of  course,  no  precipitation  at  this 
stage.  The  theoretical  amount  of  NaOH  solution  for 
complete  neutralisation  was  then  prepared  according  to 
the  analysis,  and  this  was  added  very  slowly  and  with 
brisk  agitation.  Exceptional  care  was  taken  to  break 
up  the  little  gelatinous  clots  that  formed,  and  to  keep 
the  particles  as  dispersed  as  possible.  Very  soon  the 
clots  disappeared  and  the  precipitate  changed  to  fine 
sandy  granules  which  settled  rapidly  to  the  bottom  of 
the  vessel.  The  gelatinous  nature  of  the  precipitate 
entirely  disappeared  and  minute  crystals  followed  the 
rod_  around  the  sides  of  the  beaker,  leaving  streaks 
similar  to  those  which  are  so  characteristic  of  the  forma- 
tion of  cream  of  tartar  when  the  sides  of  the  vessel 
have  to  be  scratched  in  order  to  make  the  precipitate 
appear.  It  soon  became  apparent  that  the  further 
addition  of  alkali  was  not  producing  normal  precipita- 
tion, and  the  supernatant  liquor,  when  tested,  was 
found  to  contain  no  phosphate,  but  a  considerable 
amount  of  calcium,  and  the  liquor  was  alkaline  to 
phenolphthalein.  At  this  stage  the  operation  was  dis- 
continued and  the  deposit  was  analysed:  this  is  precipi- 
tate (i).  By  the  addition  of  sodium  phosphate  another 
liquor  was  prepared  from  the  stock  solution  such  that 
sufficient  extra  PO^  was  present  to  combine  with  the 
calcium  left  in  solution  in  the  previous  experiment. 
Once  more  the  addition  of  caustic  soda  to  the  phenol- 
phthalein end-point  failed  to  precipitate  all  the  calcium : 
this  gave  precipitate  (2).  A  third  experiment  was  per- 
formed on  the  same  lines,  but  the  caustic  soda  was 
added  in  excess  far  beyond  the  amount  necessary  to 
react  with  the  phenolphthalein.  It  was  found  that  this 
liquor  contained  no  calcium:  this  gave  precipitate  (3). 
The  analyses  of  the  three  precipitates  thus  obtained 
were  as  follows,  the  figures  being  brought  to  100  per 
cent,  basis: — 


Precipitate  (1) 
Precipitate  (2) 
Precipitate  (3) 


Dibasic 
79.7  per  cent. 
39.9  per  cent. 
12.9  per  cent. 


Tribasic 
20.3  per  cent. 
60.1  per  cent. 
87.1  per  cent. 


In  another  experiment  the  caustic  soda  precipitation 
was  carried  out  to  finality  without  the  addition  of 
sodium  phosphate;  that  is,  the  alkali  was  run  in  with 
vigorous  stirring  until  no  calcium  remained  in  the 
liquor.  The  variation  in  physical  character  of  the 
precipitate  was  most  marked,  and  while  the  cake  was 
still  wet  a  slimy  layer  was  removed  from  the  top,  and 
this  was  treated  separately.  It  amounted  to  about  6  per 
cent,  of  the  total,  and  dried  to  a  hard,  horn-like  mass. 
When  the  main  bulk  was  dry,  it  was  found  possible  to 
separate  different  fractions  to  some  extent  by  differential 
grinding  and  sieving.  The  pieces  of  the  dry  Buchner 
cake  were  rubbed  between  the  fingers  and  gently  rubbed 
on  to  a  60  silk  sieve,  and  84  per  cent,  came  through. 
Only  with  considerable  eflort  could  the  remaining  frag- 
ments be  powdered  by  the  fingers,  and  so  they  were 
lightly  crushed  by  a  glass  roller,  after  which  it  was 
possible  to  pass  a  further  12  per  cent,  through  the  sieve. 
The  remaining  horny  fragments  (4  per  cent.)  were 
ground  in  the  mortar  and  all  made  to  pass  through  the 
sieve.  The  analyses  of  the  various  portions  brought  to 
100  per  cent,  basis  were  as  follows: — 


Sepijj.-i  tcil  slijme 
Th<  Lniik,  hand  sieved 
The  bulk,  under  roller 
The  bulk,  mortar  ground 


Ca3(P04)2 

94.3  per  cent. 
98.7  per  cent. 

98.0  per  cent. 

96.1  per  cent. 


CaO 
5.7  per  cent. 
1.3  per  cent. 
2.0  per  cent. 
3.9  per  cent. 


The  reverse  method  of  combination  was  tried  next, 
and  the  acid  liquor  run  into  the  correct  amount  of 
caustic  soda.  Unlike  the  previous  sample,  the  precipi- 
tate was  quite  homogeneous,  being  in  the  form  of  a  thin 
jelly  which  hardly  settled  at  all.  It  was  drained  on 
the  Buchner  and  washed  by  percolation  as  usual,  and 
was  found  to  contain,  on  the  100  per  cent,  basis, 
97.1  per  cent,  tribasic  and  2.9  per  cent,  calcium  oxide. 
Other  methods  of  precipitation  were  tried,  using 
ammonia  as  the  precipitating  agent,  and  the  effect  of 
the  feebler  alkali  was  most  marked.  As  before,  precipi- 
tates were  formed  by  adding  the  phosphates  to  the 
alkali  as  well  as  in  the  reverse  direction,  and  in  one 
case  the  solution  was  raised  to  a  temperature  of  90°  C. 
before  the  addition  of  the  ammonia.  This  latter  pro- 
cedure gave  a  mixed  product  which  settled  in  a  beaker 
in  two  layers,  granular  and  semi-gelatinoas,  but,  on 
standing,  the  gelatinous  nature  of  the  other  layer  slowly 
changed,  and  finally  the  whole  precipitate  had  a 
uniform  sandy  appearance.  When  carried  out  in  the 
cold,  additions  of  ammonia  to  the  acid  solutions  pro- 
duced the  granular  .form,  while  the  reverse  process  gave 
gelatinous  precipitate.  AH  this  bore  marked  similarity 
to  the  previous  work  with  caustic  soda,  but,  as  the 
following  results  show,  the  ammonia  failed  to  "  fix  " 
the  calcium  in  the  same  way  as  the  caustic  soda  did. 
The  analyses  were  as  follows :  — 

Ca3(P04)2  Ca^H.CPO,).. 
Ammonia  to  acid  liquor  cold  .  .  49.8  per  cent.  50.2  per  cent. 
Ammonia  to  acid  liquor  hot  ..  52.0  per  cent.  48.0  per  cent. 
Acid  liquor  to  ammonia  . .     87.8  per  cent.    12.2  per  cent. 

Two  other  methods  of  precipitating  suggested  them- 
selves, namely,  the  use  of  neutral  calcium  chloride 
solution  with  di-  or  trisodium  phosphate.  In  the  case 
of  the  di-solution  phosphate,  the  precipitation  was  tried 
in  both  directions  with  the  following  results: — 

Ca3(P04)2  Ca.^Ha(P04), 

Calcium  added  to  phosphate     8.2  per  cent.    91.8  per  cent. 

Phosphate  added  to  calcium   36.8  per  cent.    63.2  per  cent. 

In  the  first  experiment  the  calcium  chloride  was 
added  in  slight  excess;  in  the  second  experiment,  equiva- 
lent quantities  were  used.  The  experiment  with  tribasic 
sodium  phosphate  was  performed  by  adding  the  phos- 
phate solution  to  the  calcium  chloride.  When  the 
theoretical  quantity  had  been  added  there  was  still  cal- 
cium in  the  liquor,  and  after  standing  overnight  a  little 
more  phosphate  was  put  in.  This  completed  the 
removal  of  the  calcium  from  the  solution.  The  precipi- 
tate was  very  gelatinous  indeed,  and  hardly  settled  at 
all.  It  was  washed  in  the  usual  way,  but  seemed  to 
require  much  more  water  than  the  other  precipitates. 
Its  analysis  showed  91.9  per  cent,  tribasic  and  0.9  per 
cent,  calcium  oxide. 

Finally,  a  sample  of  B.P.  19 14  calcium  phosphate  was 
prepared  by  following  the  meagre  cfiicial  directions, 
namely,  by  "  the  interaction  of  calcium  chloride  and 
sodium  phosphate  with  excess  of  ammonia  at  boiling 
temperature."  The  calcium  chloride  solution  was 
brought  to  the  boil  and  the  sodium  phosphate  and 
ammonia  added,  the  heating  being  maintained.  Lumps 
of  jelly  formed  first,  and  then  a  heavy  lumpy  sludge, 
which  settled  fairly  well.  There  was  excess  phosphate 
in  the  liquor,  but  the  precipitate  was  washed  and  dried 
without  any  further  treatment.  The  assay,  on  the 
loo-per-cent.  basis,  was  99.26  per  cent,  tribasic  and 
0.74  per  cent,  calcium  oxide. 

With  reference  to  the  dilutions  at  which  these  experi- 
ments were  performed,  after  a  number  of  trials  it  was 
found  that  for  the  best  results  the  concentration  of  the 
acid  liquor  should  not  be  much  above  nN  when  titrated 
to  the  phenolphthalein  endpoint  with  alkali,  while  the 
sodium  hydroxide  solutions  should  certainly  never  exceed 
20-per-cent.  strength.  These  figures,  of  course,  repre- 
sent maximum  values,  and  many  of  the  experiments 
were  carried  out  at  much  greater  dilutions.  Should 
these  reactions  be  allowed  to  take  place  at  too  high 
concentration,  or  should  the  mixing  be  inefficient,  it 
will  be  found  that  chloride  is  combined  with  the  pre- 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


341 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932- 


cipitate  and  cannot  be  washed  out.  This  is  a  rather 
remarkable  state  of  affairs,  and  it  would  appear  that 
a  definite  chloro- phosphate  is  formed;  and  such  com- 
pounds have  indeed  been  mentioned  by  previous 
workers. 

Conclusions  Based   on  the  Results  Obtained 

Following  the  results  of  the  experiments  just  described, 
the  conclusions  have  been  drawn  that  almost  any  pro- 
portion of  di-  and  tribasic  phosphate  may  occur  in  a 
sample  according  to  the  degree  of  alkalinity  maintained 
in  the  liquor  during  the  progress  of  the  reaction;  and 
also  upon  the  time  of  digestion  after  the  actual  pre- 
cipitation of  the  phosphate  has  been  completed.  The 
latter  condition  allows  for  hydrolytic  changes  in  the 
dibasic  salt  and  for  a  certain  degree  of  equilibrium  to 
be  attained  for  a  given  mixture. 

Summarising  the  general  case,  it  may  be  contended 
that  when  the  reacting  mixture  passes  through  degrees 
of  hydrogen-ion  concentration  from  3  to  11,  by  adding 
caustic  soda  to  an  acid  phosphate  solution,  the  precipi- 
tation proceeds  in  three  stages: — (i)  The  production  of 
dibasic  calcium  phosphate;  (2)  the  precipitation  of  a 
certain  amount  of  tribasic  salt  coincident  with  the 
formation  of  more  dibasic,  and  later,  the  conversion  of 
some  of  the  preformed  dibasic  into  tribasic  salt;  (3) 
the  absorption  of  calcium  hydrate  produced  in  the  final 
stages  of  adding  the  alkali.  This  scheme  assumes  a 
balanced  liquor.  Should  calcium  be  deficient  or  in 
excess  of  the  amount  required  for  the  formula 
Ca3(POj.,,  then  considerable  modification  will  occur 
in  the  course  of  the  reaction  towarub  the  end.  All 
samples  examined  by  the  present  authors  have  contained 
sufficient  calcium  to  account  for  botn  dibasic  and  tri- 
basic salts  within  the  same  sample.  In  view  of  the 
method  of  preparation  it  can  hardly  be  conceded  that 
actual  CaHjPoOg  would  be  present  in  a  sample  of  phar- 
maceutical calcium  phosphate.  The  "  acidity  figures  " 
must  be  regarded,  therefore,  as  indicating  the  degree  of 
hydrolysis  attained  by  any  sample  when  submitted  to 
the  conditions  of  the  "  acidity  "  test,  and  it  is  desir- 
able to  distinguish  between  real  acidity  due  to  an 
essentially  acid  salt,  and  potential  acidity  which  only 
develops  when  conditions  favour  hydrolysis. 

Commercial  Samples 

Apart  from  the  specimens  specially  prepared,  various 
supplies  of  calcium  phosphate  bought  on  the  market 
were  examined,  and  typical  examples  of  these  are 
given: — 


No, 

Marks 

Total  Ca 
as  tribasic 
salt 

Dibasic 
salt 

Tribasic 
salt 

Loss  on 
ignition 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

1 

Pracip.  B.P.  . . 

85.1 

42.1 

53.1 

7.6 

2 

Prtecip.  B.P.  . . 

86.1 

36.8 

58.1 

7.5 

3 

Praecip.  B.P.  . . 

56.3 

72.3 

1.4 

28.9 

4 

Food  and  drugs 

63.  5 

79.4 

3.2 

21.6 

5 

Pr»cip.  B.P.  . . 

86.2 

35.6 

59.1 

7.7 

6 

Pr.-Ecip.  B.P.  . . 

89.9 

22.6 

72.7 

6.2 

7 

Prsecip.  B.P. 

special 

84.  8 

44.3 

51.1 

7.5 

8 

Pra;cip.  B.P.  . . 

87.4 

33.6 

61.9 

6.7 

9 

Prsecip. 

73.6 

60.9 

27.3 

15.8 

10 

Pra>cip.  B.P.  . . 

86.0 

11.2 

77.5 

12.0 

11 

Piwcip.  B.P.  . . 

88.3 

5.4 

84.4 

10.4 

The  figures  as  a  whole  have  been  rounded  off  to 
the  nearest  o.i  per  cent,  in  order  that  a  false  impression 
of  the  accuracy  of  analysis  shall  not  be  given.  Sample  3 
contained  2.1  per  cent,  of  calcium  sulphate  and  sample  4 
contained  1.04  per  cent. 

The  work  involved  in,  this  paper  was  carried  out  in 
the  laboratories  of  Evans  Sons,  Lescher  &  Webb,  Ltd., 
Liverpool. 

Discussion 

Mr.  Evers  confirmed  the  authors'  experience  of  the 
complex  nature  of  this  material. 

Dr.  Hampshire  said  what  was  wanted  was  a  good 


general  diluent.  They  wanted  a  uniform  calcium  phos- 
phate. 

Mr.  Ferrey  asked  if  Mr.  Jones  had  any  method  of 
estimating  moisture,  other  than  combined  moisture,  in 
the  salt. 

Mr.  Jones  replied. 

Science  Section 

Wednesday  Morning 

Shortly  after  10  a.m.  Mr.  Skinner,  chairnlan  of  the 
Conference,  took  the  chair,  and  called  on  Mr.  A.  D. 
Powell  to  read  the  commmiication  on : 

The  Estimation  of  Lead  and  Other  Metals  in 
Iron  Salts 


By  A. 


D.  Powell,  A.I.C.,  and  G. 

A. I.e. 


F.  Hall,  B.Sc, 


[Abstract] 

The  estimation  of  traces  of  lead  in  the  presence  of  iron, 
state  the  authors,  is  attended  by  considerable  difficul- 
ties. In  a  recently  published  paper  on  the  determina- 
tion of  lead  in  dyestuffs,  N.  L.  Allport  and  G.  H. 
Skrimshire  drew  attention  to  these  difficulties,  and 
recommended  an  extraction  method.  The  authors  have 
found  that  this  method  provides  a  satisfactory  means  of 
separating  traces  of  lead  from  iron.  For  some  time 
they  have  been  using  a  method  by  which  the  separation 
of  the  iron  and  lead  is  effected  by  extraction,  but  in 
the  reverse  way  from  that  of  Allport  and  Skrimshire. 
The  use  of  ether  as  a  solvent  for  ferric  chloride  was 
recommended  as  a  basis  for  the  analysis  of  steel  by 
Rothe,  and  the  solubility  of  other  metallic  chlorides  in 
this  solvent  was  investigated  by  Mylius  and  Hiittner. 
The  authors'  preliminary  experiments  showed  that  iron 
is  not  removed  quite  so  rapidly  as  stated  by  Mylius  and 
Hiittner  from  solutions  of  20-per-cent.  hydrochloric  acid 
concentration,  and  better  results  were  obtained  if  the 
acid  concentration  was  increased,  to  25  per  cent.  The 
presence  of  nitric  acid  does  not  interfere  with  the 
extraction.  It  is  also  unnecessary  to  remove  citric  or 
Tartaric  acids,  i*£  present,  and  direct  extraction  may  be 
carried  out  on  solutions  of  such  substances  as  iron  and 
ammonium  citrate.  The  insolubility  of  lead  chloride  in 
ether  imder  these  conditions  of  extraction  was  proved 
by  the  addition  ot  known  amounts  of  lead^  varying 
between  0.05  mgrri.  and  1  mgm.,  to  solutions  of  ferric 
salts.  Experiments  show  that  the  loss  of  lead  is  negli- 
gible.    (The  authors  give  a  table.) 

The  details  of  the  test  as  generally  carried  out  are  as 
follows: — An  amount  of  iron  salt  containing  from  0.5  to 
i.o  gram  of  Fe  is  dissolved  in  20  c.c.  of  hydrochloric 
acid  {25  to  27  per  cent,  w/w)  and  strong  nitric  acid  is 
added  in  sufficient  amount  to  oxidise  any  ferrous  iron 
(0.5  to  2.5  c.c).  The  solution  is  boiled  and  cooled, 
care  being  taken  not  to  reduce  the  strength  of  acid  by 
unnecessarily  prolonged,  boiling.  If  prolonged  oxidation 
is  necessary,  the  hydrochloric  acid  concentration  should 
be  adjusted  before  extraction.  The  cold  solution  is 
placed  in  a  separator  and  the  iron  extracted  by  three 
20  c.c.  quantities  of  ether.  If  the  acid  solution  is  still 
coloured,  a  fourth  extraction  should  be  made.  The  acid 
solution  is  then  heated  on  a  steam  bath  in  a  narrow- 
necked  flask  until  dissolved  ether  has  volatilised.  The 
solution  is  then  almost  neutralised  with  ammonia, 
potassium  cyanide  added,  and  the  lead  test  completecl 
by  the  usual  process  of  the  Pharmacopceia.  If  desired, 
tests  for  other  likely  impurities  may  be  made  on  this 
solution.  A  series  of  determinations  made  on  iron  and 
ammonium  citrate  obtained  from  various  sources  at 
different  times  shows  that  considerable  variation  in  the 
lead  content  occurs.    (A  table  is  given.) 

Summary 

Traces  of  lead  may  be  separated  quantitatively  from 
considerable  quantities  of  iron  by  extraction  of  the 
iron  as  ferric  chloride   with   ether  from  hydrochloric 


342 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932 


acid  solution.  The  concentration  of  hydrochloric  acid 
is  of  some  importance,  and  should  be  approximately 
25  to  27  per  cent-,  vv/w. 

The  method  is  suitable  for  use  with  iron  salts,  which 
normally  contain  appreciable  traces  of  lead,  and  may 
contain  much  more  than  is  desirable.  Most  other 
metallic  impurities  are  either  insoluble  or  only  very 
slightly  soluble  in  ether,  and  their  presence  in  iron 
salts  may  be  shown  after  removal  of  the  iron. 

This  work  was  carried,  out  in  the  analytical  labora- 
tories of  Boots  Pure  Drug  Co.,  Ltd. 

Discussion 

Mr.  A.  J.  Jones  characterised  the  paper  as  an  ex- 
traordinarily interesting  one,  revealing  a  state  of  affairs 
of  which  they  were  not  aware,  and  he  inquired  where 
the  lead  came  from.  If  a  limit  is  set,  that  may  be 
satisfactory  for  the  analyst,  but  is  one  to  set  a  stan- 
dard to  force  manufacturers  to  it?  It  is  not  wise  to 
find  the  possibilitiej  and  then  set  a  standard.  General 
technical  work  has  its  limit.  The  lead  is  not  in  the 
citric  acid;  it  is  not  likely  to  be  in  the  ammonia,  nor 
is  it  likely  to  come  from  the  apparatus  used,  therefore 
it  must  come  from  the  iron.  Manganese  probably 
comes  from  the  sulphuric  acid.  Mr.  Powell,  in  the 
course  of  his  reply,  said  if  reasonably  good  iron  sulphate 
is  used  and  25  parts  per  million  of  lead  is  allowed,  there 
will  be  about  75  parts  per  million  in  the  citrate, 
actually  there  was  rather  more.  As  regards  the  vessels 
used  for  manufacture,  he  had  seen  wood  containers 
made  with  red  lead  jointing. 

The  next  paper  was :  — • 

The  Copper  Content  of  Certain  Pharmaceutical 
Preparations  and  Chemicals 

By  Norman  Evers,  B.Sc,  F.I.C,  and 
L.  A.  Haddock,  B.Sc,  F.I.C. 

.'  -    •.  ■   ■         •  ;  [Abstract] 

An  outline  of  the  authors'  recently  published  method 
for  the  determination  of  minute  amounts  of  copper  in 
the  presence  of  iron  and  certain  other  metals  is  as 
follows: — • 

The  volume  of  the  solution  to  be  examined  is  adjusted 
to  approximately  70  c.c.  and  if  iron,  manganese  or 
chromium  is  present,  2  gm.  of  citric  acid  are  added  for 
each  0.1  gm.  of  iron  or  0.2  gm.  of  manganese  or 
chromium.  In  the  case  of  manganese,  5  c.c.  of  5  per 
cent,  sulphurous  acid  solution  is  also  added.  Ferrous 
iron  must  be  absent  and  chromium  must  be  present  as 
a  chromic  salt.  A  lo-per-cent.  solution  of  ammonia  is 
added  until  the  final  Pii  is  approximately  9,  the  final 
volume  of  the  solution  being  not  greater  than  80  c.c. 
In  the  presence  of  chromium,  the  citrate  solution  must 
be  boiled  and  cooled  before  the  final  Ph  adjustment. 
In  the  presence  of  zinc,  aluminium  or  stannic  tin,  a 
slight  excess  of  sodium  hydroxide  solution  is  added, 
and  it  is  only  necessary  to  add  citric  acid  if  more  than 
traces  of  iron  are  present.  To  the  solution,  alkaline 
with  ammonia  or  sodium  hydroxide,  10  c.c.  of  a  o.i  per 
cent,  solution  of  sodium  di-ethyldithiocarbamate  solu- 
tion is  added  and  the  colour  duo  to  the  copper  com- 
pound is  extracted  with  four  quantities  of  2.5  c.c.  of 
carbon  tetrachloride,  added  from  a  burette.  If  the  last 
extraction  is  more  than  faintly  coloured,  the  extraction 
is  continued  and  the  final  volume  of  the  carbon  tetra- 
chloride is  adjusted  to  20  c.c.  The  colour  of  the  mixed 
extracts  is  measured  in  a  i  cm.  cell  in  a  tintometer, 
and  the  amount  of  copper  can  be  found  from  tables 
prepared  by  the  authors.  The  piresence  of  not  more 
than  0.5  mgm  of  lead,  cobalt,  nickel  or  bismuth  does 
not  aftect  the  results.  This  method  has  been  applied 
with  slight  modifications  to  the  quantitative  examina- 
tion for  copper  in  certain  pharmaceutical  preparations 
and  chemicals. 

In  the  case  of  organic  substances  the  method  of  pro- 
cedure was  as  follows:  A  weighed  quantity  of  the  sub- 
stance was  ignited  in  a  platinum  dish  in  an  electric 


muffle  furnace  at  as  low  a  temperature  as  possible. 
After  removal  of  all  the  carbon,  the  ash  was  dissolved 
in  a  small  quantity  of  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the  solu- 
tion was  washed  into  a  flask.  A  few  drops  of  100  vol. 
hydrogen  peroxide  were  added,  and  the  solution  was 
boiled  for  a  few  minutes  in  order  to  oxidise  any  iron 
present.  After  cooling,  the  volume  of  the  solution  was 
adjusted  to  a  known  amount,  and  an  aliquot  portion 
was  taken  for  examination  for  copper  according  to  the 
method  described.  This  preliminary  procedure  was  also 
necessary  in  the  case  of  organic  salts  of  iron.  In  the 
case  of  substances  containing  phosphorus  or  a  high  pro- 
portion of  alkali  metal  sulphates  a  silica  basin  was  used 
in  preference  to  one  of  platinum.  Hypophosphites  were 
initially  oxidised  with  bromine,  excess  of  which  was 
removed  by  boiling.  The  soluble  ?alts  of  the  alkali 
metals  and  organic  acids  were  examined  without  pre- 
liminary ignition.  Chemicals  containing  zinc,  aluminium, 
manganese,  chromium,  tin  or  magnesium  present  as 
inorganic  salts,  were  examined  without  preliminary 
treatment. 

The  results  of  the  examination  of  various  chemicals 
are  set  out  below: — 


Cliemical 


Copper 
parts  per 
million 


Ammonium  chloride  .  .  2.4 
Betanapbthol  . .  . .  2.7 
Calcimn  chloride  ..  1.2 
Calcium  hydroxide      .  .  2 

Chrome  alum  .  .  .  .  25 
Citric  acid  .  .  .  .  8 
Ferric  and  ammonium 

citrate  B.P.  No.  1     .  .  66 
Ferric  and  ammonium 

citrate  B.P.  No.  2    . .  48 
Ferric  and  ammonium 

citrate  B.P.  No.  3     .  .  52 

Ferric  glycerophosphate  68 

Ferric  hypophosphite .  .  60 

Ferric  and  qirinine  citrate  36 

Ferric  valei'ianate       .  .  38 
Hydrochloric  acid       ..  0.4 
Lactic  acid      . .        . .  6.5 


Cliemical 


Copper 
parts  per 
million 
.  .  1.1 


Magnesium 
Manganese  hj'poplios- 

phite  .  .        .  .        .  .  16 

Oleic  acid         .  .        .  .  14 

Phosphoric  acid  B.P.  ..  6.7 

Potaslr  alum    .  .        . .  0.2 

Potassiiun  bitartrate  . .  7.7 
Potassium  citrate  .  .  2 
Potassium  iodide  ..  0.8 
Sodium  hypophosphite  1 . 8 
Sodium  nitrate  .  .  2.5 
Sodium  potassiirm  tar- 
trate   2.2 

Sodinin  salicylate       .  .  1 

Tamiic  acid      .  .        .  .  24 

Tartaric  a,cid    . .         .  .  5 

Zinc  chloride    ..        ..  5.5 

Zinc  iodide       . .        .  .  0. 7 


Certain  galenicals  and  miscellaneous  substances  gave 
the  following  results: — 


Preparation 


Copper 
parts  per 
million 

Aloin      . .        .  .        .  .  12 

Catechu  .  .        •  •  6 

Conf .  sermiE  B.P.        .  .  11 
Dextrose  .  .        .  .  4.4 

Ext.  belladonna' liq.B.P.  28 
*Fxt.   belladonoEe  sice. 

B.P.  No.  1   . .        . .  77 
*Ext.   belladonnfe  sice. 

B.P.  No.  2    .  .        . .  230 
*F.xt.  belladonnee  sicf. 

B.P.  No.  3   . .        •  ■  270 
*Ext.  belladonnas  viride 

B.P.,  98.  No.  1      . .  194 
*Ext.  belladonnas  viride 

B.P.,  98.  No.  2      .  .  185 
*Ext.  belladonnas  viritle 

B.P.,  98.  No.  3  .  .  360 
Ext.  cinchonae  sice.  .  .  159 
*Ext.  ergotte  B.P.  No.  1  580 
*Ext.  ergota;  B.P.  No.  2  355 
*Ext.  ergotaj  B.P.  No.  3  90 


Ext.  filicis  liq.  B.P. 

*Ext.  hyoscyami 

No.  1 

*Ext.  hyoscvami 

No.  2  ' 

*Ext.  hyoscyami 

No.  3' 


B.P. 


B.P. 


B.P. 


54 
370 
'  275 


. .  440 


Copper 

Preparation       parts  per 
million 

Ext.  micis  vom.  liq.  B.P.  51 
Ext.  iiucis  vom.  sicc.B.P.  74 
Ferri  carb.  saceh.  B.P.  73 
Ferri  phospli.  sacch.  B.P.  70 
Gelati]i6  . .        .  .  10 

Indigo  carmine  .  .  145 

Lard"  4 

Liver  extract,  dried  .  .  170 
Malt  extract,  dried  .  .  25 
Mel  boracis  B.P.  .  .  8 
Pil.  farri  carb  .  .  .  .  44 
Syr.    ferri   phosph.  co 

'B.P.C.         ..       ..  8,7 
Syr.    ferri    phosph.  c 
quinin.   et  strychnin 

B.P  21 

Svr.  glvcerophosph.  co. 

■  B.P.C.  6.5 

Thyroid  gland,  dried  ..  34 
Tinct.  benzoin,  co.  B.P.  17 
Tinct.  camph.  co.  cone. 

1-7  6.5 

Tinct.  digitalis  B.P.     . .  9 
Tinct.  hyoscyami  B.P. .  .  19.5 
Tinct.  pereioiris  B.P.C. .  .  6.5 
Tinct.  stramonii  B.P.  .  .  6*5 
Tinct.  valerian  ammon. 

B.P  4 

from  three  different  pharma- 


*Tliese  samples  ^rere  obtained 
ceutical  houses. 

It  will  be  seen  that,  as  is  to  be  expected,  the  pre- 
parations which  have  been  evaporated  in  copper  vessels 
such  as  the  soft  and  dry  extracts  are  the  ones  most 
seriously  contaminated  with  copper.     In  view  of  the 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


343 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932 


recent  observations  on  the  value  of  traces  of  copper  in 
haemoglobin  formation  it  is  unlikely  that  these  amounts 
of  copper  would  be  harmful. 

Discussion 

Mr.  Rutherford  Hill  said  the  paper  reminded  him 
of  his  Own  contribution  to  the  Conference  of  1884, 
entitled  ' '  Copper  m  Some  Pharmaceutical  Prepara- 
tions." The  present  paper  was  a  much  more  finished 
work,  but  the  results  were  similar.  He  thought  that 
copper-jacketed  pans  should  not  be  used  for  evapora- 
tion. He  preferred  pans  which  were  tin-lined  or  of 
block  tin.  Whenever  copper-jacketed  pans  were  used 
the  product  usually  became  contaminated.  Mr.  Hill 
instanced  a  case  in  which  a  mixture  containing  nux 
vomica  and  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia  changed  colour. 
There  was,  he  said,  copper  normally  present  in  some 
natural  products.  Fine  methods  of  analysis  detected 
traces  of  copper  where  it  was  never  suspected  before. 
He  thought  that  the  evidence  presented  in  the  paper 
definitelv  condemned  the  use  of  copper-jacketed  pans. 

Dr.  Bryant  said  it  was  strange  that  the  copper 
content  of  liquid  extract  of  nux  vomica  was  lower 
than  that  of  the  dry  extract. 

Mr.  Rae  said  Mr.  Evers  did  not  mention  extract  of 
cannabis  indica,  which,  when  made  by  means  of  a 
nickel  vacuum  still,  was  brown  in  colour.  The  usual 
green  colour  of  the  extract  was  due  to  the  copper 
from  the  pan. 

Mr.  Evers  agre:d  that  naturally  occurring  copper 
was  universal.  It  was  certainly  an  omission  not  to 
have  mentioned  extract  of  cannabis  indica. 

The  next  paper,  read  by  Mr.  R.  R.  Bennett  in  the 
absence  of  the  authors,  was:  — 

New  Methods  for  the  Determination  of  Traces  of  Lead 
and  Copper  in  the  Presence  of  Iron,  with  Special 
Reference  to  Iron  and  Ammonium  Citrate 

By  Noel  L.  Allport,  A.I.C,  and  G.  H.  Skrimshire 

[Abstract] 

In  view  of  the  large  dosage  already  used  in  iron 
therapy  the  determination  of  lead  present  as  impurity 
has  become  a  problem  of  considerable  importance.  The 
authors  have  found  that  their  method  for  determin- 
ing traces  of  lead  in  dyestufis  and  organic  material 
generally  ("  Analyst,"  57,  440)  is  not  vitiated  by  the 
presence  of  iron,  and  is  even  applicable  to  iron  salts. 
After  preliminary  wet-oxidation  of  the  material,  the 
residue  is  treated  with  water,  citric  acid,  excess  of 
ammonia  and  a  little  potassium  cyanide,  followed  by 
extraction  of  the  aqueous  liquid  with  a  solution  of 
diphenylthiocarbazone  in  chloroform.  After  removal 
of  chloroform  by  evaporation,  the  organic  matter  is 
destroyed  by  wet  oxidation  and  the  lead  determined 
colorimetrically  as  sulphide.  The  accurate  estimation 
of  traces  of  copper  in  medicinal  iron  preparations  and 
foodstuffs  has  also  become  a  matter  of  importance 
since  it  has  been  found  that  in  order  to  promote 
haemoglobin  formation  it  is  essential  that  traces  of 
copper  are  present  in  the  iron  compounds  administered 
for  this  purpose.  Copper  may  be  extracted  from  alka- 
line solutions,  in  the  absence  of  potassium  cyanide 
by  shaking  with  a  solution  of  diphenylthiocarbazone 
in  chloroform.  It  was  proposed,  therefore,  to  extract 
copper  and  lead  in  this  manner,  but  experiments  gave 
unsatisfactory  results  owing  to  the  extraction  of  lead 
being  inhibited  unless  the  alkalinity  of  the  aqueous 
liquid  was  adjusted  suitably.  The  degree  of  alkalinity 
is  not  very  critical,  but  loss  of  lead  results  if  the 
solution  becomes  faintly  acid  or  is  too  strongly  alka- 
line. The  extraction  of  copper  did  not  present  any 
difficulties,  but  the  choice  of  a  suitable  reagent  for 
its  colorimetric  determination  was  the  subject  of  many 
experiments.  Attention  was  directed  finally  to  dithio- 
oxamide  (CS.NH,),,  also  known  as  rubeanic  acid.  This 
reagent  in  the  presence  of  acetic  acid  (2  per  cent.)  and 
ammonium  acetate  (i  per  cent.)  produces  an  olive- 
green  colour  with  copper,  but  no  coloration  whatever 


with  lead,  manganese,  bismuth,  tin  or  zinc.  The  free 
acetic  acid  reduces  its  response  to  cobalt  and  nickel, 
and  though  sensitivity  to  copper  is  also  lowered,  differ- 
ences of  o.oi  mgm.  may  be  detected  easily.  For  the 
determination  of  lead  and  copper  in  medicinal  iron 
preparations,  the  following  procedure  was  finally 
adopted : — 

To  2  gm.  of  the  sample  contained  in  a  350-c.c.  conical 
fla.sk  of  resistancB  glass  is  added  5  c.c.  of  water  and  10  <i.c. 
of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  The  mixture  is  gently 
heated  and  10  c.c.  of  30  per  cent,  hydrogen  peroxide  slowly 
added  and  the  mi.vture  boiled.  More  hydrogen  peroxide 
is  added  as  necessary  imtil  the  organic  matter  is  completely 
oxidised  (as  indicated  by  the  absence  of  charring  when  all 
the  excess  water  has  been  boiled  off).  To  the  cooled  residue 
50  o.c.  of  water  and  10  c.c.  of  concentrated  hydrochloric 
acid  are  added,  and  the  contents  of  the  flask  gently  boiled 
until  a  perfectly  clear  solution  is  obtained.  This  liquid  is 
cooled,  and  a  previously  preparer!  solution  made  by  dis- 
solving 10  gm.  of  citric  acid  in  60  c.c.  of  water  and  30  c.c. 
of  ammonia  (s.g.  0.880)  is  added.  After  this  addition,  the 
mixture  is  again  cooled  and  neutralised  with  dilute 
ammonia  (10-per-cent.),  the  observation  of  the  reaction 
being  made  with  litmus  paper  dipped  into  the  well-cooled 
mixture.  A  further  10  c.c.  of  dilute  ammonia  is  added  and 
the  liquid  is  transferred  to  a  separator  and  immediately 
extracted  three  times  by  shaking  vigorously  with  a  recently 
prepared  0.1-per-cent.  w/ v  solution  of  diphenylthiocarbazone 
in  chlorofonn,  10  to  15  c.c.  of  the  reagent  being  used  for 
each  extraction.  Each  extract  is  washed  in  turn  with  about 
20  c.c.  of  water  contained  in  anotlier  separator,  and  then 
transferred  to  a  small  flask  of  resistance  glass  and  the 
chloroform  evaporated.  About  0.5  c.c.  of  sulphuric  aci_d  is 
added  to  the  residue  and  the  organic  matter  destroyed  by 
heating  with  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid.  The  excess  of 
nitrio  acid  is  removed  by  adding  a  few  drops  of  water  to 
the  cooled  solution  and  heating  until  white  fumes  appear. 
This  residue,  which  will  contain  all  the  lead  and  copper 
originally  present  in  the  material  taken  for  the  determina- 
tion, is  diluted  with  water  and  1  gm.  of  citric  acid  and 
4  gm.  of  ammonium  acetate  added  ;  when  solution  is  com- 
plete the  liciuid  is  rendered  slightly  alkaline  with  ammonia 
and  its  volume  made  up  to  100  c.c.  The  copper  is  deter- 
mined by  transferring  25  c.o.  to  a  Nossler  glaets,  neutrMiising 
to  litmus  with  glacial  acetic  acid,  adding  2  c.c.  of  the  same 
acid  in  excess,  diluting  to  100  c.c.  with  water  and  finally 
adding  1  c.c.  of  a  0.1-per-cent.  w/v  solution  of  dithio- 
oxamide  in  95-per-cent.  alcohol.  The  olive-green  colour  due 
to  copper  develops  to  its  full  intensity  in  about  one  minute 
and  is  matched  by  adding  the  same  reaoent  to  100  c.c.  of 
an  auxiliary  solution  containing  1  gm.  of  ammonium 
acetate  and  2  c.c.  of  glacial  a<;stic  acid  and  a  suitable  quan- 
tity of  standard  solution  of  copper  sulphate  (containing 
0.00001  gm.  of  Cu  per  c.c).  If  the  colour  to  be  matchecl 
is  greater  than  that  given  by  6  c.c.  of  standard  copper 
solution,  the  test  should  be  repeated,  using  an  appropriately 
smaller  amount  of  the  original  solution.  The  lead  is  then 
determined  by  transferring  25  c.c.  of  the  original  solution 
to  a  Nessler  glae.s,  adding  1  c.c.  of  10-per-cent.  potassium 
cyanide,  a  little  dilute  ammonia,  diluting  to  50  c.c.  with 
water,  adding  0.1  c.c.  of  10-per-cent.  sodium  sulphide  solu- 
tion and  matching  the  colour  in  the  ordinary  way  by  means 
of  the  Dilute  Solution  of  Lead  PbT.  of  the  British  Pharma- 
copoeia (containing  0.00001  gm.  of  Pb  per  c.c.)  using  an 
auxiliary  solution  containing  1  gm.  of  ammonium  acetate, 
1  c.c.  of  10  per  cent,  potassium  cyanide  and  the  same 
amount  of  copper  as  is  known  to  be  contained  in  the 
primary  solution.  If  the  colour  to  be  matched  is  greater 
than  that  given  by  10  c.c.  of  standard  lead  solution,  the 
test  should  be  repeated,  using  an  appropriately  smaller 
amount  of  the  original  solution. 

The  final  residue  in  sulphuric  acid  should  be  from 
iron,  but  the  citric  acid  is  added  to  obviate  the  possi- 
bility of  loss  of  lead  by  adsorption  on  lead  carried 
through  mechanically.  For  complete  wet  combustion 
about  15  c.c.  of  hydrogen  peroxide  is  required  for 
ea.ch  2  gm.  of  material  taken.  This  should  be  added 
in  5-c.c.  portions,  cooling  a  little  before  each  addition. 
Oxidation  takes  about  twenty  minutes  to  complete. 

A  larger  quantity  of  material  should  be  taken  if 
the  amount  of  lead  or  copper  present  is  less  than 
20  parts  per  million.  Emulsion  formation  is  rare,  but 
dispersal  is  essential  to  prevent  iron  being  carried 
through.  The  addition  of  chloroform,  water  or  alcohol 
overcomes  any  difficulty  of  this  character.    The  green 


344 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1  932 


colour  of  the  chloroformic  solution  of  diphenylthiocar- 
bazone  changes  to  red  when  much  lead  is  present. 
Zinc  also  produces  a  red  colour  with  this  reagent,  but 
does  not  interfere  with  the  removal  of  lead  or  copper. 
Appreciable  amounts  of  copper  cause  a  brown  instead 
of  an  olive-green  colour.  The  presence  of  bismuth  is 
inadmissabla,  as  this  metal  is  extracted  by  diphenyl- 
thiocarbazone,  and  would  interfere  with  the  lead  deter- 
mination. However,  bismuth  is  an  unlikely  impurity 
in  medicinal  iron  preparations  or  in  foodstuffs. 
Examination  of  a  large  number  of  iron  preparations 
failed  to  reveal  the  slightest  trace  of  bismuth  on  apply- 
ing the  thiourea  reaction  of  Sensi  and  Seghezzo  to 
solutions  prepared  for  the  colorimetric  determination 
of  lead.  IBismuth  does  not  interfere  with  the  estima- 
tion of  copper  by  means  of  dithio-oxamide.  The  pro- 
cess yields  satisfactory  results  with  varying  amounts 
of  lead  and  copper.  The  results  of  examination  of 
commercial  samples  of  scale  preparations  of  iron  are 
shown  in  Table  I :  — 

Table  I 

Lead  asd  Copper  Content  in  Parts  per  Million 


Iron  and 

Iron  and 

Sample  No. 

ammonium  citrate 

Sample  No. 

quinine  citrate 

Lead 

Copper 

Lead 

Copper 

1 

20 

25 

1 

110 

45 

2 

35 

30 

2 

40 

120 

3 

100 

15 

3 

60 

30 

4 

90 

25 

4 

250 

45 

5 

20 

5 

200 

20 

6 

55 

85 

6 

300 

90 

7 

45 

100 

8 

75 

125 

9 

175 

15 

10 

15 

45 

The  method  was  applied  to  the  saccharated  iron 
preparations  and  the  scale  variety  of  iron  hypophos- 
talc,  or  manganese)  not  interfering,  as  shown  in 
the  presence  of  other  materials  (such  as  phosphate, 
talc,  or  manganese)  not  interefering,  as  shown  in 
Table  II,  bj'  recovery  of  added  copper  and  lead.  It 
is  suggested  that  the  published  figures  expressing  a 
very  low  content  of  copper  in  iron  preparations  may 
be  erroneous,  which  possibility  is  of  great  import- 
ance in  connection  with  clinical  experiments  on  absorp- 
tion of  iron  and  the  effect  of  copper  thereon.  The 
use  of  hsematinic  capsules  has  been  proposed,  which 
contain  ferrous  carbonate  mass  (lo  gm.)  mixed  with 
arsenious  oxide  (0.06  gm.)  and  copper  sulphate 
(0.30  gm.).  Experiment  showed  that  the  arsenic  did 
not  interfere  in  any  way  with  the  recovery  of  copper 
from  such  a  mixture.  However,  it  noted  that  ordinary 
gravimetric  or  volumetric  methods  are  preferable  when 
relatively  large  amounts  of  copper  are  to  be  extracted 
as  above. 

Table  II 

THE  Lead  and  (ioPPER  Content  of  Various  Iron  Preparations 


Commercial  preparations 

Recovery  of  added  quantities 

SuTjstaiice 

Lead 
present 
(parts 
per 
million) 

Copper 
present 
(parts 

per 
million) 

Lead 
solution 
added 

Lead 
solution 

re- 
covered 

Copper 
solution 
added 

Copper 
solution 

re- 
covered 

Saccharated 
Iron 

Carbonate  . . 

80 

140 

80 
20 
10 

75 
18 
10 

25 
12 
80 

25 
12 
75 

Saccharated 
Iron 

Phosphate  . . 

55 

90 

20 
60 
10 

21 
60 
11 

10 
40 
50 

10 
40 
50 

Iron 

Carbonate  . . 
Pill 

70 

60 

14 
40 

8 

14 
40 
7 

30 
10 
70 

30 
10 
70 

Iron'      '  .. 
Hypupiios- 
pliite  . . 
(scale 
preparation 
witli  sodiirm 
citrate) 

20 

45 

12 

70 
30 

12 

65 
30 

100 

20 
5 

100 

18 
5 

Summary 

A  rapid  process,  suitable  for  routine  work,  has  been 
described  for  the  quantitative  separation  of  traces  of 
lead  and  copper  from  organic  material  containing  large 
quantities  of  iron,  including  medicinal  iron  prepara- 
tions. The  method  is  equally  applicable  to  ferruginous 
diets  containing  other  metals  and  phosphates. 

Details  are  given  for  the  subsequent  colorimetric 
determination  of  the  lead  by  the  sulpliide  method. 
Conditions  have  been  defined  for  the  colorimetric  deter- 
mination of  copper,  using  dithiooxamide,  such  that 
cobalt,  nickel,  manganese,  lead,  bismuth,  tin,  arsenic 
and  zinc  will  not  interfere. 

The  investigation  was  carried  out  in  the  laboratories 
of  The  British  Drug  Houses,  Ltd. 

Discussion 

Mr.  EvERS  pointed  out  that  the  advantage  of  the 
process  was  that  lead  and  copper  could  be  estimated, 
though  for  copper  alone  he  preferred  that  of  the  pre- 
vious paper. 

Mr.  Deane  remarked  that  the  figures  for  iron  and 
quinine  were  higher  than  those  for  iron  and  ammonia. 
He  also  inquired  where  the  lead  came  from  and  sug- 
gested that  the  copper  might  come  from  the  iron. 

Mr.  Bennett  thought  the  meeting  should  express  its 
thanks  to  Mr.  Jones  for  drawing  attention  to  the 
importance  of  these  impurities. 

The  Chairman  agreed  with  Mr.  Bennett,  and  also 
asked  the  latter  to  convey  the  thanks  of  the  meeting 
to  the  authors  of  the  paper. 

The  following  paper  was  then  read  by  the  author :  — 

Effervescent  Properties  of  Granular  Effervescent 
Preparations 

By  David  S.  Rattray 

[Abstract] 

In  a  general  way  it  is  well  understood  by  pharmacists 
that  these  preparations  are  somewhat  perishable,  and 
that  it  is  necessary  to  exercise  reasonable  care  in  their 
storage  if  they  are  to  retain  unimpaired  their  effec- 
vescent  properties — in  particular,  that  they  should  be 
preserved  in  dry  air-tight  glass  bottles  in  a  cool  place. 
No  doubt  this  practical  rule  finds  its  sanctions  in  the 
pharmacist's  mind  from  certain  impressions,  graduajly 
acquired  through  experience,  as  to  the  nature  and  in- 
herent qualities  of  this  particular  type  of  preparation, 
notably  its  hygroscopic  nature,  and  consequent  liability 
to  premature  chemical  reaction,  implying  deterioration. 
It  was  to  elicit  a  numerical  foundation  for  such  im- 
pressions that  the  inquiry  was  undertaken,  of  which 
the  results  are  summarised  in  this  paper. 

The  method  adopted  for  estimating  the  carbon 
dioxide  available  m  a  granular  preparation  for  the  pro- 
duction of  effervescence  was  as  follows:— A  50  c.c.  plain 
eudiometer,  graduated  in  tenths  of  i  c.c,  is  filled  witn 
mercury  to  a  marked  point  near  the  open  end,  leaving 
only  I  c.c.  of  space  unoccupied  by  the  mercury.  This 
space  is  then  filled  with  i  c.c.  of  a  20  per  cent,  solution 
of  citric  acid  in  distilled  water  (for  the  purpose  of 
inducing  reaction  after  the  introduction  of  the  granule). 
The  tube  is  then  firmly  closed,  wiped  dry  if  necessary, 
and  inverted  in  a  cistern  of  mercury,  care  being  taken 
to  avoid  admission  of  air.  Using  filter-paper,  the  edge 
of  the  submerged  end  of  the  tube  is  carefully  wiped  free 
from  any  traces  of  solution  of  citric  acid,  and  the 
eudiometer  clamped  in  position  with  the  open  end  well 
under  the  surface  of  the  mercur}^ — the  citric  acid  solu- 
tion now  occupymg  a  position  at  the  top  of  the  tube. 
A  quantity  of  the  granule  to  be  examined,  approxi- 
mately 0.3  gm.,  is  next  weighed  off,  and  formed  into 
a  compressed  tablet,  using  a  screw  compression  machine. 
This  tablet  is  immediately  and  rapidly  weighed,  haste 
being  necessary  to  avoid  danger  of  loss  of  carbon  dioxide 
from  any  reaction  consequent  upon  compression.  With- 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


345 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  I  932 


out  delay  and  by  the  use  of  forceps,  this  tablet  is  intro- 
duced into  the  open  end  of  the  eudiometer,  under  the 
mercury,  through  which  it  rises  rapidly  to  the  acid 
solution.  Upon  contact  with  the  latter,  a  more  or  less 
brisk  effervescence  ensues,  and  the  mercury  level  sinks. 
Gradually  the  evolution  of  gas  diminishes  until  soon 
the  mercury  column  ceases  to  fall.  By  the  use  of  20 
per  cent,  solution  of  citric  acid  instead  of  water,  to 
bring  about  reaction,  two  advantages  are  secured,  vi^., 
( I )  that  the  reaction  is  speeded  up,  especially  in  the 
later  stages,  and  (2)  that  in  the  later  stages,  or  imme- 
diately after  reaction  is  complete,  a  micro-crystalline 
precipitate  falls,  favouring  disengagement  of  gas,  and 
preventing  the  retention  of  any  appreciable  quantity  in 
solution.  There  is  thus  rapid  and  practically  complete 
evolution  of  gas,  the  indication  of  volume  being  nearl)^ 
deadbeat.  After  a  short  interval  the  reading  is  taken, 
the  height  of  the  mercury  column  measured,  and  the 
observed  gas  volume  corrected  to  normal  pressure  and 
15.5°  C  allowance  being  made  for  the  vapour-pressure 
of  the  solution,  which  was  found  by  calculation  to  be 
not  widely  different  from  that  of  water,  and  was 
assumed  to  be  the  same.  From  the  corrected  volume  of 
gas,  calculation  is  then  made,  to  ascertain  in  each  case 
the  number  of  cubic  centimetres  of  carbon  dioxide  at 
normal  pressure  and  15.5^  C.  evolved  from  i  gm.  of 
the  effervescent  granule. 

Using  this  method  of  estimation,  experiments  were 
carried  out  with  a  number  of  effervescent  granules 
(chiefly  official),  directed  towards  obtaining  information 
on  the  following  points: — (i)  The  effect  upon  ultimate 
gas-yield  of  using  different  temperatures  in  fusing  the 
mixed  ingredients,  prior  to  passing  through  a  granulat- 
ing sieve.  (2)  The  gas  yield  at  various  stages  of  drying 
at  55°  C,  subsequent  to  granulation.  (3)  The  effect 
upon  ultimate  gas-yield  caused  by  different  modes  of 
storing  (implying  different  degrees  of  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere),  and  for  different  periods  of  time.  (4)  The 
average  gas-yield  of  each  official  granule,  containing, 
as  each  does,  a  proportion  of  sodium  bicarbonate  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  others;  also  comparison  of  this 
gas-yield  with  that  calculated  as  present  in  the  ingre- 
dients before  granulation. 

Considering  these  problems  in  the  order  given :  — 

(1)  The  effect  of  the  particular  temperature  employed 
in  fusing  the  dry  mixed  ingredients.  When  these  are 
heated,  a  limited  amount  of  chemical  reaction  occurs 
between  the  sodium  bicarbonate  and  the  two  acids 
(citric  and  tartaric)  made  possible  by  the  water  of 
crystallisation  of  the  citric  acid,  and  more  or  less  limited 
by  its  amount.  It  would  therefore  appear  probable, 
a  priori,  that  while  rate  of  reaction  depends  on  tem- 
perature used,,  the  amount  of  reaction  will  be  com- 
paratively constant;  and  this  view  appears  to  be  sup- 
ported by  experiment.  Gas  estimations  were  made  by 
carefully  prepared  specimens  of  effervescent  sodium 
citro-tarfrate,  in  the  fusing  of  which  temperatures  of 
85°  C.  and  appro.ximately  100°  C,  respectively,  were 
used.  Comparisor  of  the  average  results,  viz.,  105  c.c. 
per  gm.  from  the  former,  104.8  c.c.  per  gm.  from_  the 
latter,  showed  only  a  negligible  advantage  from  the 
use  of  the  lower  temperature :  from  which  it  appears 
probable  that  the  use  of  different  fusion  temperatures — 
provided  they  sufficiently  exceed  75°  C,  at  which  tem- 
perature citric  acid  only  begin.?  to  part  with  its  water 
of  crystallisation — does  not  greatly  affect  the  gas-yield 
of  the  finished  product. 

(2)  To  ascertain  the  gas-yield  at  various  stages  of 
drying  at  55°  gas  estimations  were  made  of  sodium 
citro-tartrate  granules,  (a)  immediately  after  granula- 
tion, (o)  when  judged  to  be  about  half-dry,  (c)  when 
completely  dry.  The  results  per  gm.  were  respectively 
96.6  c.c,  ioj-8  c.c,  and  104  c.c,  showing  a  gradual 
increase  of  available  carbon  dioxide,  doubtless  due  to 
diminution  of  total  weight,  through  loss  of  water. 

(3)  To  test  the  effect  upon  ultimate  gas-yield,  caused 
by  different  degrees  of  exposure  to  the  atmosphere, 
some  specimens  of  granules  were  preserved    in  dry 


securely  corked  bottles;  some  others — which  were  not 
prepared,  but  purchased— were'  kept  in  the  two-fold 
crystalline  paper  (not  waxed)  and  envelopes  in  which 
they  were  supplied;  while  some  were  freely  exposed  to 
the  atmosphere — in  several  cases  for  five  or  six  weeks. 
In  each  case  estimations  were  made  from  time  to  time 
to  ascertain  late  of  deterioration.  It  was  a  matter  of 
great  regret  and  an  unfortunate  detraction  from  the 
value  of  the  results  that  time  did  not  permit  of  any 
attempt  to  correlate  observed  results  with  so  important 
a  factor  as  the  hygrometric  state  of  the  atmosphere — 
although  observations  of  the  latter  would  proba:bly  have 
furnished  the  explanation  of  several  small  biit  distinct 
temporary  increases  of  gas-yield  observed  during  pro- 
longed exposure,  after  the  stage  Of  semi-deliquescence 
had  passed,  and  the  pasty  mass  had  dried  up.  The 
results  in  the  several  cases  were  interesting,  although, 
for  the  most  part,  very  much  in  accordance  with  antici- 
pations. It  was  found  that  the  granules  stored  in 
Closely  corked  bottles  underwent  little  diminution  of 
activity  upon  keeping:  for  example,  granules  of  caffeine 
citrate,  yielding  per  gm.  92  c.c.  of  carbon  dioxide, 
gave  the  same  result  (92  c.c.)  after  sixty-two  days, 
91  c.c.  after  seventy-four  days,  and  8r  c.c.  after  ninety- 
eight  days — being  a  loss  of  only  7  per  cent.  It  was 
noticeable,  however,  that  granules  forming  the  surface 
layer  in  the  bottle  suffered  a  greater  loss  than  those 
occupying  more  protected  pcsitions  in  the  underlying 
layers.  Samples  taken  from  the  surface  tended  on  the 
whole  to  give  lower  readings  than  those  extracted  from 
subjacent  layers,  the  most  striking  instance  being  that 
of  a  specimen  of  effervescent  sodium  sulphate  which, 
after  giving  87.7  c.c.  and  87.4  c.c.  of  gas  as  the  yield 
per  gm.  of  the  surface  layer,  gave  93.2  c.c.  as  the 
yield  per  gm.  of  granules  removed  from  the  centre  of 
the  mass.  Further,  it  was  found  that  when  a  given 
specimen  was  separated  into  large  granules  and  small, 
the  large  granules  tended  to  give  a  lower  gas-yield  than 
the  smaller  This  seems  hardly  in  accordance  with  what 
might  be  anticipated:  one  would  naturally  expect  that 
the  smaller  granules,  offering  a  greater  relative  surface' 
area  for  the  absorption  of  any  moisture  present,  would 
prove  poorer  m  gas-yield.  Perhaps  the  explanation  may 
be  that  th^=  fine  granules  represent  part  of  the  ingre- 
dients which  by  inadvertence  has  escaped  being  sub- 
jected to  the  temperature  necessary  for  complete  fusion, 
and  which  hence  retains  a  relatively  higher  propor- 
tion of  undecomposed  bicarbonate.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  might  be  due  to  slower  drying  of  the  larger 
granule.?  with  correspondingly  longer  time  for  decom- 
position. 

Compared  with  these  bottle-stored  granules  the 
bought  granules,  kept  in  double  crystalline  paper  and 
envelope  (somewhat  permeable  to  moisture,  and  them- 
selves probably  containing  about  12  per  cent,  of  mois- 
ture), underwent  a  fairly  rapid  deterioration— but 
noticeably  at  different  rates:  for  example,  that  of 
caffeine  citrate  in  seventy-one  days  diminished  from 
56.7  c.c.  to  56.0  c.c.  (a  loss  of  only  i\  per  cent  )• 
and  after  ninety-eight  days  it  still  yielded  54.5  c  c' 
(a  loss  of  barely  4  per  cent.).  The  granule  of  lithium 
citrate  in  ninety-seven  days  declined  from  10 1  c  c 
to  84  c.c.  (a  loss  of  17  per  cent.).  That  of  magnesium 
sulphate  in  seventy-one  days  sank  from  55  c.c  to 
37  c.c.  (a  loss  of  33  per  cent.);  but  on  estimating 
again  after  ninety-six  days  had  suffered  no  further 
diminution.  The  granule  of  sodium  sulphate  in  seventy 
days  fell  from  88  c.c.  to  57  c.c.  (a  loss  of  35  per 
cent.);  but  upon  estimation  after  ninety-eight  days,  it 
(like  the  magnesium  sulphate  granule)  showed  no  further 
reduction.  Much  worse  than  these  was  the'  case  of 
the  sodium  phosphate  granule,  which  in  seventy  days 
dropped  heavily  from  96  c.c.  to  16  c.c.  (a  loss  of  83 
per  cent.),  and  upon  examination  after  ninety-six  days 
yielded  only  7  c.c.  of  carbon  dioxide  per  gm.!  (a  loss 
of  93  per  cent.).  Perhaps  someone  may  be  able  to 
suggest  an  explanation  why  these  granules,  possessing 
the  initial  advantage  over  those  of  magnesium  sulphate 
and  sodium  sulphate  of  containing  a  higher  proportion 


346 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  I  9 32 


of  sodium  bicarbonate,  should  show  a  loss,  relatively 
so  heavy,  when  subjected  to  exactly  the  same  con- 
ditions of  storage.  Whatever  be  the  reason  for  the 
difference,  it  would  appear  as  though  the  order  of 
stability  of  the  official  granules,  when  more  or  less 
exposed  to  the  air,  might  be  stated  as  (i)  caffeine 
citrate,  (2)  lithium  citrate,  (3)  magnesium  sulphate, 
(4)  sodium  sulphate,  (5)  sodium  phosphate. 

Turning  to  the  case  of  granules  freely  exposed  to 
the  atmosphere  it  was  found  tlxat  after  a  compara- 
tively short  exposure,  say,  overnight,  these  became 
temporarily  quite  soft,  semi-deliquescent  and  pasty; 
and  incapable  of  being  formed  into  tablets  by  com- 
pression. In  this  case  tablet-formation  was  accom- 
plished by  the  use  of  a  tablet-triturate  mould.  The 
physical  change  was  accompanied  by  a  heavy  loss  of 
carbon'  dioxide,  amounting  to  about  50  per  cent,  on 
the  average.  Since  the  loss  in  these  cases  (actually  in 
others  also,  but  more  strikingly  here)  was  only  partly 
real  loss,  due  to  chemical  reaction,  causing  escape  of 
carbon  dioxide,  and  partly  seeming  loss,  due  to  increase 
of  total  weight,  caused  by  absorption  of  moisture, 
attempts  were  made  to  disentangle  the  effects  of  chemi- 
cal reaction  from  those  due  to  physical  change;  but 
this  was  found  to  require  more  time  than  was  avail- 
able, and  had  to  be  abandoned.  Even  the  uncorrected 
figures. are,  however,  quite  interesting:  for  example,  a 
specimen  of  magnesium  sulphate  granules,  showing  per 
gm.  69.7  c.c.  of  gas,  gave,  after  a  single  night's  expo- 
sure, a  yield  of  only  30.0  c.c.  (a  loss  of  57  per  cent.). 
A  specimen  of  sodium  citro-tartrate  granules,  similarly 
exposed  overnight,  fell  from  106. i  c.c.  to  53.1  c.c.  (a 
loss  of  50  per  cent.). 

In  all  such  cases  of  free  exposure  it  was  observed 
that  the  semi-deliquescent  condition  was  only  of  tem- 
porary duration,  and  that  later  the  residue  became 
apparently  dry  and  hard,  and  again  fit  to  be  com- 
pressed into  tablet  form.  Iv  might  be  supposed  that 
by  this  time  all  available  carbon  -dioxide  would  have 
disappeared,  but  such  was  not  the  case.  At  no  , time 
did  any  granule  (even  sodium  phosphate,  the  villain 
of  the  piece!)  fail  to  yield  "gas,  and  sometimes  the 
yield  was  surprisingly  high.  The  record  of  several 
specimens  of  granules  freely  exposed  may  be  instruc- 
tive: — (i)  A  granule  (a)  of  sodium  citro-tartrate.  Before 
free  exposure,  this  gave  93.9  c.c;  after  two  days, 
50.9  c.c;  after  seven  days,  41.0  c.c;  after  nine  days, 
40.9  c.c;  after  fifteen  days,  38.3  c.c;  after  twenty- 
one  days,  36.2  c.c;  after  twenty-seven  days,  35.1  c.c; 
after  thirty-four  days,  41.1  c.c;  after  forty-five  days, 
32.2  c.c.  (The  41. 1  c.c.  result  is  anomalous,  but  prob- 
ably due  to  hygrametric  state  of  atmosphere.)  (2) 
Another  granule  (b)  of  sodium  citro-tartrate.  Before 
free  exposure  this  gave  106. i  c.c;  after  one  day, 
53.1   c.c;   after  five  days,   37.1   c.c;   after  six  days, 

41.0  c.c;  after  seven  days,  33.7  c.c;  after  twelve  days, 
32.7  c.c:  after  fourteen  days,  32.4  c.c;  after  eighteen 
days.  31.2  c.c;  after  twenty  days,  32.7  c.c;  after 
twenty-one   days,    36.2  ,  c.c;    after   twenty-nine  days, 

31.6  c.c  (Here  seeming  anomalies  again  appear.)  (3) 
Another  granule  (c)  of  magnesium  sulphate,  checked 
for    only    six    days,     gave: — Before    free  exposure, 

69.7  c.c;   after  one  day,   30.0  c.c;   after  four  days, 

29.1  c.c;  after  six  days,  29.2  c.c. 

The  retention  of  effervescent  properties,  after  semi- 
deliquescence  and  drying  up,  may  perhaps  be  explained 
by  supposmg  that  isolated  particles  of  undecomposed 
acid  and  bicarbonate  are  kept  from  reacting  at  first 
by  becoming  surrousded  with  a  saturated  solution  of 
neutral  salts,  which,  after  drying  up,  form  an  incrus- 
tation in  which  the  acid  and  bicarbonate  particles  are 
imprisoned,  separate  from  each  other,  until  released 
by  solution  in  water. 

Dealing  next  with  the  question  of  average  gas-yields 
from  freshly-prepared  official  granules,  and  the  com- 
parison of  these  with  the  volumes  of  carbon  dioxide 
existing  latent  in  the  ingredients,  the  results  of  aver- 
aging the  most  reliable  gas-yields  per  gm.  were  as 
follows: — Caffeine   citrate    105. 4    c.c,    lithium  citrate 


113. 8  c.c,  magnesium  sulphate  69,2  c.c,  sodium  citro- 
tartrate  107.6  c.c,  sodium  phosphate,  data  insufficient 
for  average,  sodium  sulphate  92.2  c.c.  The  difference 
in  the  gas-yields  is  mainly  due  to  the  difference  in 
the  proportion  of  sodium  bicarbonate  present  in  the 
different  granules.  Correlating  these  volumes  with  the 
volumes  of  carbon  dioxide  calculated  to  be  present 
in  the  corresponding  weight  of  ingredients  of  the  respec- 
tive granules,  the  following  percentages  of  gas  con- 
served in  the  granules  were  obtained :  — Caffeine  citrate 
84  per  cent.,  lithium  citrate  80.5  per  cent.,  magnesium 
sulphate  80  per  cent.,  sodium  citro-tartrate  83  per 
cent. ,  sodium  phosphate  data  insufficient,  sodium  sul- 
phate 77  per  cent.  These  percentages  complete  the 
programme  outlined. 

It  may  be  added  that  difficulties  inherent  in  this 
inquiry  are  fairly  numerous,  as  too  many  independent 
variables  are  operative  for  the  results  to  be  other 
tlian  approximate,  and  stated  with  reservation. 

Discussion 

Mr.  EvERS  asked  if  the  author  had  investigated  the 
evolution  of  gas  from  dry  granules  due  to  a  rise  in 
temperature. 

Mr.  Rattray  replied. 

.  In  tire  absence  of  the  authors  the  next  two  papers 
were  taken  as  read.    They  were :  — 

Halogen  Analogues  of  Adrenalin  and  Ephcdrine 

Part  I. — a-3.4-dichlorphenyl — /3-aminoethanol 

By  H.  E.  Glynn,  B.Sc,  F.I.C,  and  W.  H.  Linnell, 
Ph.D.,  M.Sc,  F.I.C,  Fh.C. 

[Abstract] 

Important  differences  in  the  pharmacological  activity  of 
adrenalin  and  ephedrine  must  be  attributed  to  differences 
in  the  constitution  of  the  two  compounds.  The  ease 
with  which  dihydric  phenols  are  oxidised  may  account 
for  the  chemical  instability  of  adrenalin.  This  is  re- 
sponsible for  some  objectionable  properties  in  connection 
with  its  use  as  a  drug.  Among  these  are  the  short 
duration  of  specific  action,  inactivity  when  administered 
orally,  and  inability  to  sterilise  solutions  by  heat.  For 
these  reasons  it  was  decided  to  attempt  the  preparation 
of  a-3 : 4-dichlorphenyl-/3-aminoethanol  in  the  hope  that 
it  would  be  more  stable  than  adrenalin,  yet  possess 
similar  pharmacological  properties.  This  substance  is  a 
disubstituted  derivative  of  ^-phenylethanolamine  in 
which  the  substituent  groups  are  in  the  same  positions 
as  the  nuclear  hydroxyls  in  adrenalin  and  are  of  the 
same  electronic  character.  The  nuclear  halogens  in 
dichlorbenzenes  are  very  much  more  active  chemically 
than  those  of  monohalogen  derivatives,  and  hence  the 
difference  in  stability  between  mono-  and  dihydric 
phenols  is  reflected  in  a  somewhat  similar  difference 
between  mono-  and  dihalogen  derivatives. 

The  method  adopted  for  the  synthesis  of  the  required 
compound  was  based  upon  the  adrenalin  synthesis  of 
Scholtz.  This  entails  the  reduction  of  methylamino- 
acetocatechol  formed  by  the  action  of  meth5damine 
on  the  product  of  condensation  of  catechol  with 
chloracetyl  chloride.  a)-Chloraceto-3  :  4-dichlorbenzene 
was  readily  prepared  by  treatment  of  dichlorbenzene  with 
chloracetyl  chloride  in  the  presence  of  aluminium  chloride, 
but  on  shaking  this  product  with  aqueous  or  benzene 
solution  of  methylamine  or  with  aqueous  ammonia  no 
trace  of  the  corresponding  ketoamine  was  obtained.  In 
all  cases  the  side  chain  halogen  was  hydrolised  with  the 
formation  of  the  ketoalcohol.  A  similar  difficulty  was 
encountered  in  attempting  to  prepare  methylamino- 
propionocatechol  by  the  action  of  aqueous  methylamine 
on  brompropionocatechol. 

The  failure  to  prepare  the  amine  led  to  the  following 
scheme   being   followed:    i-aceto-3. 4-dichlorbenzene  (i) 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


347 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1 9 32 


->    isonitroso  compound,    (2)  - 
corresponding  aminoketone  (3) 
chloride  (4). 


hydrochloride  of  the 
aminoalcohol  hvdro- 


CI  CI 


CI 


CI 


CI 


CI 


CO-CH,  CO.CH2NO  C0-CH„NH-HC1  CHOH  CH2NH2HCI 


(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


(4) 


The  i-aceto-3.4-dichlorbenzene  was  obtained  as  a  white 
crystalline  solid  melting  at  76°  C,  very  soluble  in  carbon 
tetrachloride,  and  less  so  in  petroleum  ether  and  alcohol. 
Conversion  into  the  isonitroso  compound  (m.p.  143°  C.) 
was  effected  by  adding  cold  amyl  nitrite  to  a  cooled 
mixture  of  sodium  ethylate  and  i-aceto-3.4-dichlorbeu- 
zene  in  ether-alcohol.  It  was  found  necessary  to  reduce 
the  isonitroso  compound  in  two  stages,  using  only  neutral 
or  acid  media.  ze;-Aminoaceto-3.4-dichlorbenzene  hydro- 
chloride was  obtained  as  a  white  crystalline  solid  with 
a  very  bitter  taste.  It  is  soluble  in  water,  but  does  not 
melt  sharply,  being  converted  into  a  resinous  mass  at 
255°  C.  The  reduction  of  this  ketoamine  to  the  corre- 
sponding aminoalcohol  was  effected  with  aluminium 
amalgam.  The  product  gave  figures  corresponding  with 
the  hydrochloride  of  a-3.4-dichlorpenyl-/3-aminoethanol 
(m.p.  245°  C). 

The  pharmacological  examination  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Burn 
gave  the  relative  pressor  activity  of  w-aminoaceto-3.4- 
dichlorbenzene  hydrochloride  as  about  i  /  500th  that  of 
/-adrenalin.  That  of  the  corresponding  aminoalcohol, 
a-3. 4-dichlorphenyl-/3-aminoethanol  hydrochloride  is 
between  1/ 200th  and  i  /  250th  that  of  Z-adrenalin,  but 
the  effect  is  more  prolonged  and  does  not  diminish  in 
intensity  on  repeated  administration.  In  each  case  the 
pressor  action  was  abolished  by  previous  injection  of 
cocaine,  and  thus  the  new  compounds  must  be  classed 
with  ephedrine,  tyramine,  etc.,  which  are  not  true 
sympathomimetic  drugs. 

In  certain  experiments  it  was  found  that  after  the 
injection  of  a-3.4-dichlorphenyl-/3-aminoethanol  hydro- 
chloride the  pressor  effect  of  subsequent  adrenalin  injec- 
tions appears  to  be  doubled,  but  this  observation  could 
not  be  coniirmed.  The  toxicity  of  a-3.4-dichlorphenyl- 
;S-aminoethanol  hydrochloride  by  intravenous  injection 
into  mice  is  about  i  /  240th  that  of  Z-adrenalin.  Doses 
given  orally  indicated  that  the  compound  is  active  when 
administered  in  this  way.  As  the  aminoalcohol  hydro- 
chloride approximates  more  closely  to  ephedrine  in  its 
pharmacological  properties  it  was  thought  advisable  to 
compare  it  directly  with  this  substance.  A  convenient 
method  of  comparing  its  potency  with  that  of  ephedrine 
is  based  upon  the  fact  that  the  passage  of  so  small  a 
quantity  of  0.003  mgm.  of  ephedrine  through  the  per- 
fused isolated  heart  of  the  cat  doubles  the  force  of  the 
beat  and  increases  the  rate.  It  was  found  that  twice 
this  quantity  of  a-3.4-dichlorphenyl-/3-aminoethanol 
hydrochloride  had  a  very  much  smaller  effect  on  the 
force  and  rate  of  the  beat,  although  the  small  effect 
obtained  did  not  diminish  in  intensity  on  repeated  ad- 
ministration and  appeared  to  be  more  regular  than  that 
of  ephedrine.  It  is  possible  that  the  new  compound  will 
not  have  the  depressant  action  on  the  heart  that  is  asso- 
ciated with  ephedrine.  When  ephedrine  is  injected  into 
a  cannula  through  which  the  hind  limbs  of  a  dog  are 
perfused  with  delibrinated  blood  to  which  adrenalin  had 
been  added,  it  produces  initially  a  vaso-dilation  followed 
by  constriction.  Under  the  same  conditions  tyramine 
does  not  produce  an  initial  dilation,  but  only  a  vaso- 
constriction. It  was  found  that  under  these  conditions 
the  effect  of  a-3. 4-dichlorphenyl-^-aminoethanol  hydio- 
chloride  was  like  that  of  ephedrine,  5  mg.  bemg  slightly 
more  effective  than  2  mg.  of  ephedrine.  This  work  is 
being  extended  to  other  halogen  derivatives  of  phenyl- 
ethanolamines  and  phenylpropanolamines. 

Tliere  was  no  discussion. 


The  Preparation  of  Certain  Aliphatic  Amino- 
Alcohols 

Bv  H.  E.  Glynn,  B.Sc,  F.I.C,  and  W.  H.  Linnell, 
Ph.D.,   M.Sc,  F.I.C,  Ph.C. 

[Abstract] 

This  investigation  is  concerned  with  certain  benzoic 
esters  of  amino-alcohols  containing  five  and  six  carbon 
atoms  which  may  be  expected  to  possess  some  aiiEes- 
thetic  activity.  The  required  compound,  i-amino-2- 
hydroxy-w-hexane,  might  be  expected  as  a  result  of 
reducing  the  cyanhydriii  obtained  by  condensation  of 
hydrocyanic  acid  with  valeraldehyde.  A  first  difficulty 
consisted  in  the  initial  stage  of  the  synthesis  yielding 
an  oily  liquid  (boiling  at  179°  C),  which  did  not  con- 
tain nitrogen,  and  was  probably  a  condensation  pro- 
duct of  valeraldehyde.  The  cyanhydrin  was  ultimately 
obtained  by  treating  the  solid  bisulphite  compound  of 
valeraldehyde  with  50-per-cent.  aqueous  solution  of 
potassium  cyanide.  It  is  a  colourless,  viscid  oil, 
insoluble  in  water  and  possessing  a  pungent  odour 
resembling  that  of  essential  oil  of  almond.  The  second 
difficulty  was  that  repeated  attempts  to  reduce  the 
cyanhydrin  to  the  corresponding  amino-alcohol  were 
unsuccessful  owing  to  the  ease  with  which  the  com- 
pound loses  hydrocyanic  acid  to  the  reducing  agent 
(whether  sodium  and  alcohol  or  sodium  amalgam). 

Consequently  it  was  necessary  to  develop  another 
method,  and  i-nitro-2-hydroxy-w-hexane  was  prepared 
by  condensing  nitromethane  with  valeraldehyde.  This 
reaction  proceeds  when  small  pieces  of  potassium 
hydroxide  moistened  with  water  are  added  to  the  mix- 
ture of  valeraldehyde  and  nitromethane,  it  being  neces- 
sary to  cool  to  restrain  undue  heat  development.  After 
neutralisation  of  alkali  with  hydrochloric  acid  the 
product  was  extracted  with  ether.  On  removal  of 
solvent,  a  dark  red  viscid  oil  remained  which,  on  frac- 
tionation under  reduced  pressure,  yielded  i-nitro-2- 
hydroxy-«-hexane  (boiling  at  120°  C.  under  20  mm. 
pressure).  This  is  insoluble  in,  and  heavier  than,  water; 
it  has  a  characteristic  odour  and  bitter  taste.  Reduc- 
tion was  achieved  by  adding  the  nitro  compound  to 
stannous  chloride  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid,  stir- 
ring vigorously  and  completing  by  heating  on  a  water 
bath  for  fifteen  minutes.  After  precipitation  of  tin 
as  sulphide,  the  product  was  separated  as  hydrochloride 
and  directly  converted  into  the  benzoic  ester  by  treat- 
ment with  benzoyl  chloride  and  sodium  hydroxide. 
The  ester  is  a  white  substance  which,  after  repeated 
crystallisation  from  alcohol,  melted  at  137°  C.  On 
analysis  it  gave  figures  corresponding  with  the  benzoic 
ester  of  i-amino-2-hydroxy-«-hexane. 

The  new  compound  possessed  little  or  no  activity 
as  a  local  anesthetic .  As  it  was  thought  that  anaes- 
thetic action  might  occur  with  isomers  approximating 
more  closely  to  the  cocaine  molecule  in  structure,  it 
was  decided  to  prepare  an  amino  alcohol  in  which  the 
separation  of  the  two  functional  groups  was  increased 
by  one  carbon  atom.  For  this  purpose  the  oxime  of 
acetopropyl  alcohol  was  reduced  (by  sodium  amalgam 
with  acetic  acid)  to  i-hydroxy-4-amino-«-pentane.  This 
on  benzoylation  yielded  a  di-benzoyl  derivative  which 
was  only  slightly  soluble  in  water  and  slightly  more 
so  in  olive  oil.  It  was  expected  on  the  liquid  theory 
of  anaesthetic  action  that  the  ester  would  possess  little 
activity,  and  this  was  confirmed  by  a  pharmacological 
trial.  The  constitution  of  the  amino-alcohols  corre- 
sponding to  the  two  new  compounds  is  shown  con- 
trasted with  the  amino  alcohols  corresponding  to  part 
of  the  cocaine  molecule  and  to  other  analogous  anaes- 
thetics. 

The  inactivity  of  i-amino-2-hydroxy-w-hexane  can- 
not be  ascribed  to  the  relative  positions  of  the  amino 
and  esterified  alcoholic  groups  as  the  same  relation- 
ship is  present  in  novocaine  and  in  stovaine.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  two  groupings  are  further  apart  in 
i-hydroxy-4-amine-w-pentane  than  in  any  of  the  cases 
cited,  and  this  may  contribute  to  the  compound's 
inactivity.    The  presence  of  the  primary  amine  groups 


348 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 

-V  ■ 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  I  932 


in  the  two  new  compounds  cannot  account  for  the 
complete  inactivity,  but  this  point  is  to  be  the  subject 
cif  a  further  communication  deahng  with  the  correspond- 
ing dialkylamino  derivatives. 

l-amino-2-hydroxy-?i-hexane 

NH2  CH.  CHOH  CH^  CH^  CH^CHa 


Cocaine 

Novocain 

Stovaine 

Butyn 
Tutocaine 


NCHj-CHCHaCHOH 

NEt2-CH2-CH.,OH 

NMe^-CHa  COH-CHo-CHg 
CH3 

NBuj-CH.-CHj  CH2OH 

NM\,  CHj-CH-CHOH-CHj 
CH, 


l-liydrox-y-4-amino-'»-pentane  NHj-CH  CHo'CHo  CHoOH 

CH3 

An  examination  of  tlie  above  table  of  formulae  dis- 
closes the  fact  that,  although  primary,  secondary  and 
tertiary  alcoholic  groups  are  represented,  in  no  case 
is  a  straight  carbon  chain  of  more  than  four  carbon 
atoms  present,  stovaine  and  tutocaine  containing  five 
carbons  but  in  branched  chain  formation.  Hence  it 
appears  likely  that  increase  in  length  of  the  straight 
carbon  chain  in  amino  alcohols  causes  a  decrease  in 
their  activity. 

The  pharmacological  trials  of  these  substances  were 
carried  out  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Burn. 

There  was  no  discussion,  and  the  Chairman  ex- 
pressed .  the  thanks  of  the  meeting  to  the  authors  for 
these  papers. 

The  next  communication  was:  — 

The  Determination  of  Phenol  in  Medicaments,  and 
the  Phenol  Content  of  Some  Nasal  Antiseptic 
Tablets  and  Phenol  Lozenges 

By  C.  E.  CoRFiELD,  B.Sc,  F.I.C.,  Ph.C,  and 
L.  Marjorie  Mundy,  Ph.C. 

[Abstract] 

The  information  of  practical  value  in  regard  to  methods 
for  the  accurate  quantitative  determination  of  phenol 
in  galenical  and  compounded  preparations  of  carbolic 
acid  is  unsatisfactory.  The  Koppeschaar  method 
enables  phenol  in  solution  in  water  to  be  ascertained 
with  considerable  accuracy,  provided  the  amount  of 
phenol  present  is  kept  within  certain  limits  in  relation 
to  the  excess  of  bromide-bromate  solution.  The  only 
question  requiring  consideration  in  dealing  with  phenol 
preparations  is  the  quantitative  separation  of  the  phenol 
in  the  form  of  an  aqueous  solution  sufficiently  free  from 
other  matter  to  permit  its  volumetric  determination 
by  this  method.  Lotio  acidi  carbol.  and  garg.  carbol. 
CO.  of  the  National  Formulary  (for  N.H.I,  purposes) 
are  examples  in  which  preliminary  separation  is  not 
necessary,  as  they  contain  no  ingredient  capable  of 
reacting  with  free  bromine  or  interfering  with  the 
normal  quantitative  assay.  This  applies  also  to  the 
various  tablets  for  making  nasal  solutions.  As  regards 
ung.  acid,  carbol.  {B.P.  1914),  the  phenol  can  be 
quickl)^  and  convenienth^  separated  from  the  paraffin 
ointment  base  by  extraction  with  a  little  of  a  dilute  and 
warm  solution  of  sodium  hydroxide,  either  in  a  beaker 
on  a  water  bath,  or  preferably  in  a  separator.  Garg. 
pot.  chlor.  cum  phenol,  N.F.,  glyc.  acid,  carbol.  and 
troch.  acid,  carbol,  are  examples  in  which  it  is  neces- 
sary or  advisable  to  separate  a  solution  of  purified 
phenol;  the  following  process  is  recom.mended  as  being 
both  accurate  and  rapid: — 

A  Aveighed  amoimt  of  a  solid  preparation,  or  a  measured 
volume  of  liquid,  containino;  approximately  0.15  -gram  of 
phenol,  is  placed  in  a  300-mil  flask  with  2f'  grams  of 
crystalline  calcium  chloride  and  125  mils  of  water,  and  the 


solution  or  contents  of  the  flask  acidified  with  hydrochloric 
acid.  The  flask  is  connected  with  an  upright  double- 
surface  condenser  and  the  contents  distilled  until  the  distil- 
late measures  nearly  100  mils.  The  volume  is  adjusted  if 
necessary  with  water  to  make  exactly  100  mils  and  a 
volume  of  from  30  to  40  mils,  equivalent  to  about 
0.04  gram  of  phenol,  is  titrated  by  the  process  of  tlie 
U.S. P.  X.  or  the  process  of  the  B.P.  1932  described  under 
"  Phenol." 

It  is  difficult  to  distil  off  the  last  traces  of  phenol 
without  adding  calcium -chloride  or  its  equivalent.  Nasal 
antiseptic  tablets  are  sold  usually  as  containing  -J  gr. 
of  phenol  in  each  tablet,  but  samples  obtained  by 
wholesale  or  retaib  contain  a  smaller  amount.  Even  in 
original  containers  this  is  not  much  more  than  gr. 
The  loss  of  phenol  is  in  manufacture  and  storage. 
Variation  in  preparation  occurs  also,  tablets  taken 
from  a  pharmacist's  stock  after  storage  for  eighteen 
months  containing  more  phenol  than  fresh  tablets 
obtained  from  the  maker. 

In  tab.  nasal,  alk.  N.F.  the  phenol  has  been  replaced 
by  thymol,  owing  to  unsatisfactory  phenol  content  as 
above.  In  general  practice  some  prescribers  prefer  to 
use  a  nasal  wash  made  directly  from  the  different  ingre- 
dients instead  of  using  the  less  satisfactory  solution 
tablets.  The  following  table  gives  the  t'ata  regarding 
nine  samples  of  antiseptic  nasal  tablets  examined  by  the 
authors: — 


Ko.  of 
sample 

Weight,  in  grains, 
of  phenol  sta'ed 
to  be  present  in 
eich  tablet 

Percent- 
age of 
phenol 
found 

Average 
weight  in 
grains  of 
the  tablets 

Average 
weight  in 
grains  of  phenol 
in  each  tablet. 

1  . . 

-  0.5 

0.28 

10.45 

0.029 

2  . . 

0.5 

0.55 

10.00 

0.035 

3  . . 

0.5 

0.90 

10.35 

0.093 

4  . . 

0.5 

0.045 

10.08 

0.0045 

5  . . 

0.5 

0.71 

10.83 

0.077 

6  . . 

0.5 

2.33 

10.07 

0.235 

7  . . 

0.5 

3.06 

9.06 

0.277 

8  .  . 

0.5 

3.09 

9.32 

0.288 

9  .  . 

1.0 

12.33 

9.95 

1.227 

Two  of  the  first  five  of  the  samples  were  obtained 
directly  from  manufacturers,  and  in  both  cases  the 
containers  were  well  closed  and  did  not  show  any 
crystals  of  phenol  resulting  from  volatilisation.  Samples 
Nos.  6,  7  and  8  show  a  deficiency  of  about  50  per  cent.; 
one  of  these  had  been  in  stock  for  several  months,  and 
no  crystals  of  phenol  were  observed  on  the  tablets  or  on 
the  walls  of  the  container,  and  the  other  two  were  new 
stock,  and  probably  represent  the  highest  phenol  content 
obtainable  for  tablets  of  that  type.  Sample  No.  9  con- 
tained sugar,  and  it  is  possible  that  its  greater  stabilitj' 
and  its  relatively  higher  phenol  content  is  due  to  its 
being  prepared  by  a  more  modern  process.  Ihe  figures 
are  sufficient  to  show  that  the  usual  nasal  antiseptic 
tablet  is  unsatisfactory,  and  liable  to  contain  practically 
no  phenol. 

The  phenol  lozenge  of  the  B.P.  1914  is  prepared  by 
mixing  phenol,  refined  sugar,  gum  acacia,  tragacanth 
and  lemon  juice,  dividing  the  mass  into  lozenges  and 
drying  in  a  hot-air  chamber  at  a  moderate  temperature. 
It  is  well  known  that  these  lozenges  do  not  always  con- 
tain approximately  -J-  gr.  of  phenol  as  stated  in  the 
Pharmacopoeia.  The  lozenges  when  carefully  stored  do 
not  lose  phenol  rapidly  owing  to  the  more  tenacious 
nature  of  the  material,  and  the  deficiency  is  largely  due 
to  loss  by  volatilisation  during  drying. 

The  phenol  lozenge  of  the  B.P.  1932  is  prepared 
by  mixing  liquified  phenol,  acacia,  tragacanth,  citric  acid, 
carmine,  sucrose  and  distilled  water  to  form  a  paste, 
dividing  into  lozenges  and  drying  in  a  hot  air  chamber 
at  a  moderate  temperature.  Each  lozenge  is  stated  to 
contain  approximately  0.03  gram  or  i  gr.  of  phenol. 
In  spite  of  the  fact  that  such  lozenges  are  known  to  be 
deficient  in  phenol,  no  assay  process  has  been  included, 
and  no  official  indication  is  given  that  <  ny  variation  is 
allowable  from  the  strength  stated  in  the  monograph. 

The  following  table  includes  results  of  examination 
of  recent  samples  of  phenol  lozenges :  — 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


349 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  •  1 932 


No.  of 
sample 

Average  weight  of 
the  lozenges 

Percent- 
age of 

pill.  llUi 

found 

Average 
weight  in 
grammes 
in  each 

Average 
weight  in 
grains 
in  each 

lozenge 

lozenge 

1 . . 

1.3748  gm,  =  21.21  gr. 

2.068 

0.0284 

0.439 

2  . . 

1.2615  gm.  =  19.46  gr. 

2.352 

0.0297 

0,458 

3  .  . 

1.042  gm.    =  16.08  gr. 

1.944 

0,0203 

0.313 

4  .  . 

1.1791  gm,  =  18.20  gr. 

1.646 

0,0194 

0.299 

5  .  . 

0.874  gm.    =  13,49  gr. 

1.868 

0.0163 

0.252 

6  .  . 

1.2433  gm,  =  19,18  gr. 

1.745 

0,0217 

0,335 

7  .  . 

1.0842  gm.  ==  16.73  gr. 

2.324 

0.0252 

0.389 

8  .  . 

1.0851  gm.  =  16.74  gr. 

1.876 

0,0204 

0,314 

9  .  . 

1.1505  gm.  =  17.75  gr. 

1.723 

0.0198 

0.306 

10  .  . 

1.194  gm.    =  18.42  gr. 

1.911 

0.0228 

0.352 

11  .. 

1.185  gm.    =  18.28  gr. 

2.068 

0.0245 

0.378 

12  .  . 

1.164  gm.    =  17,96  gr. 

2.151 

0.0250 

0.386 

The  percentage  of  phenol  in  the  bulked  and  crushed 
lozenges  varies  from  1.646  in  the  case  of  No.  4  to  2.352 
for  No.  2  and  the  average  weight  of  phenol  in  each 
lozenge  from  0.0163  to  0.0297  gram,  Samples  i  to  6 
were  prepared  on  a  small  scale  under  laboratory  condi- 
tions (dried  at  a  temperature  of  about  35°  C.  for  six 
hours),  and  show  the  average  loss  of  phenol  from  the 
lozenges  when  prepared  on  a  small  scale.  Samples  7,  8, 
and  9  were  obtained  from  high-class  pharmacies  in  the 
London  area,  and  represent  what  is  supplied  normally 
for  phenol  lozenges.  Samples  10,  11,  and  12  are  of 
special  interest,  as  illustrating  the  ]  henol  content  of 
lozenges  prepared  according  to  the  B.P.  1932.  They 
were  prepared  from  liquefied  phenol  of  known  strength, 
the  mass  was  divided  carefully  to  produce  a  lozenge  of 
the  correct  weight  and  dried  for  eight  hours  at  30°  to  35°, 
30°  and  60°  C.  respectively.  From  these  three  samples 
it  appears  that  loss  of  phenol  depends  upon  the  rate  of 
drying,  since  more  rapid  drying  at  60°  C.  results  in  a 
smaller  loss  of  phenol  than  drying  more  slowly  at  a 
lower  temperature. 

The  authors  suggest  that  a  reasonable  allo\yance 
should  be  made  for  loss  of  phenol  during  the  manufac- 
ture of  B.P.  phenol  lozenges.  That  the  standard  should 
be  set  on  the  percentage  of  phenol  present,  with  a 
minimum  weight  for  the  lozenges,  and  not  on  the 
amount  of  phenol  in  each  lozenge.  The  lozenges  should 
be  required  to  weigh  not  less  than  i.i<)  and  not  more 
than  1.22  gram,iand  to  contain  not  less  than  1,75  per 
cent,  of  phenol. 

Summary 

The  determination  of  phenol  in  various  medicaments  is 
outlined,  and  its  separation  from  other  ingredients  for 
determination  by  the  Koppeschaar  process  is  described. 
A  distillation  process  for  the  quantitative  separation  of 
phenol  is  described  in  detail,  and  the  process  has  been 
found  rapid  and  accurate.  It  is  recommended  in  most 
cases  where  a  separation  is  necessary  or  advisable.  The 
results  of  the  analysis  of  tablets  containing  phenol 
show  that  the  tablets  are  often  deficient  in  phenol  and 
that  the  loss  is  so  great  that  it  is  advisable  to  discon- 
tinue their  use  as  a  nasal  antiseptic  tablet. 

There  was  no  discussion,  but  the  Chairman,  in 
thanking  the  authors,  remarked  that  with  all  phenol 
lozenges  some  phenol  was  probably  lost  during  storage. 

The  Chairman  then  called  on  Dr.  F.  \V.  Hampshire 
to  read 

The  Determination  of  Phenol  in  Phenol  Ointment 

By  E.  M.  Smelt,  B.Pharm.,  Ph.C. 
[Abstract] 

The  determination  of  phenol  with  standard  solution  of 
bromine,  as  described  under  "  Phenol  "  in  the  British 
Pharmacopoeia,  1932,  is  found  to  be  highly  satisfactory 
for  the  assay  of  Phenol  and  Phenol  Liquefactum.  Assay 
processes  for  the  other  preparations  of  phenol  included 
in  the  Pharmacopoeia  are  required.  In  order  to  apply 
this  process  to  the  ointment  and  other  preparations  of 
phenol,  it  is  necessary  to  extract  the  phenol  in  a 
form  suitable  for  assay  with  bromine.  Reference  to  the 
literature  on  the  subject  showed  that  the  method  gener- 


ally employed  is  either  distillation  from  acid  solution,' 
or  direct  extraction  with  alkali,  or  extraction  from  solu- 
tion by  shaking  out  with  an  immiscible  solvent.  In 
order  to  provide  standard  material  a  quantity  was  pre- 
pared according  to  the  formula  of  the  British  Pharma- 
copoeia, 1932,  taking  special  precautions  to  avoid  loss 
of  phenol; — Phenol,  30  gm.;  white  beeswax,  75  gm.; 
lard,  50  gm.;  hard  paraf&n,  75  gm.;  white  soft  paraffin, 
770  gm.  By  calculation  from  the  weights  taken  . the 
theoretical  percentage  of  phenol  in  the  ointment  was 
found  to  be  2.97  per  cent.  This  ointment  was  then 
used  as  a  standard  in  carrying  out  the  assay  processes. 

Process  I. — -This  process  was  based  on  the  process 
recommended  by  Thresh  for  carbolic  acid  gauze.  About 
15  gm.  of  the  ointment,  accurately  weighed,  was  placed 
in  a  wide-mouthed  flask  and  300  mils  of  water,  10  mils 
of  dilute  sulphuric  acid  and  a  few  fragments  of  granu- 
lated zinc  were  added.  The  flask  was  connectecl  with 
a  condenser  and  about  250  mils  was  distilled,  the  dis- 
tillation being  continued  until  the  distillate  ceased 
to  give  a,  precipitate  with  bromine  water.  The  distil- 
late was  filtered  in  order  to  remove  traces  of  fatty 
acids  which  collected  on  the  surface.  The  filter  was 
washed  with  water  and  the  volume  of  the  filtrate 
adjusted  to  500  mils.  The  phenol  in  the  solution  was 
determined  by  the  B.P.  process,  commencing  with  the 
words  "Transfer  25  millilitres."  This  process  was 
found  to  possess  the  advantages  that  the  phenol  was 
obtained  in  a  practically  pure  aqueous  solution  and 
that  the  operator  was  free  to  carry  out  other  experi- 
ments during  the  distillation.  The  addition  of  zinc 
to  the  acid  liquid  produced  smooth  and  steady  boil- 
ing. The  results  obtained  were: — (i)  2.93  per  cent.; 
(2)  2.90  per  cent,  of  C^HjOH. 

Process  II. — This  process  was  based  on  the  method 
used  by  Toth  for  the  extraction  of  phenol  from  crude 
carbolic  acid  by  solution  in  alkali.  About  7.5  gm.  of 
the  ointment,  accurately  weighed,  was  warmed  with 
25  mils  of  A^/i  sodium  hydroxide  until  the  ointment 
had  entirely  melted  and  an  emulsion-like  mixture  was 
formed;  the  mixture  was  cooled  under  the  tap,  shaking 
continuously,  and  diluted  with  25  mils  of  water; 
50  mils  of  brine  was  added  in  order  to  "  break  ''  the 
emulsion  and  to  obtain  a  clear  aqueous  solution;  the 
clear  solution  was  filtered  off  and  the  filter  and  pre- 
cipitated ointment  were  washed  with  water  until  the 
filtrate  ceased  to  give  a  precipitate  with  bromine 
water;  the  volume  of  the  filtrate  was  adjusted  I0 
250  mils.  The  filtrate  was  assayed  by  the  B.P.  process, 
commencing  with  the  words  "Transfer  25  millilitres." 
The  advantages  of  this  method  are  that  it  can  be 
rapidly  carried  out  and  that  distillation  is  not  neces- 
sary. The  results  obtained— (i)  2.96  per  cent.;  (2)  2.97 
per  cent,  of  C|;H.OH — agreed  very  well  with  the  cal- 
culated percentage. 

Process  III. — Approximately  3  gm.,  accurately 
weighed,  was  introduced  into  a  wide-mouthed  glass- 
stoppered  bottle  and  25  mils  of  iV/i  sodium  hydroxide 
was  added;  the  stopper  was  replaced  and  the  mixture 
warmed  on  a  water  bath  until  the  ointment  had  entirely 
melted  and  an  emulsion-like  mixture  was  formed;  the 
mixture  was  then  cooled  under  the  tap,  with  continuous 
shaking  and  diluted  with  50  mils  of  water;  25  mils  of 
a  2-per-cent.  w/v  solution  of  calcium  chloride  (CaCL 
6H„0)  was  added  and  the  whole  thoroughly  mixed  by 
shaking.  The  clear  solution  was  filtered  off  and  assayed 
by  the  B.P.  process  commencing  with  the  words 
"  Transfer  25  millilitres."  Calcium  chloride  solutions 
of  different  strengths  were  tried,  and  the  2-per-cent. 
w/v  solution  was  found  to  be  just  sufficiently  strong 
to  give  a  satisfactory  separation  with  a  clear  aqueous 
solution.  This  process  possessed  similar  advantages  to 
Process  II,  and  the  results  obtained  with  it  were 
equally  satisfactory: — (i)  2.95  per  cent.;  (2)  2,94  per 
cent.;   (3)  2.97  per  cent,  of  C^H.OH. 

Process  IV. — Approximately  6  gm.  of  ointment, 
accurately  weighed,  was  introduced  into  a  wide-mouthed, 
glass-stoppered  bottle  and  20  gm.  of  freshly  slaked 
calcium  hydroxide  and  50  mils  of  water  were  added. 
The  bottle  was  stoppered,   heated  on  a  water  bath 


350 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17.  1932 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  I  932* 


until  the  ointment  had'  entirely  melted,  shaken  thor- 
oughly, and  then  cooled  under  the  tap,  with  continuous 
shaking.  After  standing  overnight  the  clear  solution 
was  filtered  off  and  the  filter  and  residue  washed  with 
water  until  the  filtrate  ceased  to  give  a  precipitate 
with  bromine  water.  The  volume  of  the  filtrate  was 
adjusted  to  250  mils  and  assayed  by  the  B.P.  process, 
commencing  with  the  words  "Transfer  25  millilitres." 
This  process,  although  simple  and  straightforward,  took 
considerably  longer  than  Process  III.  The  results 
obtained  were  (i)  2.91  per  cent.;  (2)  —  CuH^OH.  A 
modification  of  this  process,  substituting  barium 
hydroxide  for  calcium  hydroxide  and  using  the  "  aliquot 
portion  "  method,  was  tried.  Low  results — (i)  2.81  per 
cent.;  (2)  2.81  per  cent.— were  obtained,  and  since 
bariurn  hydroxide  appeared  to  possess  no  obvious 
advantages  over  calcium  hydroxide,  this  method  was 
not  further  investigated. 

Process  V. — About  3  gm.  accurately  weighed  was 
warmed  in  a  wide-mouthed  flask  with  10  mils  of  N/x 
sodium  hydroxide  until  the  ointment  had  entirely 
melted.  ,  The  mixture  was  then  transferred  to  a 
separator,  the  flask  was  washed  with  40  mils  of  warm 
water,  added  in  small  quantities,  and  the  washings  were 
mixed  with  the  liquid  in  the  separator.  The  whole 
was  then  cooled  under  the  tap,  shaking  continuously, 
and  sufficient  sodium  chloride  to  saturate  the  solution 
was  added.  The  mixture  was  then  shaken  with  50 
mils  of  light  petroleum  (b.p.  50°  to  60°  C.)  and 
allowed  to  separate.  The  aqueous  solution  was  drawn 
off  and  filtered  into  the  measuring  flask.  The  light 
petroleum  solution  was  washed  first  with  30  mils  and 
then  with  successive  quantities  of  20  mils  of  water 
until  the  aqueous  layer  gave  no  precipitate  with  bromine 
water.  ■  The  solution  was  made  up  to  100  mils  with 
the  filtered  washings,  and  the  phenol  was  determined 
by.  the  B.P.  process  commencing  -  with  the  words 
"  Transfer  25  millilitres."  There  was  "a  tendency  to 
form  emulsions  during  the  extraction  of  the  phenol, 
and  the  results— (i)  2.79  per  cent,  and  (2)  2.86  per 
cent. — did  not  agree  sufficiently  well  to  merit  further 
investigation  of  this  process.  An  iodometric  .  method 
for  the  determination  of  phenol  in  Phenol  Ointment, 
described  by  Elsdon  in  a  paper  at  the  British  Phar- 
maceutical Conference  in  1920,  was  tried.  By  this 
method,  0.5  gm.  of  the  ointment,  dissolved  in  chloro- 
form, is  boiled  with  N  / 10  sodium  carbonate,  and 
excess  of  N  / 10  iodine  is  allowed  to  react  with  the  cooled 
solution  for  not  more  than  five  minutes,  and  the  excess 
of  iodine  is  then  determined  by  titration  with  N  / 10 
sodium  thiosulphate.  This  method  was  found  to  give 
variable  results  which  appeared  to  be  caused  by  loss 
of  phenol  during  the  boiling  with  N  / 10  sodium  car- 
bonate. 

From  the'  point  of  view  of  rapidity  and  simplicity 
in  manipulation  Process  III  is  recommended,  but  Pro- 
cess I  may  well  be  preferred  on  account  of  avoiding 
complications  due  to  the  use  of  unnecessary  reagents. 
Similar  investigations  are  proceeding  with  a  view  to 
defining  essay  processes  for  the  suppositories,  the  glycerin 
and  the  lozenge  of  phenol.  Dr.  C.  H.  Hampshire  and 
Mr.  T.  Tickle  are  thanked  for  very  helpful  suggestions 
and  criticism. 

Summary 

The  determination  of  phenol  with  standard  solution 
of  bromine  having  proved  satisfactory  for  the  assay 
of  Phenol  and  of  Liquefied  Phenol,  the  application  of 
the  process  to  the  assay  of  Phenol  Ointment  was  inves- 
tigated. Several  processes  for  the  extraction  of  the 
phenol  from  the  ointment  in  a  form  suitable  for  titra- 
tion with  bromine  were  tried.  Two  methods  are  recom- 
mended as  giving  satisfactory  results — (a)  distillation 
from  acid  solution,  (b)  solution  in  N / 1  sodium 
hydroxide,  and  separation  of  the  phenol  solution  from 
the  ointment  base  by  means  of  calcium  chloride. 

Discussion 

Mr.  CoRFiELD  said  he  had  examined  many  samples 
of  phenol  ointment  of  the  B.P.  1914  for  phenol  content. 


and  one  could  obtain  very  accurate  results  b}-  a  pro- 
cess of  extraction  with  sodium  hydroxide  and  for 
smaller  proportions  the  distillation  method  described 
in  the  previous  paper.  In  his  opinion  method  I  was 
not  a  good  method,  and  results  would  probably  show 
that  the  method  was  likely  to  give  inaccurate  results. 

Mr.  Storey  said  he  greatly  appreciated  the  author's 
paper. 

Mr.  TiTTERiNGTON  Said  he  had  the  same  difficulty 
in  storing  coal  tar  products  in  a  hot  climate. 

Dr.  Tocher  mentioned  that  figures  obtained  by  him 
in  1901  agreed  with  the  method  of  the  new  British 
Pharmacopoeia. 

Mr.  FouRACRE  wondered  if  the  ointment  had  become 
more  caustic  with  the  omission  of  the  glycerin  from 
the  formula. 

Dr.  Hampshire  thanked  the  speakers  on  behalf  of 
the  author.  The  formula  had  been  tested  clinically  and 
no  disadvantage  had  accrued  from  the  omission  of  the 
glycerin. 

The  next  communication,  taken  as  read,  was 

The  Determination  of  Bismuth  in  Solution  of  Bismuth 
and  Ammonium  Citrate 

By  C.  T.  Bennett  and  N.  R.  Campbell 

[Abstract] 

After  reviewing  the  existing  methods  of  assay  the 
authors  state  that  an  application  to  the  assay  of  the 
B.P.  solution,  of  the  method  of  Schoeller  and  Water- 
house  for  the  estimation  of  bismuth  by  precipitation 
as  phosphate  was  sought,  and  the  following  adopted: — ■ 
Take  10  mils  and  dilute  to  100  mils  with  water. 
Of  this  dilution  take  25  mils,  add  50  mils  of  water 
and  sufficient  nitric  acid  to  produce  a  precipitate  and 
then  to  redissolve  it.  Add  25  mils  water  and  strong 
ammonia  until  a  faint  permanent  precipitate  is 
obtained,  then  add  2  mils  of  nitric  acid  and  heat  to 
boiling.  Add  to  solution  maintained  at  boihng  tempera- 
ture a  lo-per-cent.  solution  of  ammonium  phosphate 
from  a  burette  at  a  rate  of  about  30  drops  per  minute 
until  the  bismuth  is  all  precipitated.  Then  add  the 
remainder  more  quickly  until  40  mils  have  been  added. 
Stirring  must  be  continued  throughout.  Dilute '  to 
about  400  mils  with  boiling  water,  stir  and  allow  to 
settle  for  fifteen  minutes  on  a  water  bath.  Filter  on 
a  Gooch  crucible  charged  with  asbestos,  under  reduced 
pressure.  Wash  three  times  by  decantation,  then  filter 
with  3-per-cent.  solution  of "  ammonium  nitrate  con- 
taining a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid.  Dry  for  thirty 
minutes  in  water-oven  and  ignite  gently  within  a 
larger  crucible.  Each  gramme  of  the  residue  corre- 
sponds to  0.7G54  gm.  of  Bi^Oj. 

I  gm.  of  BiPO.,    0.7654  gm.  of  Bi.,0, 

This  process  takes  less  than  one  and  a  half  hours 
for  completion.  The  precipitate  is  of  definite  com- 
position, remaining  so  on  ignition;  the  precipitate 
comes  down  quickly,  settles  well  and  does  not  attack 
the  somewhat  delicate  structure  of  the  Gooch  crucible 
on  ignition.  Filtration  is  surprisingly  rapid  even  when 
a  small  water-pump  is  employed  and  the  final  ignition 
does  not  require  a  high  temperature,  or  continued 
heating. 

Two  results  on  a  liquor,  carefully  standardised  by 
the  B.P.  1914  process,  gave  5.00  and  5.01  gm.  of 
bismuth  oxide  in  100  mils. 

Discussion 

Mr.  EvERS  said  he  did  not  see  why  the  phosphate 
method  was  not  used. 

The  Chairman  expressed  the  appreciation  of  the  meet- 
ing to  the  authors. 

{To  be  continued.) 


September  17,  1932  THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST  351 

BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAl  CONFERENCE 

  Social  Echoes 


The  pharmaceutical  invasion  of  Scotland  began  in 
earnest  a  fortnight  ago,  for  many  of  the  brethren,  their 
wives  and  families  had  been  touring  the  North  Country 
prior  to  concentrating  on  Aberdeen.  The  first  influx 
of  visitors  to  the  Granite  City  appeared  on  Saturday, 
September  lo,  the  earliest  arrivals  being  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
D.  J.  Williams,  of  Bath,  Dr.  C.  H.  Hampshire,  with 
Mrs.  Hampshire  and  their  daughter  (from  Edinburgh), 
Mr.  A.  H.  Jenkin,  and  a  party  of  about  sixteen  from 
Belfast.  Among  the  Irish  contingent  were  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Fred  Storey,  Mr.  D.  L.  Kirkpatrick,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  S.  Gibson,  Mr.  J.  E.  Connor,  Mr.  S.  H.  Forrest 
and  Mr.  A.  C.  McBride.  From  Liverpool  came  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Humphreys  Jones  as  an  advance  guard  for  a 
party  of  about  twelve  to  follow  later. 

Next  day  Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  R.  Bennett  arrived  with 
their  son,  after  a  motor  tour  through  the  Lake  District, 
up  the  West  Coast  of  Scotland  from  Oban  by  Fort 
William  to  Inverness,  and  thence  to  Aberdeen.  On 
the  same  day  Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  A.  Noble  motored  up 
from  Edinburgh,  where  they  had  been  spending  a  few 
days  after  a  tour  through  the  Lake  District.  I3y  mid- 
day on  Monday  hundreds  more  arrived  from  all  parts 
of  the  country,  all  more  or  less  enthusiastic  about  the 
glories  of  Scotland  and  the  kindness  of  the  weather. 
In  the  language  of  gentlemen  of  the  B.B.C. ,  the  weather 
has  been  "  mainly  fair  with  bright  intervals;  occasional 
heavy  showers  in  certain  districts." 

Ex-Provost  Roderick  Smith,  of  Stornowaj^  a  delegate 
from  the  North  of  Scotland  Branch,  had  the  distinction 
of  arriving  at  the  Conference  by  air  from  Stornoway. 
Ex-Provost  Smith  told  us  that  he  had  an  excellent 
flight,  travelling  sometimes  on  a  level  with  the  peaks 
of  the  mountains.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  he  has 
missed  only  five  Conferences  in  the  past  twenty  years. 

*  *  *  * 

During  the  week-end  those  visitors  who  had  already 
arrived  made  the  most  of  their  opportunities.  More 
than  one  party  went  to  Banchory  and  saw  one  of  the 
most  delightful  parts  of  Lower  Deeside.  A  Lancashire 
group  made  this  journey,  and  after  having  inspected 
this  Deeside  burgh  went  to  the  Water  of  Feugh,  about 
a  mile  away,  and  from  the  ancient  bridge  watched  with 
interest  the  salmon  journejrlng  up  the  stream  through 
the  rapids.  On  their  return  to  Aberdeen  they  made 
their  way  to  the  beach,  where  they  found  other  Confer- 
ence visitors  enjoying  the  exhilarating  sea  breezes. 


-  The  same  group  took  a  journey  to  Alford,  about 
thirty  miles  from  Aberdeen.  Turning  north,  they 
ascended  the  Correen  Hills,  where  the  road  rises  to  a 
heilght  of  nearly  1,300  feet.  There,  amid  the  heather 
and  bracken,  they  enjoyed  an  extensive  view.  Thence 
they  proceeded  eastward,  descending  from  the  moorland 
and  passing  the  Castle  of  Dunnideer  on  their  way  to 
Insch.  The  return  journey  was  by  way  of  Inverurie 
and  Kintore.  ;  -  , 

*  *  *  * 

A  reception  and  dance,  given  by  the  Lord  Provost, 
magistrates  and  Town  Council  of  Aberdeen,  in  the  Art 
Gallery  and  Cowdray  Hall,  marked  the  opening  of  the 
Conference,  which  will  rank  as  one  of  the  most  enjoy- 


able of  recent  years.  The  guests  were  welcomed  by  the 
Lord  Provost,  who  was  accompanied  by  Lady  Provost 
Rust  and  Baillies  Watt,  Swinney  and  Robertson.  Alter 
the  company  was  seated  (and  the  seating  capacity  of 
the  Gallery  was  taxed  to  the  utmost),  the  Lord  Provost 
offered  a  happily  worded  welcome.  He  described  some 
of  the  beauties  and  places  of  historic  interest  in  1  he 
city,  and  remarked  that  chemists  were  not  as  other 
men.  The  dignity,  serenity  and  manner  of  members  of 
that  profession  inspired  confidence.  He  thought  that  if 
he  had  to  start  life  again  and  had  the  opportunity  of 
choosing  a  career,  he  would  give  that  of  a  chemist  his 
consideration.  Mr.  Herbert  Skinner  (chairman  of  thb 
Conference),  in  reply,  said  that  Aberdeen,  wi'ih  its 
stories,  had  much  in  common  with  chemists.  Mr.  F. 
Gladstone  Hines  (president  of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society)  also  acknowledged  the  Lord  Provost's  welcome. 
The  company  was  entertained  during  the  first  part 
of  the  evening  by  an  excellent  male  choir  and  an 
orchestra.    Dancing  in  the  Cowdray  Hall  followed. 


Photol  ICh-iror/k 
Planning  the  Conference  Banquet. 

Left  to  right:  Messrs.  Farquhar,  Hay,  Diiciait,  and  two  visitors. 


After  the  municipal  welcome  and  the  Chairman's 
address  on  Tuesday  morning,  many  of  the  ladies  took 
the  opportunity  to  visit  some  of  the  sights  of  the  city 
under  the  guidance  of  the  local  ladies'  committee.  Those 
who  climbed  the  Mitchell  Tower  of  the  Marischal  College 
were  duly  rewarded  for  their  energy  by  a  magnificent 
view  of  the  city  and  surroundings.  The  College  itself, 
with  its  libraries,  its  museum,  and,  above  all,  its 
glorious  stained-glass  window,  sufficed  for  the  less  ener- 
getic. The  fine  shops  of  Union  Street  came  in  for  more 
than  a  little  share  of  attention  and  admiration,  and  the 
beach,  with  its  wide  vista  of  sand  and  North  Sea,  was  a 
favourite  rendezvous. 

*  *  *  *  ■ 

The  fascinating  description  of  Dunottar  Castle  by  Dr. 
Douglas  Simpson  which  appeared  in  a  recent  issue  of 
the  C.  D.,  and  the  note  by  Mr.  William  Watt  on 
the  route  thereto,  stimulated  interest  to  such  an  extent 
that  the  science  meeting  and  even  the  delegates'  gather- 
ing were  rather  meagrely  attended.  Over  three  hundred 
were  conveyed  in  the  luxurious  coaches  on  Tuesday  after- 
noon by  "  Finnan  "  and  "  Stanehive  "  to  the  imposing 
ruin  built  on  a  rock  jutting  out  into  the  North  Sea. 
Thanks  to  the  late  Viscountess  Cowdray,  a  grassy  path- 
way has  been  made  and  kept,  so  that  one  may  walk 


352 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17.  1932 


PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE  ♦  1932 


BRITISH 

i"*  A  

from  the  main  road  on  to  the  promontory  on  which  was 
built  in  ages  past  the  fortress  of  Dunottar.  Owing  to 
recent  rain,  some  ,  parts  of  the  pathway  on  the  slope 
were  rather  slippery,  and  at  least  two  twisted  ankles 
resulted — but  nothing  serious.  Dr.  Simpson  gave  an 
extremely  interesting  and  graphic  lecture  on  the  history 
of  the  Castle,  and  the  novelty  of  having  an  excellent  tea 
amid  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  civilisation  was  welcome. 
The  organisation  of  such  an  outing  in  unusual  surround- 
ings was  a  distinct  tribute  to  the  all-round  ability  of  the 
local  committee  and  especially  to  the  ladies),  for  (with 
the  exception  of  the  sprained  ankles  aforesaid)  there  was 
no  hitch.  The  company  arrived  back  in  Aberdeen  about 
six  o'clock,  in  good  time  for  the  reception  and  dance 
at  the  Marischal  College. 

*  *  *  * 

The  Mitchell  Hall  of  Marischal  College  was  the  scene 
of  Tuesday  night's  social  event.  A  large  crowd 
attended,  and  from  appearances  everyone  thoroughly 
enjoyed  themselves.  During  intervals  in  the  dancing 
the  company  was  charmed  by  the  evolutions  of  a  troupe 
of  well-trained  highland  dancers,  whose .  demonstration 
included  the  Eightsome  Reel  and  the  Sword  Dance.  This 
beautiful  hall  lends  itself  admirably  to  dancing.  A 
good  view  of  the  ballroom  floor  could  be  obtained  from, 
the  excellent  gallery,  and — happy  thought — accommoda- 
tion was  found  for  card  games  in  an  adjoining  hall. 

As  .chairman  of  the  Conference,  Mr.  Skinner  repeated, 
mutatis  mutandis,  his  personal  triumphs  at  Brighton 
and  Cheltenham  in  1927  and  1928  respectively,  when  he 
was  president  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society.  Fresh 
from  the  Canadian- American  Convention,  he  was  able 
to  compare  mentally  the  home  and  the  colonial  methods 
of  conducting  such  functions — not  always,  it  may  be 
hoped,  to  the  disadvantage  of  Great  Britain.  This 
year's  Conference  owes  much  to  his  experienced  guidance 
of  its  general  and  sectional  meetings. 

The  Conference  banquet  was  held  in  Elphinstone 
Hall  on  Wednesday,  Mr.  Herbert  Skinner  (chairman  of 
the  Conference)  presiding.  After  the  loyal  toast.  Pro- 
fessor David  Campbell  (Professor  of  Materia  Medica 
in  the  University  of  Aberdeen)  proposed  the  toast  of 
"  The  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain."  Pro- 
fessor Campbell  stressed  the  importance  of  education 
to  the  future  of  pharmacy,  a  matter  which  leaders  of 
the  craft  realised.  Mr.  Hines  (president  of  the  Society), 
in  reply,  thanked  Professor  Campbell  for  his  remarks. 
Education  had  been  the  key-note  of  the  Conference. 
The  president  conveyed  messages  of  regard  from  phar- 
macists in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  where  as 
president  he  had  been  received  with  every  kindness. 
He  contrasted  pharmacy  in  Canada  with  that  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  urged  need  for  establishing 
some  control  of  medicinal  products.  He  returned  with 
great  pride  in  British  prestige.  The  tradition  of  the 
mother  Society  should  always  be  that  of  leader  of 
pharmacy,  so  far  as  English-speaking  nations  were 
concerned. 

*  i-  *  * 

I'rofessor  Alexander  Findlay  (Professor  of  Chemistry, 
Aberdeen  University)  proposed  "The  British  Pharma- 
ceutical Conference."  He  acknowledged  the  great  con- 
tributions to  chemical  science  by  those  interested  in 
the  investigation  of  drugs,  and  expressed  the  hope 
that  the  Conference  would  give  encouragement  to  the 
study  of  the  history  of  pharmacy.  He  suggested  that 
every  retail  business  should  have  attached  a  laboratory 
for  research  under  the  auspices  of  the  Conference.  Mr. 
Skinner,  replying,  said  the  Conference  represented  those 
keenly  interested  in  the  progress  of  pharmacy,  and  this 
was  evidence  of  the  spirit  of  research  on  which  medi- 
cine must  be  built;  pharmacy  was  a  branch  of  medi- 


cine, the  two  going  hand  in  hand.  The  new  Pharma- 
copoeia would  be  an  eye-opener  to  medical  men. 

^  ^  ^ 

This  was  the  first  time  pharmacists  had  h.'.cl  a  real 
helpilng  hand  in  the  production.  Many  in  the  ra.nks 
were  giving  their  best  for  pharmacy  and  medicine.  The 
price  of  progress  was  eternal  vigilance.  Mr.  R.  R. 
Bennett  proposed  "  The  Town  and  Gown.'"  Bailie  Watt 
and  Colonel  H.  J.  Butchart  replied  for  the  City  and 
Universiity  respectively.  "  Our  Guests  "  was  proposed 
by  Dr.  J.  F.  Tocher,  and  responded  to  by  Mr.  J.  G. 
Burnett,  M.P.  for  North  Aberdeen.  Lady  Adam  Smith 
expressed  the  personal  regret  of  the  Principal  of  the 
University  at  his  unavoidable  absence  in  the  United 
States. 


Photo]  \Cleuorth 
Seen  in  Aberdeen 


LeU  to  right:   Messrs.   Currie,   McVitae.  and  Maclennan 

The  work  of  the  Local  Executive  Committee  was 
unusually  arduous  this  year  by  reason  of  the  very  large 
number  of  applications  for  tickets.  The  sudden  increase 
in  the  pharmaceutical  popularity  of  Aberdeen  is  some- 
what diflicult  to  explain,  but  it  has  entailed  more  work 
than,  probably,  the  devoted  ladies  and  gentlemen  who 
formed  the  Local  Executive  Committee  and  its  subsidiary 
committees  expected  when  they  first  entered  their  names. 
How  efficiently  and  heartily  this  work  has  been  done, 
every  visitor  to  the  Conference  knows;  and  the  compli- 
ments that  have  been  paid  to  Mr.  Hay,  Mr.  Dugan  and 
their  colleagues  are  a  slight  expression  of  the  gratitude 
that  is  their  due. 

*  *  *  * 

Judging  from  the  first  newspaper  cuttings  that  have 
reached  us,  the  local  Press  "  did  "  the  Conference  very 
well,  both  the  "  Aberdeen  Press  and  Journal  "  and  the 
"  Evening  Express  "  giving  lengthy  reports  of  the  open- 
ing session  and  the  earlier  social  events.  One  of  these 
journals  remarks: — "  With  one  exception  all  the  papers 
submitted  at  the  science  meeting  of  the  Conference  were 
of  a  iiighly  technical  nature.  While,  however,  they 
might  have  been  more  or  less  unintelligible  to  the  out- 
sider, they  were  of  profound  interest  to  the  delegates." 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


353 


Trade 

Where  possible  scales  of  prices  of  chemicals  are 
recorded  for  crude  drugs,  essential  and  fixed  oils 
quantities.    Qualities  of  chemicals,  drugs,  essential 

grades  would  be 

28  Essex  Street,  W.C.2,  September  IS 

Althoigh  the  volume  of  business  transacted  during  the 
past  week  has  been  rather  disappointing,  the  general  tone 
is  steadily  maintained.  A  few  of  the  items  of  a  speculative 
character  have  declined  in  value,  due  to  profit-taking.  The 
steadiness  of  the  markets,  despite  the  temporary  falling-off 
in  demand,  indicates  the  healthy  undertone.  In  pharma- 
ceutical chemicals,  business  has  been  sustained  on  the 
recent  limited  lines  and  prices  are  generally  steady.  Fixed 
prices  for  phenolphthalein  are  now  operating  and  there  is 
not  nuicli  second-hand  to'  clear.  Thymol  is  st-eadier.  Home 
makers  have  reduced  their  quoted  prices  .for  tartaric 
acid,  cream  of  tartar  and  citric  acid.  In  crude 
drugs.  matters  have  been  somewhat  quieter,  but 
there  is  no  general  tendency  for  prices  to  move  back  to 
former  levels.  Buchu  is  firm.  Japanese  camphor  and 
menthol  have  been  slow  and  are  not  so  healthy.  Cascara 
sagrada  is  firm.  Ipecacuanha  is  dearer  and  firm.  Alexan- 
drian senna  pods  of  manufacturing  quality  have  been  active 
for  export.  Honey  is  increasing  in  demand  on  a  strong 
market.  In  essential  oils,  business  has  been  rather  patchy, 
witli  prices  well  maintained.  Some  few  products  are 
elightly  dearer.  The  shipment  markets  in  crude  drugs  and 
essential  oils  are,  with  a  few  exceptions,  fully  steady,  with 
a  tendency  to  advance.  In  fixed  oils,  business  has  shown 
a  good  revival  and  prices  are  recovering  sharply.  The  tone 
is  very  steady,  and  further  advances  are  looked  for.  Coal- 
tar  products  are  mostly  rather  quiet.  Carbolic  acid  crystals 
are  active  at  steady  prices,  and  pitch  is  firm  and  scai'co 
for  export. 

A  drurj  auction  will  he  held  next  Tliursdaij,  September  2'2. 
Exchange  Rates  on  London 


The  following  is  a  list  of  tJie  chief  Continental  and  other 
exchange  rates  at  the  opening  on  Thursday  morning:  — 


Centre 

Quoted 

Par 

September  15 

Value  of  the  £ 

Amsterdam   . . 

Fl.  to  £ 

12.107 

8.67 

14/3i 

Berlin  . . 

Mks.  to  £ 

20.43 

14.625- 

14/3i 

Brussels 

Belga  to  £ 

35 

25.121- 

14/4i 

Copenhagen  . . 

Kr.  to  £ 

18.159 

19-a 

21/21 

Lisbon 

Esc.  to  £ 

no 

110 

20/0 

Madrid 

Ptas.  to£ 

25.22i 

43} 

33/10* 

Milan  .. 

Lire  to  £ 

92.46 

67i 

14/6 

Montreal 

Dol.  to£ 

4.86f 

3.851 

15/lOi 

New  York 

Dol.  to  £ 

4.861 

3.48 

14/3i 

Oslo    . . 

Kr.  to  £ 

18.159 

195 

21/101 

Paris  . , 

Fr.  to  £ 

124.21 

8811- 

14/3i 

Prague 

Kr.  to  £ 

164.25 

1171 

15/14 

Stockholm 

Kr.  to  £ 

18.159 

19.501 

21/6 

Warsaw 

Zloty  to  £ 

43.38 

3H 

14/5 

Zurich.. 

Fr.  to  £ 

25.2215 

18.04 

14/3.! 

Bank  rate  2  per  cent. 


PharmaceuticaS  Chemicals,  etc. 

Business  continues  to  move  on  a  fairly  satisfactory  scale 
and  prices  are  all  very  steady.  Phenolphthalein  is  dearer, 
with  sales  prices  now  fixed.  Thymol  is  steadier.  Milk 
sugar  is  tending  to  advance.  Home  makers  have  reduced 
their  quoted  prices  for  cream  of  tartar  and  tartaric  and 
titric  acids. 

ACET.iNiLiD  meets  with  the  usual  small  business ;  market 
eteady :  B.P.  crystals  and  powder,  Is.  Sjd.  to  Is.  8d.  per 
lb.  as  to  quantity. 

Amidopye,in. — Dealers'  spot  prices  are  slightly  cheaper 
than  forward ;  crystals,  two  cwt.,  18s.  2d. ;  less  than  two 
cwt.,  IBs.  6d.  per  lb.,  with  powder  2d.  per  lb.  extra. 

Ammonium  iCHTHOL.strLPHONATE  is  imchanged,  with  business 
fair:  one  cwt..  Is.  6d.,  in  14-lb.  tins;  Is.  7d.,  in  1-lb.  tins; 
Is.  9d.,  in  8-oz.  tins;  and  Is.  lid.  per  lb.,  in  4-oz  tins. 

Aspirin. — Inquiry  continues  on  a  good  scale,  with  makers' 
and  dealers'  prices  steady.  Home  trade  :  ten  cwt.,  2s  7d. ; 
five  cwt.,  2s.  8d.  ;  one  cwt.,  2s.  8id.  ;  28  lb.,  2s.  9d. ;  14  lb., 
2s.  lOd. ;  i7  lb.,  3s.  per  lb.  Export  to  Colonies  and  British 
Possessions:  ten  oivt.,  2s.  7d. ;  five  cwt.,  23.  8d.  ;  one  cwt.. 


Report 

given  for  bulk  down  to  small  quantities.  Prices 
and  coal  tar  products  are  for  fair  sized  wholesale 

and  fixed  oils,  etc.,  vary,  and  selected  brands  or 

at  higher  values 

Zs.  8^d.  per  lb.  f.o.b.  ;  lesa  than  one  cwt.,  2s.  9d.  per  lb. 
ex  works. 

Bahbitone. — Spot  offers  continue  cheap  compared  with 
replacement  costs:  spot,  one  cwt.,  10s.  9d.  ;  56  lb.,  lis.; 
smaller  parcels,  up  to  lis.  Sd.  per  lb. 

Benzoic  .4Cid  (B.P.)  is  meeting;  with  a  .steady  inquiry: 
quantities,  ex  works,  Is.  did.  ;  spot  parcels,  Is.  "lOd.  to  2s. 
per  lb.  ex  store. 

Bho.aiides. — Makers'  prices  are  sustained,  with  dealers 
offering  at  level  figures;  business  is  fair:  ammonium,  not 
less  than  five  cwt.,  Is.  9d.  ;  one  cwt..  Is.  lOd.  ;  smaller 
quantities,  2s.  Id.  per  lb.:  potassium,  B.P.  crystals  and 
granular,  not  less  than  five  cwt..  Is.  6d.  ;  one  cwt..  Is.  7d. ; 
smaller  quantities,  Is.  lOd.  p(.'r  lb.  ;  sodium,  B.P.,  not  less 
than  five  cwt..  Is.  8d.  :  one  cwt..  Is.  9d. :  smallei  quantities, 
2s.  per  lb.,  net,  without  engagement.  iSpecial  prices  for 
larger  quantities. 

^  Caffeine. — ^Competitive  prices  continue  to  be  quoted  for  a 
limited  business:  pure  alkaloid,  5s.  8d.  to  6s.  2d.  per  lb.; 
citrate,  4.s.  4d.  to  4s.  8d.  per  lb.,  as  to  quantity. 

Calcium  lactate.— The  market  is  rather  quiet;  quoted 
values  unchanged:  spot,  one  cwt.,  Is.  Id.;  56  lb..  Is.  2d.; 
28  lb.,  Is.  2id. ;  smaller  parcels,  up  to  Is.  6d.  per  lb. 

Chlohal  hydrate. — Homo  makers'  prices  are  steady : 
duty-paid  crystals,  in  14-lb.  free  containers,  five  cwt., 
3s.  4d. ;  one  cwt.,  3s.  5d.  ;  56  lb.,  3.s.  6d.  ;  28  lb.,  3s.  7d. ; 
14  lb.,  3s.  8d.  per  lb.  ;  28-lb.  jars,  one  penny  per  lb.  extra. 

Othic  acid  (B.P.  crystals).— Home  makers  notify  ,a 
reduction  in  their  quoted  price  to  lOid.  per  lb.,  less  5  per 
cent,  discount,  nominal  and  without  engagement.  Dealers 
are  quoting  at  very  keen  prices. 

Cream  of  tartar.— Home  makers"  quoted  price  for  99  to 
100  per  cent,  has  been  further  reduced,  and  is  now  at  85s. 
per  cwt.,  less  2^  per  cent,  discount,  nominal  and  without 
engagement.    Dealers'  prices  are  at  about  the  same  level. 

Creosote  cahdonate.— Dealers  are  offering  spot  supplies 
at  about  8s.  6d.  to  ICs.  per  lb.,  as  to  ciuantity.  Market  is 
dull. 

GUAiACOL  CARBONATE.— The  demand  is  small.  Dealers  quote 
spot:  one  cwt.,  8s.;  56  lb..  8s.  Id.;  28  lb.,  8s.  2d.;  smaller 
parcels,  up  to  8s.  6d.  per  lb. 

Hexamine. — There  is  no  change  m  the  gold  standard 
prices,  as  previously  reported.  Spot  supplies  are  ofi^cring 
at  keen  prices :  two-cwt.  lots,  2s.  3d.  ;  one  cwt.,  2s.  Z^d.  ; 
up  to  2s.  6d.  per  lb.  for  smalJ  quantities. 

HydhOQUINONE  is  unchanged,  with  importers'  prices 
steady;  business  rather  quieter:  Ten  cwt.,  4s.  8id. ;  five 
cwt.,  4s.  9id.  ;  two  cwt.,  43.  lOid. ;  one  cwt..  4s.  10|d. ; 
56  lb.,  4.S.  llfd. ;  28  lb.,  5s.  l|d.  ;  14  lb.,  5s.  3id.  ;  7  lb., 
5s.  55d.  per  lb.,  carriage  paid. 

Iodides. — Makers'  prices  are  as  follows:  Potassium 
iodide,  B.P.  :  For  not  less  than  one  cwt.,  17s.  lOd.  :  28  lb., 
18s.  Id.;  14  lb.,  IBs.  4d. ;  7  lb.,  20s.  9d.  ;  4  lb..  21s.  2d.; 
smaller  quantities,  21s.  7d.  per  lb.  Sodium  iodide,  B.P.  : 
For  not  less  than  28  lb.  19s.  4d.  :  14  lb.,  19s.  lOd.  ;  7  lb., 
22s.  lOd.  ;  4  lb.,  23s.  3d. ;  smaller  quantities,  23s.  9d.  per  lb. 
Iodine  rcsub..  B.P.  :  For  not  less  than  one  cwt.,  20s.  8d.  ; 
28  lb„  20s.  lid.;  14  lb.,  2I3.  5d.  ;  7  lb.,  23s.;  4  lb..  24s.  2d.; 
smaller  quantities,  26s.  per  lb.  Iodoform.  B.P.  cryst., 
precip,  or  powder:  For  not  less-  than  28  lb.,  23s.  9d. ;  14  lb., 
24s.  3d.;  7  lb.,  28s.  Id.;  4  lb.,  286.  8d.  ;  smaller  quantities, 
29s.  3d.  per  lb.  la  quantities  not  le.s5  than  one  cwt.,  (which 
may  be  taken  assorted),  containers  of  28  lb.  and  outer 
packages  free,  carriage  paid.  Prices  are  quoted  without 
engagement.  Contracts  for  one  cwt.,  five  cwt.,  ten  cwt.,  or 
larger  quantities,  for  delivery  as  required  during  a  period 
of  four  months,  with  rebates  applicable  to  the  quantity 
booked. 

Lactic  acid  (B.P.)  mecto  with  a  moderate  inquiry,  with 
quoted  prices  competitive :  quantities  in  carboys.  Is.  55id. 
to  Is.  bid.  per  lb.  ;  small  lots  in  demi.johns  and  Winchesters, 
Is.  7d.  to  Is.  82-d.  per  lb.,  carriage  paid. 

Methyl  s.'i.icyl.we  (B.P.). — Business  continues  on  a  very 
fair  scale,  with  makers'   and  dealers'  prices  steady :  one 


354 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


ton  and  gvct.  Is.  45d.  :  ten  ewt..  Is.  5d.  ;  five  cwt..  Is.  Sjd. ; 
one  cu  t.,  Is.  6d.  :  less  than  one  cwt..  Is.  bgd. ;  smaller 
quantities  in  bottles,  'xp  to  2s.  per  lb. 

Methyl  si'LPHONAr-  remains  rather  quiet,  but  dealers' 
prices-  are  -  steady ;  spot,  two  cut.,  19s.  3d.:  one  cwt., 
19s.  9d.  ;  55  lb.,  20s.  3d.  ;  small  parcels,  up  to  21s.  per  lb. 

Meiol  shows  no  chancre,  with  business  on  limited  lines: 
56  lb.,  9s.  3d.;  28  lb.,  9s.  6d.  per  lb.:  14  lb.,  9s.  9d. ;  7  lb., 
10s.  9d.  per  lb.,  in  tins,  bottles  extra,  carriage  paid.  Whole- 
sale distributors'  prices  for  small  quantities  at  higher  prices. 

Milk  sugab. — Rather  more  business  is  being  done  and 
the  market  tends  to  harden  :  Continental  material,  one  ton, 
50s.  6d.  ;  ten  cwt.,  51s.  6d.  ;  two  cut.,  52s.  6d.  per  cwt.,  in 
two-cwt.  cases. 


MonPHlXE. — Makers'  prices  are  as  follows-  — 


Under 
5  oz. 

5  oz. 
and  over 
assorted 

For 
100  oz. 

assorted 
contracts 
over  6 
months 

For 
250  oz. 
assorted 
contracts 
over  6 
months 

Morphine  : 

oz. 

oz. 

oz. 

oz. 

alkaloid  precip. 

-  23/2 

22/1 

21/7 

21/1 

tartrate  (neutral) 

acetate 

hydrochloride  powder 

-  18/8 

17/10 

17/4 

16/10 

sulphate 

- 

Fall  clause  for  contracts  of  100  oz.  and  over. 


Phenaceiin. — Dealers'  spot  prices  are  keen,  and  isolated 
offers  arc  cheap  compared  with  forward;  spot,  crystals, 
ten  cwt.,  5s.  4jd.  ;  five  cwt.,  5s.  6d.  ;  two  cu  t.,  5s.  7d. ; 
and  leas,  up  to  6s.  3d.  per  lb.,  with  powder  2d.  per  lb. 
extra. 

Phexazoxe. — There  appear  to  be  one  or  two  cheap  spot 
oflcrs.  but  in  most  directions  the  market  is  steady :  spot, 
crystals,  ten  cwt.,  9s.  ;  five  cu  t.,  9s.  lOd. ;  two  cwt., 
10s.  ;  and  less,  IQs,  4gd.  per  lb.,  with  powder  2d.  per  lb. 
extra. 

Phenolphthalein. — The  two  home  sources  of  supply  are 
now  quoting  the  following  scale  of  prices:  five  cwt.  and 
over,  3s.  lOd. ;  two  cwt.,  3s.  lid.  ;  one  cwt.,  4s. ;  28  lb., 
4s.  5d. ;  14  lb.,  4s.  6d.  ;  7  lb.,,  4s.  9d.  per  lb.;  small  lots, 
5s.  per  lb.  There  is  very  little  second-hand  on  the  market. 

Potassium  pehmanganate  (B.P.). — The  demand  for  limited 
quantities  continues,  with  the  market  steady  :  quantities  in 
drums,  8jd.  to  9d.  ;  druggists'  parcels,  9id.  to  lOd.  per  lb. 

Potassium  sulphoguaiacolate  is  a  dull  market.  Dealers 
are  offering  spot  supplies  at  about  4s.  9d.  to  5s.  per  lb., 
as  to  quantity. 

QuixiNE  sulphate. — The  Convention  quotation  remains 
at  2s.  4d.  per  oz.,  carriage  paid  on  bulk  quantities. 

Resokcix. — Business  is  fairly  good :  market  steady : 
crystals  one  cwt..  4^.  6d. ;  56  lb.,  4s.  7d. ;  28  lb.,  4s.  8d. ; 
14  lb.,  4s.  lOd.  :  7  lb.,  5s.;  less  than  7  lb.,  5s.  6d.  per  lb., 
with  powder  3d.  per  lb.  extra. 

ROCHELLE  salts. — Makers'  prices  are  steady.:  powder,  five 
cwt.  or  over,  in  one  delivery,  82s.  6d. ;  less  than  five  cwt., 
85s. ;  less  than  one  cwt.,  87s.  6d.  per  cwt.,  carriage  paid  ; 
crystals,  2s.  6d.  per  cwt.  extra ;  pulv.  scidlitz,  five  cwt.  or 
over,  -in  one  delivery.  65s.  3d.;  .less  than  live  cwt..  b8s.  ; 
less  than  one  cwt.,  70s.  :  double.  73s.  3d.,  75s.  6d.  and 
77s.  6d.  per  cwt.,  carriage  paid.  Special  prices  for  quanti- 
ties and  contracts. 

Salicylic  acid  (B.P.)  continues  firm  at  home  makers' 
prices:  one  ton.  Is.  5d. :  ten  cu  t..  Is.  55d.  ;  five  cwt.. 
Is.  6d.  ;  one  cu  t.,  Is.  65d.  ;  small  parcels,  up  to  2s.  per  lb. 

Salol  is  unchanged  at  controlled  prices;  business  limited: 
crystals,  two  cwt.,  5s.  2|d.  ;  one  cu  t.,  5s.  4|d.  ;  56  lb., 
5s.  6d. ;  smaller  parcels,  5s.  l^d.  per  lb. ;  powder,  2d.  per 
lb.  extra. 

Saxtoxin. — The  market  continues  competitive,  with  prices 
a  matter  of  negotiation. 

Sodium  bexzoate  (B.P.)  is  moving  fairly  well  on  a  very 
keen  market :  bulk  quantities,  about  Is.  7d.  ;  cu  t.  lots. 
Is.  7gd.  ;  smaller  parcels,  up  to  2s.  per  lb. 

Sodium  diethylbaebiturate.— The  market  ha.s  remained 
dull:  spot,  one  cwt.,  12s.  9d. ;  55  lb..  12s.  lOd. ;  28  lb.,  13s.; 
14  lb.,  13s,  2d.;  7  lb..  13s.  3d.;  smaller  parcels,  up  to 
13s.  9d.  per  lb. 

•  Sodium  salicylate  .  (B.P.)..,— A  very  f  air  business  is  being 
done,  with  •  makers'  and  '.lealers'.  prices  :  steady  Home 
trade:  powder,  two  tons  Is.  lOd. ;  one  ton.  Is.  lOgd.  ;  ten 
cwt..  Is.  Ud.;  five  cwt..  Is.  Hid.;  one  cwt.,  2s.;  28  lb., 
2s.  Id,  ;  14  lb.,  2s.  3d.  per  lb.,  with  crystals  Id.  per  lb. 
extra. 


SuLPHOXAL. — Business  has  been  limited ;  dealers'  prices 
continue,  steady :  crystals,  two  cwt.,  15s.  7d.  ;  one  cu  t., 
16s. ;  56  lb.,  163.  3d. ;  small  parcels,  up  to  176.  per  lb.,  with 
powder  2d.  per  lb.  extra. 

Taxxic  acid  ■  (Leviss).— Prices  are  maintained  -at  the 
recent  advance  at  3s.  6d.  to  3s.  9d.  per  lb.  as  to  quantity. 

Taetaeic  acid  (B.P.  crystals).— Home  makers'  quoted  price 
shows  a  reduction,  being  now  at  lid.  per  lb.,  less  .5  per 
cent,  discount,  nominal  and  without  engagement.  Dealers 
are  quoting  at  keen  prices. 

Theobromixe.— The  market  is  fairly  steady,  although 
business  is  small :  pure,  5s.  6d.  to  5s.  9d. ;  sodium  salicylate, 
5s.  3d.  to  5s.  6d.  per  lb.,  as  to  quantity  . 

Thymol. — Tlie  market  is  steadier ;  business  is  .  limited  : , 
synthetic,  fine  white,  one  cwt.,  6=.;  55  lb.,  6s.  ijd. ;  28  lb., 
6s.  3d.;  14  lb.,  6s.  4jd.  per  lb.;  ex  ajowan  seed,  one  cwt.,' 
7s.  6d. ;  56  lb.,  7s.  7id. ;  28  lb.,  7s.  9d. ;  14  lb.,  8s.  per  lb. 

Vaxillix. — Business  is  on  the  quiet  side ;  some  offers  may 
be  slightly  cheaper :  ex  guaiacol,  one  ton,  14s,  3d. ;  ten 
cu  t.,  14s.  6d.  :  five  cwt.,  14s.  9d. :  three  cwt.,  15s.  ;  one 
cwt.,  15s.  3d.;  55  lb..  15s.  6d. ;  28  lb..  15s.  9d. ;  14  lb.,  16s.; 
less,  16s.  3d.  per  lb. ;  ex  clove  oil,  16s.  -to  18s.  per  lb.,  as  to 
quantity,  from  one  ton  to  less  than  14  lb. 

Crude  Drugs,  etc. 

Agar-agar. — The  market  is  keeping  quite  steady  but 
business  has  been  slower.  Spot,  Kobe  No.  1.  2i.  lid.  ; 
No.  2,  2s.  9d.  ;  Yokohama  No.  1.  2s.  9d.  ;  shipment.  Kobe 
No.  1,  2s.  2d.  ;  No.  2,  Is.  lOd.  ;  Yokohama  No.  1,  Is.  lOd. 
per  lb.  c.i.f. 

Antimony  is  steady  at  last  week's  prices.  Chinese  crude, 
spot,  £16;  shipment,  £14  5s.  c.i.f.  Chinese  oxide,  spot, 
£27;  shipment,  £20  lOs.  c.i.f. 

Balsams  have  remained  rather  dull  but  keep  steady. 
Tolu,  5s.  6d.  per  lb.  Canada  is  offering  at  about  3s.  6d. 
to  3s.  8d.  per  lb.,  spot. 

BucHU. — This  market  is  fully  steady  and  holders  are  not 
forcing  sales  :  business  is  moving  on  a  limited  scale.  Spot, 
good  green  rounds,  where  available,  firm  at  Is.  3d.  ;  fair. 
Is.  Id.  to  Is.  lid.  ;  off  colour,  lid.  to  Is.  per  lb.  Ovals, 
9id.  to  9id.  per  lb.,  as  to  colour. 

CIamphor. — The  market  has  been  subdued,  but  prices  for 
Japanese  continue  about  unchanged  but  not  so  steady.  Spot, 
slabs,  2s.  4id. ;  tablets,  3s.  per  lb. ;  shipment,  slabs. 
Is.  9|d.  ;  flowers,  Is.  lO^d. ;  tablets,  2s.  3id.  per  lb.  c.i.f. 
English  refined  is  quoted  unchanged :  flowers,  one  cu  t., 
3s.  Id.  ;  28  lb.,  3s.  2d.  ;  small  lots,  3s.  3d.  per  lb.  Trans- 
parent tablets,  4  oz.,  8  oz.  and  16  oz.,  5s.  4d.  ;  1  oz.  and 
2  oz.,  3s.  5d. ;  i  oz.,  g  oz.  and  i  oz.,  3s.  6d.  per  lb. ;  special 
prices  for  contracts  for  quantities. 

CA.SOAEA  s.\grada. — The  recent  advances  are  well  main- 
tained, and  business  has  been  .satisfactory :  the  market  is 
fully  steady.  Shipment,  423.  6d.  per  cwt..  c.i.f.  in  car- 
load lots;  spot,  1931  peel,  57s.  6d.  ;  1932  peel,  from  60s.  per 
cwt. 

Chamosiiles. — The  position  as  regards  new  crop  flowers 
continues  uncertain,  and  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  definite 
news.  It  is  reported  that  one  or  two  exporters  arc  behind 
with  their  shipments.  One  report  states  the  crop  is  finished 
and  the  yield  is  much  less  than  was  at  first  estimated. 

Cloves — Quoted  prices  are  steadily  maintained,  but  busi- 
ness is.  rather  quiet  at  .the  :  moment.  Zanzibar,  spot,  7|d. ; 
shipment,  August-October,  7d.  per  lb,  c.i.f.  Madagascar, 
spot,  7|d.  per  lb. 

The  landing's  of  Zanzibar  in  London  durirg  the  week  ended 
September  10  were  nil  and  the  deliveries  111,  leaving  a  stock  of 
1.112,  against  647  in  1931.  From  January  1  to  date  landings  ot 
Zanzibar  have  been  4,401,  a.^ainst  1.541  in  1931,  and  the  deliveries 
5,276,  against  1,913  in  1931.  Landings  of  Madagascar  for  the 
Meek  ended  September  10  were  Ji!7  and  the  deliveries  six,  leaving 
•J  stock  of  1,463,  against  1,189  in  1931.  Landings  of  Madagascar , 
this  year  to  date  have  been  814,  against  2,320  in  1931,  and  the 
deliveries  358,  against  2,057  in  1931. 

Cocoa  butter. — The  market  is  better  this  week  witlr  orimj 
English  quoted  from  9d.  to  lOjd.  per  lb.,  as  to  quantity. 

Coconut  (desiccated). — The  market  is  steady  and  un- 
changed on  the  week.  Spot,  fine,  24s.;  medium,  23s.  6d. ; 
shipment,  halves,  September-October,  21s.  6d.  per  cwt.,  c.i.f. 

COD-LIVEH  OIL. — The  seasonal  demand  has  been  increased 
in  view  of  the  possibility  of  an  additional  import  duty.  ' 
The  shipment  market  is  firm  with  finest  Lofoten  steam-" 
refined,  non-freezing  medicinal  oil  at  87s.  6d.  per  barrel, 
c.i.f.    Spot  is  quoted  from  lOOs.  to  102s.  6d.   per  barrel.  ' 
Some  brands  may  be  slightly  cheaper.  ■ 

COLCHICUM. — Best  sliced  root  is  now  quoted  at  65s.  per  ■ 
cwt.,  and  seed  is  dearer  and  firm  at  2s.  6d.  per  lb. 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


355 


Ergot. — Russian  continues  to  be  freely  offered  on  spot 
at  about  Is.  2id.  to  Is.  3d.  per  lb.,  as  to  quantity.  New 
€roi>  Spanish  for  shipment  is  mentioned  at  about  ls>  5d. 
per  lb.  c.i.f. 

Gelatin. — A  fair  business  continues  with  the  market 
steady.  Spot,  gold  leaf,  2s.  2d. ;  silver  leaf,  2s. ;  bronze 
leaf.  Is.  8id.  ;  thin  leaf.  Is.  Tgd.  per  lb.  in  cwt.  cases. 

GENTiAN.^Supplies  available  on  spot  .are  limited,  and  the 
price  is  firm  at  45s.  per  cwt. 

Ginger  has  been  in  fair  demand  ;  prices  are  fully  main- 
tained. Wecit  African,  spot,  23s.  6d.  ;  for  arrival,  22s.  6d. 
per  cwt.,  c.i.f.  Jamaica  is  dearer  on  spot  at  from  62s.  6d. 
to  ,95s.  per  cwt.,  as  to  quality.  This  shows  an  advance  of 
about  5s.  per  cwt. 

Gum  acacia. — A  little  more  interest  has  been  shown,  and 
the  market  is  quoted  a  point  dearer.  Spot,  Kordofdn 
cleaned  sorts,  38s.  ;  natural,  36s.  ;  bleached,  7;7s.  6d.  ner 
cwt.  Shipment,  Kordofan  cleaned  sorts,  323.  ;  natural, 
50s.  per  cwt.  c.i.f. 

Henna  leaves. — Supplies  on  spot  are  still  rather  free,  and 
are  moving  off  at  previous  rates. 

Honey. — With  the  approach  of  the  buying  season  business 
has  increased  and  the  demand  has  been  more  active  than 
usual  in  view  of  the  increased  rate  of  import  duty  that  is 
likely  to  bo  levied  at  no  distant  date.  Californian  white 
clover  is  now  up  to  50s.  per  cwt.  On  account  of  the 
attractive  price  Hamburg  has  been  buying  in  good  quanti- 
ties, some  250  cases  of  Guatemalan  being  sold  at  an  advance 
of  2s.  Jamaican  pale  is  in  very  limited  supply  on  spot. 
Good  medium  is  quoted  at  abo^ut  356.  per  cwt.,  and  dark 
manufacturing  at  about  25s.  6d.  to  27s.  6d.  per  cwt.  It  is 
reported  that  the  Jamaican  crop  was  unusually  poor  this 
season.    The  general  tone  of  the  market  is  firm. 

Ipecacuanha. — The  spot  market  is  now  firm,  with  Matto 
Grosso  fully  5s.,  and  some  holders  asking  up  to  5s.  3d.  per 
lb.  Supplies  are  restricted  on  .spot  and  no  offers  for  ship- 
ment are  being  made. 

Liquorice  hoot. — It  is  reported  there  is  no  single-peeled 
root  available. 

Menthol.— After  a  week  of  slower  business  the  shipment 
market  is  rather  easier,  but  is  keeping  quite  steady.  K/S 
brands  on  spot  is  nominal  at  lis.  9d.  per  lb.,  and  less  for 
bulk  quantities ;  shipment,  Octxjber-December,  about 
9s.  7-^-d. ;  January-March,  9s.  7Ad.  per  lb.  c.i.f.  Closing  didl 
but  steady. 

Meecuey.— The  mai-ket  is  fairly  busy  and  the  spot  value 
is  steady  at  about  £10  to  £10  7s.  6d.  per  bottle,  ex  ware- 
house, as  to  quantity. 

Opium. — The  market'  has  been  rather  quiet  but  is  very 
steady  at  Is.  4d.  per  unit,  landed  and  duty  paid. 

Pepper. — Quoted  prices  show  very  little  change  on  the 
week ;  the  market  is  rather  quiet  but  steady.  Lampong, 
spot,  6|d.  ;  shipment,  August-October,  Sjd.  ;  October- 
December,  brsd.  per  lb.  c.i.f.  Tellicherry,  spot,  75d.  ;  ship- 
ment, September-November,  65s.  per  cwt.  c.i.f.  ;  Aleppy 
spot,  7d. ;  shipment,  September-November,  61s.  per  cwc. 
c.i.f.  White  Muntok.  spot,  7id.  ;  shipment,  August-October, 
6jd.   sold;    October-December,  6|d.   paid,  c.i.f. 

PiJiENTO. — At  the  further  advance  the  market  is  firm  and 
business  active.  Spot,-  3Jd, ;  shipment,  September-October, 
32s.  6d.  per  cwt.  c.i.f. 

Rubber. — The  market  lost  ground  early  in  the  week 
but  recovered  at  the  close,  and  is  now  steady  with  more 
business  moving.  U.K.  stocks  total  104,290  tons,  as  against 
105,062  tons  last  week  and  135.802  tons  a  year  ago.  Stan- 
dard ribbed  smoked  s!iect,  sellers,  spot,  2Jd.  ;  September, 
23d. ;  October,  2|d.  ;  October-December,  2fld.  ;  .lanuai-y- 
March  1933,  2f*d.  ;  April-June,  2itd.  ;  July-September, 
3^d.  per  lb. 

Saffron.— A  fair  inquiry  for  small  quantities  is  being 
received;  market  steady.  Spot,  prime  B.P.,  55s.;  extra 
B.P.,  566.  ;  super  B.P.,  48s.  3d.  per  lb.,  and  less  for  bulk 
quantities. 

Sahsaparilla. — The  demand  has  been  limited,  with  the 
market  keeping  steady.  Grey  Jamaica,  Is.  lOd.  to  Is.  lid. 
per  lb.  ;  ;  native,  mixed  colours.  Is.  Id.  to  Is.  Ijd.  per  lb. 

Seeds. — Anise. — Spot,  Spanish,  533. ;  Turkish,  35s. ; 
Russian,  35.s.  Canary. — Spot,  Mazagan,  14s. ;  Tangier-, 
13s.  6d. ;  Kenitra,  12s.  6d.  Linseed. — No  Mazagan  on  spot. 
Morocco  sold  at  12s.  6d.  Coriander. — Morocco,  1929  crop, 
quoted  16s. ;  wormy,  15s.  ;  new  crop  for  shipment  offered 
at  15s.  3d.  c.i.f.  Cujiin. — Morocco  offered  at  32s.  spot; 
shipment,  286.  c.i.f.  Fenugreek. — Morocco,  12s.  6d.  spot; 
shipment  sold  at  9s.  9d.  c.i.f.  Caraway. — Dutch,  spot, 
business  done  at  29s.  9d.,  duty  paid.  Mustard, — English, 
21s.  to  28s.  6d.  per  cwt.  according  to  quality.  No  extra 
bold. 


Senega. — This  market  continues  firm  and  fair  interest  is 
shown.  Spot,  2s.  2d.  to  2s.  3d.;  shipment,  2s.  Id.  per  lb.  c.i.f. 

Senna. — The  feature  of  the  .week  has  been  the  active 
demand  for  export  of  Alexandrian  manufacturing  pods,  it 
being  reported  that  some  200  bales  have  been  taken  oft'  the 
market.  Finest  hand-picked  and  medium  quality  pods  are 
steady  and  unchanged.  Tinnevelly  is  also  very  steady, 
with  leaves  and  pods  at  former  rates  on  spot,,  and  the 
shipment  market  well  maintained. 

Shellac.— The  market  has  lost  some  of  tho  recent  improve- 
ment, closing  quiet.  Standard  TN  orange,  65s. ;  fine  orange, 
80s.  to  140s.;  pure  button,  85s.  per  cwt.  For  delivery,  TN, 
October,  sold  at  57s.;  December,  58s.;  March,  60s.;  foi' 
arrival,   TN,   September-October,   55s.   per  cwt.  c.i.f. 

Squill. — Supplies  of  fine  new  crop  are  offering  at  22s.  6d. 
to  25s.  per  cwt.  as  to  quality. 

Tuba  root. — There  is  a  steady  demand  for  good  test  root, 
which  is  quoted  at  about  lid.  per  lb. 

Valerian  root.— Tho  spot  market  is  firm  as  quoted  at 
45s.  per  cwt. 

Wax  (various). — These  markets  continue  very  steady  and 
a  satisfactory  business  is  being  done.  Cahnauba,  fatty  grey 
and  chalky  grey,  is  quoted  at  85b.  ;  medium  yellow  is 
unchanged  at  130s. ;  fine  yellow,  145s.  Candelilla  is  steady 
at  75s.  per  cwt.  Spehiiaceti,  steady  at  93d.  per  lb.  spot. 
Paraffin  is  about  steady  from  22s.  6d.  to  50s.  per  cwt.  as 
to  melting  point.  Cehesin  is  quoted  from  35s.  to  80s.  per 
cwt.,  as  to  colour  and  melting  point.  Bees'  now  very  steady, 
with  the  market  showing  more  life :  bleached,  discs, 
£7  10s. ;  slabs,  £7  5s. ;  yellow  refined.  £5  12s.  6d. ;  yellow 
crude,  97s.  6d.  per  cwt.  spot. 

Essential  Oils,  etc. 

Business  has  not  been  so  good  this  week,  but  the  recent 
improvement  in  tone  is  maintained,  and  values,  particularly 
for  shipment,  are  very  steady.  C'ananga  is  dearer.  Ceylon 
citronella  closes  firm.  Bourbon  geranium  is  dearer  on  spot. 
New  crop  lavender  prices  are  now  to  hand.  Sicilian  lemoni 
and  orange  have  been  of  small  interest,  but  in  both  pro- 
ducts the  shipment  markets  tend  to  become  firmer. 
Patchouli  is  fii-mer.  Japanese  peppermint  has  lost  a  point, 
and  is  quieter ;  the  American  oil  is  keeping  firm  for  ship- 
ment.   Wormseed  shows  a  further  advance,  and  is  firm. 

Almond  is  quoted  steadily  with  genuine  s.a.p.  at  alK>ut 
7s.  5d.,  and  sweet  almond  is  steadier  at  Is.  lid.  to  2s.  per  lb. 

Anlse  (star). — Quoted  values  on  spot  and  for  shipment  are 
about  maintained ;  business  remains  rather  dull :  spot, 
"  Red  Ship,"  in  leads,  Is.  lid.;  in  tins.  Is.  9^d. ;  in  drums. 
Is.  9d.  ;  shipment,  in  leads.  Is.  8d.  ;  in  tins.  Is.  (>4d.  ;  in 
drums.   Is.  65d.   per  lb.  c.i.f. 

Bergajiot. — Business  seems  to  have  been  restricted  and 
at  keen  prices  :  spot,  in  the  region  of  9s.  6d.  per  lb.,  with 
cheap  sellers  not  so  prominent. 

Bois  DE  hose. — Cayenne  continues  firm  on  sioot,  and  in 
vei-y  short  supply  at  9s.  6d.  per  lb.  Brazilian  is  offering 
at  about  4s.  9d.  per  lb.,  spot.  Cayenne  seems  to  be 
unobtainable  in  cjuantity  anywhere. 

Cajuput  is  about  steady  with  spot  sellers  asking  about 
2s.  45d.  to  23.  6d.  per  lb.,  as  to  quantity. 

Cananga. — Shipments  have  been  small  and  supplies  on 
spot  are  short:  spot  is  dearer  at  7s.  to  7s.  6d.  per  lb., 
as  to  quantity. 

Caraway  is  in  fair  demand  with  Continental  twice-recti- 
fied about  7.S.  6d.  to  7s.  9d.  per  lb.  for  quantities ;  crude 
5d.  per  lb.  less. 

Cassia. — The  market  is  steady  but  business  has  been 
limited.  Spot,  3s.  9d.  to  _3s.  lOd.  ;  shipment,  in  tins,  3s.  2d. ; 
in  drums,  3s.  per  lb.  c.i.f. 

Cedaewood. — The  spot  market  for  American  is  unchanged 
at  Is.  lOd.  to  2s.,  with  shipment  at  Is.  7gd.  per  lb.  c.i.f. 
African  is  quoted  on  spot  at  Is.  7^d.  in  drums,  and  Is.  9d. 
per  lb.  in  tins. 

Cinnamon  leaf. — Tho  market  is  steady,  business  fair: 
spot,  5s.  to  3s.  2d.  per  lb.  ;  shipment,  2s.  7d.  to  2s.  Bd. 
per  lb.  c.i.f. 

CitrONELLA. — Ceylon  is  very  steady  with  a  moderate  busi- 
ness moving :  spot.  Is.  lOjd.  to  Is.  ll^d.  ;  shipment,  Is.  Sgd. 
to  Is.  9id.  per  lb.,  c.i.f.  Java  is  a  point  easier,  and  is  now 
steady  with  spot  at  2s.  lOd.  and  shipment  at  2s.  72d.  per 
lb.  c.i.f.    Ceylon  closes  firm. 

Clove. — Offers  of  Madagascar  on  spot  are  rather  com- 
petitive, and  in  the  region  of  3s.  6d.  to  3s.  8d.  per  lb.  ; 
shipment  at  about  2s.  75d.  per  lb.  c.i.f. 

Eucalyptus. — Market  is  quiet,  quoted  unchanged. 
Spanish,  70  to  75  per  cent..  Is,  2d.  ;  Australian.  70  to  75 


356 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


per  cent.,  Is.  to  Is.  Oid.  :  80  to  85  per  cent.,  Is.  Id.  to 
is.  Ijd.  per  lb.,  and  possibly  less  for  bulk  quantities. 

Geraniusi. — Bourbon  is  dearer  on  spot  at  about  23s.  6d., 
and  it  would  cost  fully  that  to  come  forward.  Algerian  is 
unchanged  on  spot  at  24s.  per  lb.  c.i.f. 

Lavender,.— The  foUowing  prices  are  for  new  crop  of  a 
good  average  quality  brand  :  50  to  52  per  cent.,  lOs.  6d.  to 
10s.  9d.  ;  40  to'  42  per  cent.,  S-s.  3d.  to  9o.  6d.  ;  38  to  40  per 
cent.,  8s.  9d.  to  9s.  ;  3o  to  38  per  cent.,  Ss.  3d.  to  8s.  6d.  ; 
30  to  32  per  cent.,  7s.  6d.  to  7s.  9d.  per  lb.,  delivered,  for 
quantities.    Some  brands   would  be  slightly  dearer. 

LEiroN'. — Interest  on  spot  has  been  small.  Sicilian  hand- 
pressed  i.s  available  at  from  .about  4s.  to  5s.  per  lb.,  as  to 
brand  and  quality.  Reports  to  hand  state  the  shipment 
market  is  firmer  and  that  higher  prices  for  the  new  crop 
in  December  are  anticipated.  Good  brands  are  now  quoted 
.at  5s.  and  upwards,  c.i.f.  Californian,  spot,  in  drums, 
57  cents  per  lb.  . 

Lemongrass  is  steady  and  business  has  been  fair:  spot, 
in  good  quantities,  2s.  Ijd.  per  lb.  ;  shipment,  Is.  lid.  per 
lb.  c.i.f. 

Lime. — The  market  has  slackened  off  and  spot  lots  might 
be  jjicked  up  at  slightly  less  than  the  quoted  figure  of 
34s.  6d.  per  lb.  for  West  Indian. 

Mandarin  is  keeping  steady,  with  small  lots  on  spot 
about  16s.  per  lb. 

Orange. — This  market  has,  not  shown  much  life,  but  prices 
are  unchanged,  with  the  shipment  market  tending  firmer. 
Sicilian,  sweet,  on  spot,  7s.;  shipment,  6s.  per  lb.  c.i.f. 
West  Indian,  hand-pressed,  5s.  per  lb.  c.i.f.  Californian, 
spot,  80  to  90  cents  per  lb.  as  to  quantity. 

Palmaeosa  is  steady,  as  quoted  at  8s.  6d.  to  8s.  9d.  per 
lb.  as  to  quantity.    Business  is  not  of  much  account. 

Patciioi'li.— The  spot  market  is  firmer  and  tends  to 
advance. 

Peppermint. — Japanese  dementholised  has  not  been  of  so 
much  interest  this  week,  and  the  shipment  price  tends  to 
1)6  easier.  Spot  is  in  the  region  of  3s.  75d.  per  lb.;  ship- 
ment. October-December,  3s.  4d. ;  Januaiy-March,  3s.  4d. 
per  lb.  c.i.f.  American  oil  contiiuies  generally  firm  for 
shipment,  with  the  figure  about  1  dollar  85  to  90  cents  per 
lb.  c.i.f.  for  natural  oil,  in  drums. 

Petitgrais- — Business  has  been  limited,  but  the  spot 
market  is  steady  at  about  4s.  3d.  to  46.  4d.  per  lb.  as  to 
quantity. 

Rosemary. — Spot  is  holding  at  about  Is.  %d.  to  Is.  lOd., 
with  shipment  at  Is.  5d.  per  lb.  c.i.f. 

Sassafras. — Dealers  are  quoting  spot  at  about  4s.  to 
4s.  2d.  per  lb.  as  to  quantity;  moderate  business. 

Spearmint. — Dealers'  prices  are  maintained  at  about 
7s.  9d.  to  8s.  per  lb.,  and  the  market  is  steady. 

Spike. — The  spot  market  is  steady,  with  Spanish  at  3s.  to 
3s.  2d. ;  new  crop  for  shipment  is  quoted  at  about  2s.  lOd. 
per  lb.  '  French,  on  spot,  5s.  to  5s.  3d.  per  lb. 

WoRMSEED. — The  spot  market  continues  firm,  with  holders 
only  willing  to  sell  limited  quantities  at  about  14s.  9d.  to 
15s.  per  lb.  Shipment  offers  would  work  out  at  about 
16s.  6d.  per  lb.,  duty  paid  and  landed.  Shipment  ofiers 
are  firm  and  tend  to  advance. 

Fixed  Oils,  etc. 

A  GENERAL  advance  in  values  of  all  products  in  this  market 
is  recorded,  .and  in  most  directions  business  has  been  on  a 
much  better  scale.  Except  for  turpentine  and  linseed  oil, 
there  is  a  tendency  for  prices  to  recover  still  further.  AciD 
OILS. — The  market  is  better  and  business  is  good:  coconut 
and /'or  palm  kernel,  22s.  3d.  ;  groundnut,  20i.  3d.  ;  soya, 
15s.  6d.,  spot.  Castor. — The  market  is  fully  steady  and 
tends  to  advance:  pharmaceutical,  41s.  6d.  ;  first  pressings, 
36s.  6d.  ;  second  pressings,  30s.  (barrels) ;  cases  £4-  per  ton 
extra,  ex  mills,  Hull,  in  not  less  than  one-ton  lots  ;  Bombay, 
305.  (drums),  c.i.f.  Cooonut. — Prices  show  .a  good  recovery, 
and  there  is  much  more  inquiry  on  the  market  :  deodorised, 
34s.  (barrels),  .spot,  Ceylon,  24s.  3d.  (drums),  c.i.f.  COTTON. 
Inquiry  has  been  active  this  week.  The  market  is  firm  at 
the  advance  recorded":  deodorised,  30s.  6d.  ;  common 
edible,  28s.  6d. :  soap-making,  26s.  6d. ;  crude,  25s,  (barrels), 
spot.  Groundnvt. — At  the  higher  prices  noted  the  market 
is  steady,  and  business  is  good  :  deodorised,  41s.  (barrels), 
spot ;  crude  Oriental,  36s.  (drums),  c.i.f.  Linseed  (raw, 
naked). — The  market  shows  an  advance  on  the  week,  but 
closes  rather  unsteady :  on  spot,  18s.  9d.  ;  September, 
17s.  6d. ;  October-December,  18s. :  Januarv-April, 
1933.  18s.  lO^d.  Boiled  oil,  on  i^pot,  21s.  3d.  Olive.— 
Tliere  is  a  little  more  inquiry  and  the  market  is  steadier; 


edible,  in  tins  in  cases,  8s.  ;  edible,  in  drums,  7s.  6d. ; 
B.P.,  4s.  9d.  per  gallon,  in  40-gallon  barrels.  Palm.— The 
market  is  much  steadier  and  prices  have  improved,  and 
tend  to  advance  f  ux-ther :  Lagos,  19s.  3d.;  softs,  17s.  6d.  ; 
mediums,  185.  ^d.';  hards,  19s.  6d.  ;  bleached,  20s.  9d., 
spot.  ^  Palm  kernel  is  steadier  at  better  prices,  and  busi- 
ness is  improving  :  deodorised,  33s.  3d. ;  crude,  24s.  9d.,  spot. 
-Rape. — The  market  shows  a  recovery  in  values,  land  is  more 
active:  refined.  33s.;  crude,  31s.,  spot.  Resin. — At  tho 
advances  recorded  the  market  is  steady :  B,  13s.  3d.  ;  D, 
15s.  9d.  :  F/G,  14s.  6d. :  N,  20s.;  W/G,  22s.;  W/W,  24s. 
per  cwt.,  ex  wharf.  Soya. — Business  has  broadened  and 
the  market  is  steadier  at  better  prices :  deodorised,  31s.  3d.  ; 
crude,  26s.  9d.,  spot.  Turpentine. — Tlie  market  closes 
a  point  below  the  best,  and  is  rather  dull.  Total  London 
stocks,  21,079  barrels.  On  spot,  63s.  IFooD. — Hankow,  in 
barrels,  on  spot,  has  advanced  to  52s.  6d.,  and  the  market 
is  firm. 

U.S.  Imports  of  Essentia!  Oils 

The  imports  of  essential  oils  into  the  United  States  durinsr 
the  first  six  months  of  this  year  were  as  follows.  Com- 
pared with  the  imports  for  the  same  period  of  1931  the 
quantity  was  greater  but  the  total  value  substantially  less. 


1931 

1952 

Pour.ds 

Value 

Pounds 

Value 

Cassia  and  cin- 

namon 

140,631 

§121,268 

159.699 

S  85,747 

Geranium 

80,561 

250,562 

85,754 

266,765 

Otto   of  roses 

(ounces) 

3,022 

56,7C9 

7,975 

61,874 

Bergamot 

43,368 

80,878 

25,692 

43,502 

Citronella  and 

lemongrass  . . . 

417,410 

160,455 

565,718 

185,216 

Lavender  and 

spike  lavender 

159,982 

555.567 

102,705 

129,508 

Lemon 

239,861 

149,597 

104,275 

81.819 

Orange 

72,653 

140,<63 

72.244 

74,198 

Sandalwood  ... 

5,992 

27,836 

5,805 

16,004 

AH  others 

1,285,545 

645,577 

1,668,156 

545,124 

Total  ... 

2,450,005 

1,957,545 

2,795,999 

1,495,358 

Trade-Mark  Applications 

The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  classes  In  which  the 
marks  are  grouped.  A  list  of  classes  and  particulars  as 
to  registration  are  given  in  "The  Chemist  and  Druggist 
Diary,"  1932,  p.  339. 

(From  "  The  Trade  Marls  Journal,'^  August  31,  1932.) 

"  Camelia       for  chemicals  (2).    By  St.  Andrew  Mjlls,  Ltd., 

34  St.  Andrew  Road,  Walthamstow,  E.17.  532,082. 
"  Verma    Geol  "  ;    for    chemicals    (2).     By    Societe  des 

Vermenes  (Societe  Anonyme),  46  Rue  du  Bac,  Asniercs, 

France.    533,072".  (Associated.) 
"Rainbow";  for  veterinary  cod-liver  oil  (2).    By  Cooper 

McDougall  &  Robertson,  Ltd.,  Ravens  Lane,  Berkham- 

sted.  .555.707. 

"  Viking  "  ;  for  chemicals  (2).  By  Norsk  Hydro-Elektrisk 
Kvaelstofaktiecselskab,  Solligaten  7,  Oslo,  Norway. 
533,182. 

"  Glanoid  "  ;  for  veterinarv  chemicals  (2).  By  Armour  & 
Co..  Ltd.,  St.  iMartin's-le-Grand,  London,  E.C.I.  533.732. 
(Associated.) 

"  Grobestker  "  :  for  fertilisers  (2).  B.y  The  Aberdeen 
Combworks  Co.,  Ltd.,  40  Hutclieon  Street,  Aberdeen. 
533,933. 

"  Vanlen  " ;  for  a  germicide  and  infiecticide  (2).  By 
H.  Van  Allen,  14  Montgomery  Street,  Belfast.  534,099. 

"  Veno's  Lightning  Cough  Cure  "  ("  Lightning  "  dis- 
claimed) ;  for  cough  medicines  (3).  By  Veno  Drug  Co,, 
Ltd.,  Chester  Road.  Manchester.    532,905.  (Associated.) 

"  Merrie  and  Bright  "  in  Old  English  characters  ;  for  laxa- 
tive tablets  (3).  By  R.  Lazarus,  257  Mare  Street, 
Hackney,  E.8.  533,557. 

"  Delbay  '■ ;  for  medicated  salts  (3)  and  for  toilet  salts  (43). 
Bv  Metabolic  Manufacturing  Laboratories,  Ltd..  26  Gt. 
Ol-inond  Street,  London,  W.C.I.  533,671/673.  (Asso- 
ciated.) 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


357 


Correspondence 


Letters  should  be  written  on  one  side  of  the  paper  only.  Correspondents  may  adopt  an 
assumed  name,  but  must  in  all  cases  furnish  their  real  name  and  address  to  the  Editor. 


Appearance  and  Reality 

Sir, — It  is  a  somewhat  slack  afternoon,  and  customers 
are  not  coming  in  too  quickly;  I  have  in  front  of  me, 
on  my  desk,  the  C.  (S-  D.  of  a  fortnight  ago;  I  have 
been  turning  over  the  pages  and  I  return  again  and 
again  to  the  very  fine  photographs  of  Scotland,  which 
are  so  appropriate,   in  view   of  the   British  Pharma- 
ceutical Conference  which  is  being  held  this  week  at 
Aberdeen.    I   should  like  to  be  there  to  join   in  the 
social  reunions  and,  more  particularly,  to  get  a  first- 
hand impression  of  the  granite  city,  for  which  I  have 
always  felt  almost  an  affection.    Unfortunately  I  cannot 
afford  it;  I  cannot  afford  a  holiday  at  all  this  year.  In 
my  case,  as  in  that  of  many  thousands  more  in  this 
country  to-day,  the  income-tax  collector  has  taken  all 
my  spare  cash,  if  not  much  that  is  not  spare.    I  must 
stay  at  home  and,  in  the  intervals  of  serving  customers, 
I  will  try  to  visualise  the  meetings  and  get  some  idea 
of  the  business  that  is  being  transacted  there.  First 
of  all  there  is  the  audience.    I  see  in  imagination  the 
heads  of  successful  manufacturing  concerns,  the  phar- 
macists who  own  "  Ethical  "  businesses,  the  officials  of 
trade  organisations,  wholesale  and  retail,  the  sprinkling 
of  common  or  garden  pharmacists  who  are  always  to 
be  found  at  the  meetings  of  the  Conference,  if  one  may 
judge  from  the  published  list  of  visitors.    I  do  not  see 
the  ladies;  to  them  is  allotted  the  better  part.  And 
then  there  are  the  authors  of  papers — an  imposing  array. 
B.Sc.s,  F.I.C.s,  Ph.D.s,  Ph.C.s,  M.D.s.  and  many  more; 
good  fellows  all,  I  am  sure.    One  thinks  of  them  with 
strong  faces  usually  seen  in  profile,  a  test-tube  'in  their 
hands,  through  the  contents  of  which  they  are  gazing 
intently.    Their  home  is,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  the 
(figuratively)  rarefied  air  of  the  laboratory;  the  majority 
of  them  would  be  total  strangers  behind  my  counter. 
I  look  at  them  and  their  accomplishments  with  some- 
thing akin  to  reverence;  I  feel  grateful  to  them  for  the 
work  they  have  put  into  their  papers.    I  wonder  what 
T,  as  a  country  pharmacist,  have  in  common  with  a 
gentleman  who  can  discourse  on  the  ' '  Antidiuretic  and 
Oxytocic  Potencies  of  Commercial  Pituitary  Extracts." 
I  feel  that  I  should  be  able  to  discuss  "  The  Origins 
of  British  Pharmacy,"  although  in  my  present  frame 
of  mind  I  feel  that  "  The  Vestiges  of  British  Phar- 
macy "  would  be  a  more  appropriate  subject.  Then 
again,  what  has  "  The  Preparation  of  Certain  Aliphatic 
Amino- Alcohols  "  to  do  with  me?  For  the  life  of  me 
I  cannot  link  it  up  with  what  is  actually  happening 
in  my  shop  to-day.    And  so  I  see  in  imagination  the 
light  streaming  through  the  stained  glass  windows,  and 
hear  the  cultured  voice  of  the  gentleman  who  reads  the 
paper,  the  remarks  of  the  chairman,  of  the  few  speakers 
who  have  anything  to  say  on  the  amino-alcohols,  and 
I  say  to  myself,    "  What  in  the  name  of  Galen  has 
all  this  to  do  with  pharmacy  as  it  is  understood  and 
practised  by  go  per   cent,    of  pharmacists   to-day?  " 
What  is  the  reality  ?  As  I  have  been  writing  this  letter, 
I  have  been  taking  a  note  of  the  sales  I  have  made; 
and  for  the  sake  of  the  gentleman  who  has  been  dis- 
cdursing  on  the  anti-diuretic  and  oxytocic  potencies  of 
pituitary,  I  will  give  a  list  of  them.    Tube  of  seccotine, 
a  IS.  card  of  hair  curlers,  a  penny  fly  catcher,  "  chewing 
gum  please,"  a  "  hanky  "  puff,  bath  crystals,  lemonade 
powder,   mend-a-tear,    and — no  pharmacy,     you  say? 
Yes;  I  "  dispensed  "  a  real  script.    Here  it  is.    A  slip 
of  paper,   with  the  initials  of  a  medical  man.  There 

were  three  items  on  it:    (i)  A  bottle  of   's  thyroid 

tablets;  (2)  a  tin  of    for  constipation;  (3)  a  bottle 

of   ,  a  combination  of  malt  extract  and  haemoglobin. 

As  all  three  were  written  in  English  I  simply  handed 
them  over,  and  was  glad  to  get  the  usual  price  without 
comments  that  somebody  down  the  street  had  charged 
her  less  the  last  time  she  bought  them.    Now,  Sir,  I  am 


going  to  suggest  that  the  Conference  is  perpetuating  an 
ideal  which  is  as  far  removed  from  what  pharmacy  is 
to-day,  in  nine  pharmaaies  out  of  ten,  as  a  Mozart 
symphony  is  from  ragtime.  The  subjects  discussed  at 
the  Conference  do  not  and  cannot,  under  present  condi- 
tions, interest  the  average  pharmacist.  He  is  engaged 
in  a  stern  battle  for  his  living,  and  to  get  it  he  has 
to  sell  side-lines  innumerable :  '  proprietaries  and  toilet 
accessories  by  the  hundred;  he  is  often  a  huckster  pure 
and  simple.  I  would  make  the  Conference  more  prac- 
tical, more  in  touch  with  modern  conditions.  Is  it  not 
possible,  whilst  retaining  some  of  the  scientific  subjects, 
to  dilute  them  with  a  few  papers  dealing  with  problems 
that  will  appeal  more  to  the  rank  and  file?  Here  are  a 
few  suggestions: — "  Profits  and  how  to  make  them." 
"  How  should  scripts  be  priced?  "  "  Pharmaceutical 
ethics."  "  The  apprentice  and  his  training."  No  more 
at  present.  Insurance  "  scripts  "  are  coming  in,  and 
stock  mixtures  are  in  demand.  Pharmacy  is  once  more 
coming  into  her  own. — Yours,  etc.. 

Country  Chemist  (14/9). 

The  K5ew  Pharmacopceia 

Sir, — Although  the  1932  British  Pharmacopoeia  does 
not  become  official  until  October  i,    I    believe  there 
was    a     general    agreement     between    the  wholesale 
drug  houses  that  from  September  i  supplies  of  the  new 
preparations  would  be  available.    This  is  a  wise  pro- 
vision,   as    many    pharmacists    were    able    to  obtain 
supplies  so  as  to  have  them  ready  by  the  due  date  if 
required.    It  may  be  suggested  that  small  orders  should 
be  placed  in  the  first  instance,  as  some  little  time  must 
necessarily  elapse  before  the  use  of  many  of  the  new  pre- 
parations becomes  general.    List  prices  for  the  majority 
of  the  new  lines  have  been  arranged.    An  examination  of 
these  gives  the  impression  that  no  great  changes  have 
been  made  in  the  prices  of  those  preparations  which 
have  been  altered  in  composition  or  strength.    There  is, 
however,    one    notable    exception,    concentrated  com- 
pound   infusion    of    gentian.      "  Infus.  gentian,  co." 
ordered  in  a  prescription  after  October  i  will  have  to  be 
either  the  official  fresh  infusion  or  one  made  from  the 
official  concentrated  infusion.    Hitherto  each  wholesale 
house  has  made  its  own  concentrated  infusion  and  there 
has  been  no  standard,  although  the  N.H.I,  tariff  has 
shown  a  price  for  it.    The  price  that  will  be  shown  in 
the  N.H.I,  tariff  will  be  that  of  the  standard  prepara- 
tion,   and    will    be    about    2s.  6d.    per    lb.  Vinum 
ipecacuanhJE  has  been  left  out  of  the  new  B.P.  and 
tinct.  ipecac,  substituted.    It  will,   however,   be  quite 
in  order  to  sell  ipecacuanha  wine  as  hitherto,  provided 
the  label  either  bears  no  allusion  to  the  B.P.,  or  states 
that  it  is  B.P.  1914.    A  small  quantity  of  tinct.  ipecac, 
may  be  ordered  at  first.    A  word  of  caution  should  be 
given  regarding  the  new  ext.  ergota;  liq.    This  will  not 
keep  too  well,  and  should  be  ordered  in  small  quantities. 
A  warning  about  extract  of  malt  and  extract  of  malt 
with  cod-liver  oil  is  necessary.    Both  these  will  now  be 
official.    Hitherto  there  have  been  on  the  market  pre- 
parations which  would  not  conform  to  the  new  stan- 
dards.   This  has  been  particularly  the  case  with  the 
latter  product,  many  samples  of  which  have  contained 
less  than  15  per  cent,  of  cod-liver  oil  by  volume.  It 
will  now  be  an  offence  to  sell  either  preparation  unless 
it  is  B.P.   Pharmacists  who  are  not  sure  of  the  products 
they  are  selling  should  communicate   with  the  manu- 
facturer   or    wholesaler.    In    many    cases    stocks  are 
already  in  hand  and  labels  may  have  to  be  scrapped  or 
altered.    There  is  certain  to  be  some  confusion  at  first 
during  the  change  over,    but  the  information  already 
given   in    the    pharmaceutical    Press   should    prove  in- 
valuable in  helping  pharmacists  through. 

I  am,  etc., 

Manufacturer  (13/9). 


358 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


The  Proposed  N.H.I.  Terms 

Sir, — Panel  chemists  are  now  enabled  to  get  some 
idea  of  the  preliminary  negotiations  between  the 
National  Pharmaceutical  Union  and  the  Ministry  ot 
Health  over  the  new  Insurance  contracts  (C.  &■.  D., 
September  3,  p.  250);  and  it  would  seem  that  if  the 
suggestions  of  the  Ministry  are  carried  out  the  r&munera- 
tion  for  this  work  will  be  slightly  worse  rather  than 
better.  The  first  declaration,  which  the  N.P.U.  so  far 
states  that  it,  cannot  accept,  is  that  Clause  4  {4)  shall 
go.  The  chemists'  olajections  to  this  step  were  fully 
set  out  when  the  removal  of  this  clause  was  first  sug- 
gested. The  Ministry  may  not  be  concerned  with  tiie 
ethical  standards  of  any  profession;  but  it  is  admittedly 
responsible  for  an  adequate  panel  service,  and  it  is 
practically  certain  that  in  a  short  time  the  removal  of 
this  clause  would  produce  results  which  would  ultimately 
prove  not  to  be  beneficial  to  efficiency.  A  feature  has 
been  made  of  the  surplus  payments  to  chemists  in  the 
last  one  or  two  years.  But  when  we  take  this  payment 
spread  over  the  period  of  the  last  contract  for  five  years, 
and  reckon  the  number  of  chemCsts'  shops  as  about 
10,000,  it  amounts  only  to  £6  per  shop  a  year,  or 
2s.  3d.  a  week,  hardly  an  extravagant  sum  \vhen  we 
consider  the  service  provided  and  the  tariff  rate  of  pay- 
ment for  it,  or  when  we  think  of  the  far  larger  sums  of 
public  money  which  are  spent  freely  in  less  important 
ways.  Chemists  can  only  leckon  themselves  fortunate 
in  having  recouped  some  of  their  losses  of  the  past, 
which  date  back  further  than  the  five  years  under  dis- 
cussion. The  only  satisfactory  way  to  settle  the  ques- 
tion would  be  to  pay  the  chemists  on  the  panel  a  proper 
dispensing  fee,  not  the  present  miserable  sum. 
Faithfully  yours. 

As  Expected  (12/9). 

Ways  of  Increasing  Sales 

Sir, — 'Mr.  Herbert  E.  Kendrick,  in  his  notes  on 
"  Ways  of  Increasing  Sales  "  (C.  &■  D.,  September  3, 
p.  249),  says  that  the  slogan'  for  chemists  to  keep  in 
mind  is  "  Show  more — sell  more."  This  slogan  has 
been  worked  to  its  fullest  extent  by  the  originators  of 
the  bazaars.  Although  I  recognise  the  value  of  display 
as  a  selling  agent,  it  would  be  impossible  for  a  pharmacy 
to  adopt  such  a  system  completely.  For- one  thing,  the 
premises  are  not  large  enough;  the  average  pharmacy 
has  room  for  the  accustomed  fixtures  and  that  is  all.  If 
a  chemist  was  able  to  extend  his  premises  sufficiently  to 
adopt  the  open  display  style  of  counters,  he  would  soon 
arrive  at  a  point  where,  like  the  multiple  shops,  the 
pharmacy  would  be  lost  in  the  bazaar.  From  a  money- 
making  point  of  view  this  might  possibly  be  an  improve- 
ment, but  the  shop  would  no  longer  be  a  pharmacy. 
Many  chemists  attempt  to  utilise  every  corner  for  display 
by  filling  it  up  with  carded  goods,  dummy  packages, 
and  showcards;  in  a  very  short  time  the  place  becomes  ■ 
a  mere  lumber  room,  and  whatever  selling  effect  might 
have  been  produced  is  obscured  by  the  untidiness  and 
dust.  It  is  better,  to  my  idea,  to  make  good  block 
displays  of  a  few  lines  at  a  time  and  to .  change  them 
fairly  frequently;  in  a  medley  of  many  articles  there  is 
nothing  outstanding  to  catch  the.  customer's  eye,  where- 
as a  good  bold  display  is  bound  to  do  so,  and  fre- 
quent change  is  necessary  because  of  the  many  different 
lines  we  are  bound  to  carry  in  stock.  There  is  always, 
of  course,  the  customer  who  expects  to  find  his  usual 
bottle  of  cough  mixture  in  the  same  spot  on  a  display  ■ 
stand  year  in  and  year  out,  but  it  is  new  custom  one 
is  seeking  to  .attract;  it  should  not  be  difficult  to  retain 
the  old.  I  was  interested  in  Mr.  Kendrick's  account  of 
the  chemist  who  talked  to  his  customers  and  left  the 
actual  handing  over  of  the  goods  to  his  assistants,  be- 
cause I  know  one  man  who  has  a  few  words  of  chaff  or 
a  joke  for  every  customer  who  comes  in.  Most  of  them 
know  him  and  like  his  badinage — :probably  many  of  them 
deal  with  him  for  that  reason;  but  if  I  did  such  a  thing 
behind  my  own  .counter  I  might  never  see  the  customer 
again.  One  has  to  learn  tlie  right  line  to  adopt. 
•  '  .  Yours  truly, 

DisPLAiT  (13/9). 


Miscellaneous  Inquiries 

When  samples  are  sent  particulars  should  be  supplied  to  us 
as  to  their  origin,  what  they  are,  what  they  are  used 
for,  and  how.  We  do  not  undertake  to  analyse  and 
report  upon  proprietary  articles  nor  to  publish  sup- 
posed formulas  for  them. 

R.  L.  P.  (10/48). — Solutions  for  carboys. — The 
coloured  solutions  you  require  are  made  as  follows :  — 


Orange 

Bichromate  of  pot- 
assium 

Nitric  acid  .  . 

Water  (distilled)    .  . 

Dissolve  the  bichromate  in 

the  wat-er,  and  add  the  acid. 


1  lb. 
8  oz. 

2  gala 


Blue 

Sulphate  of  copper        4  oz. 

or  more 
Solution  of  ammonia  ,  a 

sufficiency 
Distilled  water  _  .  .  ;  2  galls. 
■  Dissolve  the  sulphate  of 
copper  in  2  pints  of  water,  and 
add  solution  of  ammonia  with 
constant  stirring,  until  '  the 
precipitate  is  re-dissolved, 
then  add  the  rest  of  the  water. 

T.,B.  (23/78).- — Vitamins  IN  poultry  food. — Assum- 
ing tliat  the  purpose  of  adding  the  cod-liver  oil  is  to 
ensure '  a  sufficiency  in  the  poultry  food  of  the  food 
accessory  factors  or  vitamins,  you  can  avoid  the  addition 
to  the  food  of  the  oil  itself  by  using  instead  one  of 
the  concentrates  of  vitamins  A  and  D  now  on  the 
market.  Or  you  might  be  able  to  arrange  for  a  special 
concentrate  to  be  prepared  for  your  particular  purpose, 
but  it  will  be  necessary  for  you  to  obtain  a  licence 
from  the  Glaxo  Laboratories,  authorising  you  to  use 
vitamin  D  in  the  way  suggested.  This,  however,  can 
be  obtained  on  quite  moderate  terms.  If,  in  addition, 
you  rely  upon  the  special  food  value  of  the  oil  you 
might  use  the  hydrogenated  cod-liver  oil  in  powder 
form;  but  this  could  not  be  guaranteed  to  be  rich  in 
the  necessary  vitamins. 

L.  A.  E.  (17/8). — The  following  is  the  formula  for 
the  late  Dr.  R.  W,  MacKenna's  ointment  for 
psoriasis :  — 

Ung.  acid,  salicyl. 

Ung.  picis.  liq. 

Ung.  glyc.  plumbi  subacet. 

Ung.  lij'd.  nit.  dil.      .  .        .  .    aa.  p.  teq. 

Yellow  or  white  paraffin  may  be  used  in  the  com- 
ponent ointments. 

G.  C.  M.  (14/3). — Specific  for  bacillary  white 
DiARRHCEA  IN  FOWLS. — This  is  an  aqueous  solution  of 
sodium  carbonate  containing  a  little  organic  matter, 
a  small  portion  of  which  is  thymol,  both  by  odour  and 
by  test. 


Retrospect  of  Fifty  Years  Ago 

Reprinted  from 
"The  Chemist  and  Druggist,"  September  15,  1882 

British  Pharmaceutical  Conference 

The  opportunity  for  pleasant  reunion  and  discussion 
once  a  year  among  men  of  similar  pursuits  and  interests, 
afforded  by  the  British  Pharmaceutical  Conference,  has 
not  been  accepted  to  much  more  than  an  infinitesimal 
extent  by  the  chemists  and  druggists  of  this  country. 
From  the  118  names  inscribed  on  the  register  at  South- 
ampton, deduct  those  of  residents,  and  those  of  gentle- 
men interested  in  pharmacy  and  therefore  among  those 
for  whom  the  Conference  was  founded,  yet  not  actual 
shop-owners,  and  some  fifty  or  sixty  may  remain.  This 
number  can  hardly  be  what  was  expected  by  those 
who  prepared  the  scheme  of  the  Conference.  .  .  . 
We  have  written  elsewhere  the  "president's  address, 
which  it  must  be  said,  gave  the  1882  meeting  its 
character.  The  papers  read  were  many  of  them  useful, 
but  none  of  them  was  .of  startling  interest.  Several 
vvere  professedlv  fragmentary,  and  a  few  gave  internal 
evidence  of  having  been  got  up  for  the  occasion.  ' 


September  17,  1932  THE   CHEIVTTST  ANT)  DBUGGIST  i 

SUPPLEMENT 

't^^fr\^  ^Vr\^  (^(VfX^  (L>««' Wj.  t^Wj  t>>«"<W>'Xo      WV..  t^VX^  (lv<^V>vj  t^fWj  ^V'W^so  WXj 


OF  PROVED  EFFICACY.  PACKED  IN  TINS 
-AS  ILLUSTRATED.    1    Doz.    in    Display  Carton 


Meggeson' s 
Sore  Throat 
Lozenges 


Cost  you  616  &  ii\6  net  do^. 
Sell  at  1 1-  &  ijp  per  tin 
Bonus  of  I  dof^.  pergr. 


\ 


P.  A.  T.  A. 


P.  A.  T.  A. 


VISTIC 


■Dental  Plate 


 Fixing  Powder 


Hygienic— Pleasant— Antiseptic 
Gives  an  agreeable  feeling  of  security 

Sprinkled  on  denture  gives 
immediate  adhesion   - 

Recommended  by  the 
dental  profession 


cces2S*ip-i^^    //-  &  ijp 

Per  doi{^.  //-  &  net. 

t><«"<Vt"Vj  tV^W'Vj  «_/*'V>'Vj  »--<«*"<Vt'Vj  t-^Wj  t^Wj  t><^V>>kj  t^WNo  <l-<i«"WVj  «_-<*"<VNj  t^V^so  o<<«"  Wj  <_/«^V"Nk_» 

^    MEGGESON    &    CO.   LTD.   LONDON,   S.E.16.  \ 

\      Estab.    over   130   years  Experience   does   count  ( 

c^sftjur^  f><cKVj»^  ^*fl»>^  '~Vtft»j>»^  «^yVj>^  «~ViA»V^  «~Vt<V>^  ^^*rttj»^  ^tfltj^ 

c  c 


11 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST  September  17  1932 

SUPPLEMENT 

Immaculatelu 

"ure 

armaceutical 


manu  raciure 


The  P4EWCASTLE-UP0N-TYNE  ZINC  OXIDE  CO.  Limited 

BIRTLEY,  COUNTY  DURHAM 

All  enquiries  to  our  Sales  Office : — 

RALPH  NYE,BIDDLE&C0.  Boston  Hoiise,  63/4  New  Broad  St.,  E.C.2 


Telephone  :  LONDON  WALL  2754  (3  lines) 


Telegrams  :  "  NYLEDOXYD,  Phone.  London:' 


ubbuck's 
Pure 
Oxide  of 
Zinc 


is  made  by  sublimation,  and  is 
warranted  to  contain  upwards  of 

99-9  PER  CENT. 

of  pure  oxide ;  in  fact,  the 
impurities     are     not  traceable 


Thos.  Hubbuck  &Son,  Ltd, 

ESTABLISHED  1765 

24  Lime  Street,  London,  E.C.3 

MANUFACTURERS  OF  WHITE  LEAD,  WHITE 
ZINC,  PAINT,  OILS,  COLOURS,  VARNISHES,  &c. 

Australian  Office  :  34  Queen  Street,  Melbourne. 


Sold  by  the  following  Wholesale  Druggists 
in  Boxes  of  7  Ih.  and  14  lb.  stamped  by 
the  Manufacturers  :  also  in  1-lb.  Boxes 
and  l-lb.  Glass  BoUles  : 


Allen  &  Hanburys,  Ltd. 
Avrton,  Saunders  &  Co.,  Ltd. 
Bell,  Jno.,  &  Croydcn 
Bell,  John,  Hills  &  Lucas, 

Ltd. 
Ble.%sdale,  Ltd. 
Boots  Pure  Drug  Co.,  Ltd. 
British  Drug  Hous-is.  Ltd. 
Burgoyne,  Burbidges  A  Co., 
Butler  &  Crispe  Ltd. 
Cockburn  &  Co.,  Ltd. 
Dakin  Brothers 
Dunean,  Flockhart  &  Co. 
Kvans,  Gadd  &  Co.,  Ltd. 
Evans  Sons  Lescher  &  Webb, 

Ltd. 
Ferris  &  Co. 
Gale  &  Co. 

Glasgow   New  Apothecaries 

Co- 

Goodall,  Backhouse  &  Co. 
C.    R.    Harker,    Stagg  4 

Morgan,  Ltd. 
Earkocss,  Bcauruont  &  Co., 

Ltd. 

natrick.  W.  R..  &  Co. 
Uirst,  Brooke  4  Hirst 


Hodgkinson,  Prestons  A  King 
Homer,  L.  A.,  &  Sons 
Huskisson,  H.  O.,  &  Co. 
Lofthouse  &  Saltmer,  Ltd. 
iMackay,  Jno.,  &  Co.,  Ltd. 
Mav,  Roberta  &  Co.,  Ltd. 
Oldlield,  Pi-ttinson  &  Co. 
Piiikerton,  Gibson&  Co.,  Ltd. 
Potter  &  Clarke,  Ltd. 
P.aimes  A  Co. 
Raimes,  Clark  &  Co.,  Ltd. 
Rankin  &  Borland 
Silversides,  R.  B.  G. 
Smith,  T.  &  H.,  Ltd. 
Southall  Bros.  St  Barclay, 
Ltd. 

Sumner,  R.,  &  Co. 
Taylor,  Jas.  (Trongate),  Ltd. 
Thompson,  John,  Ltd. 
Wilkinson  &  Sjmpson,  Ltd. 
WitlOB-s,  Francis,  Butler  & 

Thompson,  Ltd. 
Woollev,  Jas.,  Sons  A  Co., 

Ltd. 

Wright.  L,aymao  &  L'mney, 

Ltd. 
Wylcys  (Lim.) 


Barry,  K.  J.,  New  York 
Finlay  I>!cks   &  Co.,  New 

Orleans 
E.  Foupera  &  Co., 

00-92.  Beekm.an  Street, 

New  York 
Chas.  L.  Huisking  &  Co..  Inc.. 

15 J,  Varick  St.,  New  York 
Lehn  &  Fink,  Inc.,  N.  York 
McKeeson  &  Robbins,  Inc., 
:     New  York 


Muth  Brothers  &  Co. 
more 

Palmcr.i,  Ltd..  iMontrc: 
S.  B.  Penick    4  Co. 

New  York. 
Roller  4  Shoemalicr, 

delphia 
SchiefTelin  4  Co.,  Inc., 

York. 
Shoemaker  4  Busch 

delphia 


Balti- 

al 
Inc., 

Phili- 

New 

Phila- 


September  17,  1932. 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


111 


Johns 


of 

endon 


for  FINExCHEMICALS  DRUGS  & 

[uid  Extracts 

mulsions  

Infusions'  £ 
icoctions 
ents 

Tincti 


INICALS 


Oi] 


JOHNSON  &  SONS,  Manufacturing  Chemii 

HENDON  WAY,    HENDON.   LONDON.  N: 


ltd. 


Manchester  Office 
12  QUEEN  STREET. 
DEANSGATE. 


^  SANDALWOOD  OIL^ 

B.P.  1932 

<ZL^  IT   \      Official  in  the  French  Codex     /'   ^  .JZ) 

DISTILLED  BY  PLAIMAR  LTD.,  PERTH,  W.A. 

European  Agents  MAXWELL,  PLAISTOWE  &  Co.  Limited 

21a.  College  Hill,  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.C.4  - 


Telephone:  Central  5859. 
Telegrams  and  Cables:  Azucena,  London. 
Codes :  A  B  C,  5th  &  6th  editions,  and  Bentley's. 


Paris  Address:  Etbs,,  Plaistowe,  11  bis, 
Rue  Volney    Berlin  Address:  Leopold 
Laserson,  Alte  Jacobstrasse  20/22 


m  « 


LOOK  FOR  THIS  SEAL-IT  IS  YOUR 


iv 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


-September  17,  1932 


Fint  Chemicals       Opium  Derivatives 


Aloin  •  Atropine  •  Bismuth  Salts  •  Caffeine  

Cantharidin  •  Capsicin  •  Chloroform  •  Chrysarobin  

Codeine  •  Diamorphine  •  Emp.  Canth.  Liq.  •  Ephedrine. 

Ergotin  •  Eserine  •  Ethylmorphine  •  Gingerine  

Hyoscyamine  •  Jalap  Resin  •  Leptandrin  

Morphine  •  Opium  •  Podophyllin  Resin  

Salicin  •  Santonin  •  Scammony  Resin  

Strychnine  •  Veratrine  and  other  


Goods  covered  by  Dangerous 
Drugs  Acts  offered  subject 
to  all  regulations  


Pharmaceutical  Chemicals  and  Preparations. 


T^H  SMITH  m 

m      ij  ur  i.       ChHstobhtY  Strcct,        „  \, 

Blandfitld.  Works  .    .  ^     j  ^    „^         '    32-^4  Virgiriia St. 


I  ^^Eagle^^  Brand  Chemicals  i 


I  B.P. 

1  PRECiPJTATED 
I  SULPHUR 


B.P.  I 

EPSOM  SALTS  f 
B.P.  GLAUBER  SALT  | 
ARSENIATE  OF  LEAD  1 

Enquiries  Invited 
JOHN  RILEY  &  SONS,  LTD.  | 

— Chemical  &   Copper  Works — 

P.O.  BOX  62 
ACCRINGTON,  LANCS. 

Telegrams      Riley  s.  Hapten."    Telephones:  Accrington  2137-^.  3 

eniiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitmiuuniiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiaiiimiiuiiiiiiiimffl 


TABLETS 


We  specialise  in  tablets  of 
all  kinds.  For  30  years 
we  have  been  making  them 
and  use  nothing  but  drugs 
of  guaranteed  purity. 

SPEC8AL  LSNE  :- 
MACLEAN'S     STOMACH  POWDER 

AS  A  COMPRESSED  LOZENGE. 

Large  Attractive   Cartons   holding    about    3  02s. 
42/-  Gross  of  Cartons 

Sample  Dozen,  post  free,  4/- 
Put  up  as  your  Own  Speciality  if  Required 

Consult  lis  in  all  difficulties  in  compounding  specialformulas  mto  tablets 
Send  for  Samples  and  Prices  of  ail  Seasonable  Lines. 


SUPERIOR  PRODUCTS. 


KEEN  PRICES. 


BUGKLEY-BOWKER  TABLET  C  '  U^- 

29  PARKFIELD  STREET,  LONDON,  N.I. 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DKUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


V 


ESTABLISHED  18A6 

To  the  Wholesale  and  Export  Trades 

B.  P.  1932 

We  are  now  manufacturing  the  following  Galenicals 
conforming  to  the  requirements  of  the  P,B.  1932 

PREPARED    ERGOT,       POWDERED  BELLADONNA, 
POWDERED  DIGITALIS 

Extracts : 

CASCARA,   CINCHONA,   COLCHICUM,  KRAMERIA 

Liquid  Extracts :  .  - 

ERGOT,    HYOSCYAMUS,    LIQUORICE,    SENEGA,  SENNA 

Tinctures ; 

DIGITALIS.    STRAMONIUM,  STROPHANTHUS 

Concentrated  Infusions : 

BUCHU,  CALUMBA.  CLOVES.  COMPOUND  GENTIAN, 
ORANGE,   QUASSIA,   SENEGA.  SENNA 

Concentrated  Waters : 

DILL,    CINNAMON,  PEPPERMINT 


JVe  shall  continue  to  hold  stock  of  the  more  important  former 
Pharmacopoeia  preparations,  such  as  Ext.  Ergot.  Liq.,  Liquorice,  etc. 


WILLIAM  RANSOM  &  SON,  LTD. 

Mdnufdcturing    Chemists      '       ■  - 

HITCHIN,   Near  LONDON 


THE    CHEMIST    AND  DRUGGIST 

StrPPLEMENT 


September  17,  1932 


In  Tablets- 
Formula  M  -    For  Men 
Formula  F  -   For  Women 


RADICAL  TREATIVIEf>IT  of  DISEASES 
Of  the  VEINS  and  their  COMPLICATIONS 

Varicose  veins,  hemorrhoids,  phlebitis, 
venous  congestion  at  the  meno- 
pause and  disorders  of  menstruation 

A  synergic  medication  based  on  organothera- 
peutic  extracts  irradiated  with  ultra-vioiet  rays 


CONTINENTAL    LABORATORIES,  LTD. 


30  Harsham  Street,  London,  S.W.I 


Taxolcbs,  Sowest,  London." 


Victoria  2041. 

111! 


jiiiiiiiiiiiiimiLirmTnTiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiini 


We  Supply  ALL  Grades  for 

PHARMACEUTICAL  and 
MEDICINAL  PURPOSES 

IVIAY  WE  HAVE  YOUR  ENQUmSES? 

GLYCERINE  LTD.  ""•'■^"™^^ri''E*^!'4"'*''' 

Telephone:  CENTRAL  7474. 
GET,  gi-a-jf)    Telegrams  :"  GLYMOL.  LUD.  LONDON." 

miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii  imiiTmrimnnnTTniiiiimimnimmii 


QUININE 

QUINIDINE 
CINCHONINE 
CINCHONIDINE 


and 


Sagar-coated  Quinine  Tablets  and  Pills. 


SALTS 


Celatine-coated  Oval  Pills, 


BANDOENG 
JAVA 

Telegrams  ;  "  Kininefabriek  Bandoeng." 


BANDOENG  QUININE  FACTORIES 


AMSTERDAM 
De  Wittenkade  43-50. 

Samples*  prices  and  particulars  on  application.  Telegrams:       Semadmy  Amsterdam. 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


Vll 


Vlll 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


September  17,  1932 


VERA  CENTURY'S  EXPERIENCE 

IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  MEDICINAL  PRODUCTS 

BTAIN  YOUR  B.P.  1932  PREPARATIONS 
STANDARDISED     AND  GUARANTEED 


AT 


EENEST  PRICES 


FROM 

NATIONAL  DRUG  INDUSTRIES,  LTD. 

WHOLESALE  DRUGGISTS  AND  MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS 

INCORPORATING 

THOS.  HODGKINSON,  PRESTONS  &  KING  -  -  Est.  1771 
C.  R.  MARKER,  STAGG  &  MORGAN  -  -  -  Est.  1820 
RETAIL  PHARMACISTS'  SUPPLY  ASSOCIATION,  LTD. 

,  E.I 


Telephone 


EAST  4307  (3  lines) 


OF  THE  BIGGEST 

SELLERS  IN  LIVERPOOL 

Why   NOT  other   places  ? 


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OINTMENT 


WONDLR 

OINFMIiN  r. 


TERMS  : 

Per  gross  30/-,  less  10% 
„  J  gross,  30/-,  fess  5% 

1  91 0/ 

Nett  cash  30  days,  packages   freo,   carriage  paid. 

CLEAR  CORN 

P.F.  102. 

Corn  and  Wart  Remover 

RETAIL  7hd. 

Per  doz.  4/6,  bonus  of  3  with  3  doz. 
minimum.      Carriage   paid.  Free 
packages.    Display  material. 

Extensively  advertised  in  the  National  and 
Local  Press. 

Order  direct  or  through  your  uholesaler. 

KOF-OH  CO.,  LTD. 

Manufacturing    Chemists,    Everton,  Liverpool 


PHOSPHATE  OF  SODA,  Pure 

For  Food  Purposes 
ASK  FOR  SAMPLE  AND  PRICES 


PERRY  &   HOPE,  LTD. 

Fortli  and  Clyde  Chemical  Works,  NITSHILL. 

Tilephcrip  :  Giftnock  414  (2  lints).  Telegrams  :  "I'crrTOpe.  Nitshill.' 


DUTCH  DROPS  ^tWPIZ 

The  Original  HAARLEM  OIL  tZ-^fZr^ 


Also  in  Capsule  Form. 


We  ate  Sole  Distributing  Agents  for  the  British  Isles,  British 
Colonies,  Scandinavian  Countries,  Spain  and  South  America. 

BROOK,  PARKER  &  CO.,  LTD.,  BRADFORD 


MUST  BE  SOLD 

Mahogany  Open  Fittings,  Wood  and  Glass  top 
Counters.  Dismantled  from  High-Class  West-End 
Stores.  Must  be  cleared.  Exceptional  Bargains. 
Thoroughly  overhauled  and  repolished.  Excellent 
condition.  Offered  subject  to  being  unsold.  Prices 
and  particulars  on  application.  Let  us  know  your 
requirements. 

Pollards 

DISMANTLED  EQUIPMENT  DEPARTMENT 

29  CLERKENWELL  ROAD,  E.C.I 

'Phone      -       -       -      CLERKENWELL  6700  (Ext.  78) 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  '  AND  DKUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


■WHOLESALE  ONLY- 


Chas.  Zimmermann  &  Co. 

(CHEMrCALS),  LTD. 
9-10  St.  Mary-at-Hill,  London,  E.C.3 


CHEMICALS 


TRADE 


DEGA 

BRAND 


MARK 


PHARMACEUTICAL 

PHOTOGRAPH  IC 

TECHNICAL 

Acid  Lactic 
Acid  Tartaric 
Acid  Tannic 
Adrenalin 
Aspirin 
Bromides 
Caffeine 
Carmine 

Chloral  Hydrate 
Diastase 
Hexamine 
Lysol 

Male  Fern  Extract 
Methyl  Sulphonal 
Pancreatin 
Phenolphthalein 
Phenacetin 
QUININE  SALTS 
Saffron 
Salol 

Sugar  of  Milk 

Sulphonal 

Salicylates 

Thymol 

Yohimbin 

Acid  Phenyl  Ethyl 
Barbituric,  etc. 


ESSENTIAL  OILS 
NATURAL 
FLOWER 
PRODUCTS 
COMPOUNDS 
CHLOROPHYL 
PU  RE  FOO  D 
GELATINES 


Telegrams  : 
Inland  : 

"  ACIDOLAN,  BiLGATE, 

London." 
Foreign : 

"  AciDOi.AN,  London." 

Telephones  : 
Royal   1866  (4  lines). 


I  Special 
MEDICAL 
PREPARATIONS 
include: 

Anglolymphe  (Dr.  Rous) 
Asthmolysin  (Dr.  Weiss) 
Bilival  {Ingelheim) 
Cadechol  {Ingelheim) 
Chinosol  (Original) 
Devatol-A  (Veterinary) 
Kathiolan  (Marcussen) 
Lobelin  (Ingelheim) 
Lysol  (Dega  Brand) 
Necaron  (Ingelheim) 
Nivea  Creme  (Beiersdorf) 
Nivea  Soap  (Beiersdorf) 
Pagenstecher's  Eye  Lotion 
Papain  (Dega  Brand) 
Pebeco  (Beiersdorf) 
Pericholan  (Ingelheim) 
Posterisan  (Dr.  Kade) 
Subitol 
Subitine 

Terpichin  (Oestreicher) 

Ultraferran  (Brand) 

Colloidal  Iron  Tablets 


X 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST  September  17,  1932 

sitffi.i:hent 


es>. 


Bleached 
White 

B.P. 


T^efined 
Yellow 

B.P. 


POTH,  HILLE  &  CO.,  LTD. 

6  Lloyd's  Avenue,  London,  E.C.3. 

Works  at  Stratford,  E. 


■<■>, 

(y. 

'<■>. 


RECOGNISED  BY  MANY 
DOCTORS  AS  THE 


BEST  REMEDY  for 

RHEUMATOID  ARTHRITIS. 
OSTEO-ARTHRITIS,  LUMBAGO, 
SGIATiCA,  NEURITIS. 
RHEUMATISM. 


Liberal  Terms: 


Wrile  [or  [ull  porHculdrs  f'o; 


Distributors:  STAPLETON  &  SON,  Yew  Tree  Rd., 
SOUTHBOROUGH,  Kent. 

Rep.  in  Ireland  :  R.  1.  VINT,  6  Elgin  Rd.,  Dublin 


Shadforth  Prescription  No.  470.  "  BRAIN  SPARKLERS  "—the 
wonderful  Brain  Tonic  Tablets— make  you  brighter  in  an  hour 
Tnd  a  new  man  in  2  days.  Prices  :  1/9  (25),  3/3  (50),  6/-  (100) 
Every  Chemist  should  hold  one  of  each  size  in  stock 
_  Obtainable  from  all  Wholesalers,  or —  _ 

E=  <baafortb  Prescription  Service,  Etd.  ^ 

*ll  *K       63  GROVE  ROAD,  BOW,  LONDON,  E.3  ^ 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


xi 


NEW 
ADiWERriftlNCi 

will  till  your 
till— write  lor 

a  supply  now ! 

A  BIG  ADVERTISING 
CAMPAIGN  in  the  General 
Press  is  about  to  be  launched 
to  make  past  great  sales  even 
greater,  backed  up  by  new, 
compelling  and  attractive 
showcards,  cartons,  window 
bills,  etc.,  large  supplies  of 
which  are  now  ready. 

Don't  let  others  get  a  start 
— write  for  a  supply  at  once— 
and  the  new  stocks  you'll  need. 


culty  in  obtaining  supplies,  send 
boxes  (each  containing  one  dozen 
.  packets)  post  free. 


s 

PACKETS 


MADE  Cy 

or  CARLISLE 


for  90  yedrs 


xu 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


September  17,  1932 


A  THIRD  SEASON  OFFER 

OF  SPECIAL  BONUS  TERMS  HAS  COMMENCED. 


IODINE  & 


BLACK 
CURRANT 
WITH  A  NEW 
ELEGANT  &  ATTRACTIVE 
WINDOW  DISPLAY 


PASTILLES 


MORE  THAN 
Vo  PROFIT 


ATTRACTIVE 
COUNTER  DISPLAY 
CONTAINERS  ARE 
ALSO  AVAILABLE 


Height  24  ins. 
Width  24  ins.  to  30  ins. 
Depth  18  ins.  to 24 ins. 


FOR  SPECIAL  TERMS  APPLY  LARLY  TO 


THE  CROOKES  LABORATORIES 


Telephones  (3  lines)  : 
Wilksden  6313 


(BRITISH  COLLOIDS  LIMITED) 
GORST  ROAD,  PARK  ROYAL,  LONDON,  N.W.io 


Telegrams  : 
CoHosols,  Harks,  London 


cDquiduM 


ALL  GBi^DES 


SAMPLES  £r  PRICES 

On  applicahon  ho  - — ' 


.TERNS 

16  Finsbury  Square  London  E.C2 


LTD 


WHOLESALE  ONLY 


Sales  go  m. 

IWVI  GWcerlne  Jelly 

;^LSere  We  ^^^^ 


Women  will  great  i^'S 

Glycerine  fy^f  ^^^^K.ng  to  equal  ^t 

Y"'-  Wds  soft  and  f^Jework. 

u '^''^'aU  t  aces  o(  the  ravag  /J  ,,.,es 
banish  all  "<»  ,  •  ^  their  lyenu  ^ 
They  recommend  it^^^^^  ^^^^  ^  displays 

go  on  'ncreasm?-^{  ^^^,„d. 
reap  y"'  ^^^"^ 


Canada  ^  „  Messrs.  Sa^on^S-^,!  Kent 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DKUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


xiii 


PUSHING  THESE 


fists 


!ANATOGEN 


THE  TRUE  TONIC  FOOD 


iiiiiiiisi 


TJERSONAL  and  medical  recom- 
mendation,  many  years  of 
well-conceived  advertising  and 
fulfilment  of  all  claims  made  for 
them,  have  made  these  Genatosan 
lines  deservedly  famous. 

'T^HESE  are  products  on  which 
your  really  paying  customers 


OF 


insist.  There  is  a  large  percentage 
of  profit  in  them  for  you — and 
particularly  if  you  buy  on  direct 
cash  terms.  1^ 


If  you  have  not  yet  taken  advantage  of  these 
special  terms,  may  we  suggest  that  you  write  to 
us  for  full  particulars  u'hich  will  be  forwarded 
to  you  by  return. 


GENATOSA 

LIMITED 

LOUGHBOROUGH,  LEICESTERSHIRE. 


Telephone :  Loughborough  292. 


Telegrams:  ''Genatosan,  Loughborough." 


THE  CHEMIST 


PRESCRIBED  LINES 

A 

N 
A 
S 
P 
A 
S 
M 
1 

N 

E 

Manufacfured  and  AdverHsed 

to  the  Medical  Profession  by 

ROBERTS 

and  CO. 

Pharmaciens  to  H.M.  The  King 

76  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W.I 

and  at  Paris 

Fhone  ;  Mayfair  4173 

Grams  :  Parilond,  London 

SHARE 
in  the  PROFITS  of  the 
EVER-GROWING  SALES 

OF 

BIR  LEY'S 

ANTACID  POWDER 

The  World's  Best  Remedy  For 

INDIGESTION 

and  its  attendant  ailments. 

Don't  let  your  Customer 
leave  your  shop  disappointed  !  Those 
who  ask  for  it  WANT  IT  i  .. 

STOCK  IT ! 

We  have    DOUBLED  our  ADVER- 
TISING in  all  the  GREAT  NATIONAL 
Newspapers    and  Periodicals 

Order  from  your  usual  Wholesale  House. 
In  1/3,  3/-  and  5/-  tins— at  1 1/6,  27/6  and  46/-  per  dozen 


AND  DKUGGIST  September  17,  1932 


The  greatly  improved 
TABLET 


RIDEAL-WALKER  COEFFICIENT  "43" 
NEW  PRICES 

Bottles    100      -       -         6/6  each 
500       -       -  28/- 
1000       -       -       52/-  „ 

1  lb.  tins  DIMOL  OINTMENT  now 

10/-  EACH 

Disirihding  Agents  : — 

SANGERS,  LTD. 

258  EUSTON  ROAD,  LONDON.  N.W.I 
DIMOL    LABORATORIES,  LTD. 

40  LUDGATE  HILL,  E.C.4 


Birley's  Antacid  Lid.,  i6  Korllidoun:  SlrcC,  King's  Cross,  London,  N.i 


September  17,  1932 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 

StrPPLEMENT 


XV 


PHOFII    ON  TURNOVER 

IF  YOU  ACCEPT  THE 


THIRTEEN::TO>THEsDOZEN 


BONUS  OFFE 

BEFORE 

SEPT  24fh 


3    dozen    or   over   for   delivery   on    or   before    September  30th, 

Full  particulars  of  this  offer  have  been  ssnt  to  all  qualified  dispensers. 
Order   through   your   usual   wholesaler    or  direct  from   the  distribulors: 


FASSETT  &  JOHNSON  Ltd. 

86    CLERKENWELL    ROAD    »  LONDON 

(N.6.     This  offer  is  available  to  qualilied  dispensers  only) 


E.C.I 


Issued  by  Natural  Chemicals,  Ltd. 


XVI 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST  September  17,  1932 

STrPPI.EMENT 


PURE  MALT  EXTRACT 


with  FINEST 


NORWEGIAN  COD  UVER  OIL 


The    Brand    that    does    not    separate    nor  crystallize. 


Your  own  name  and  address  on  labels.  In  English 
jars,  etc.     Direct  from  the  actual  manufacturers. 

THE  BRITISH  DIAMALT  COMPANY 

SAWBRIDGEWORTH       -       -  HERTS. 

London  Representative — 

J.  E.  JAMES,  66  Kenley  Road,  St.  Margarets,  Middlesex. 


LOSALL'S  SALT 

SELLS  FREELY  AND  READILY. 
PAYS  50%  ON  OUTLAY. 


An  infallible  remedy  for 

Gout 

Rheumatism 
Eczema&Skin 
Affections 

P.A.T.A. 
4  oz.  tins  1/-,  8/- 
8oz.  „  1/9,14/- 
Bottles  2/-,  16/- 

Attractive  advertising 
matter    supplied  on 
application. 

SOLD  EVERYWHERE. 

Manufacimed  by 

LOFTHOUSE  &  SALTMER,  Ltd. 

HULL. 


**H4RWACISTS 
PlllNTiN©' 

We  quofe.  and  are  quoted, 
for  Excellent  Workmanship. 

JAMES  F.WILKINSON, 

PENDLETON,  MANCHESTER. 


September  17,  1932  THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 


xvh 


A  PERMAN 


O' DISPLAY 

MEANS  DOUBLE 

ASPRO*  SAkes 

AND  MANY  NEW  CUSTOI^ERS 

FOR  OTHER   LINES    AS  WELL 

'ASPRO'  is  the  most  powerfully  advertised 
line  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  Over  300  papers, 
with  a  total  circulation  of  more  than  32,000,000 
carry  the  'ASPRO'  message  several  times 
monthly  into  almost  every  home  in  the  country. 
Display  'ASPRO'  continuously  in  your 
window  and  shop,  and  you  will  benefit  from  this 
enormous  campaign  just  as  though  you  paid  for  the 
advertisements  yourself.  Not  only  will  your  'ASPRO' 
sales  be  doubled,  but  the  display  will  bring  new 
customers  to  your  shop  who  will  purchase  other  lines 
as  well.  This  has  been  proved  by  many  enterprising 
chemists.  Write  us  to-day  for  our  current  window 
display  and  test  it  for  yourself.  You  will  see  how 
quickly  the  public  respond  to  the  *  All-British  '  appeal 
of  *  ASPRO.'  There  are  also  frequent  changes  of  window 
stickers  and  giant  cartons  available. 


Here  is  a  typical  'ASPRO'  window  display  attractively  printed 
in  full  colour. 

'ASPRO'  consists  of  the  purest  Acetylsalicylic  Acid  that  has  ever  been  known  to 
Medical  Science,  and  its  claims  are  based  on  its  superiority. 

Agents — 

GOLLIN  &  CO.,  Pty.,  Ltd.  ('Asp"-"' d«p'>  s'.omjH  buck& 

'         /   '  Phone:  SLOUGH  608. 

Made  by  ASPRO  LTD.,  SLOUGH,  ENGLAND.  '4) 

No  proprietary  right  is  claimed  in  the  method  of  manufacture 
or  the  formula. 


•^^>REC,TR«DEI<IARK 


'ASPf^O'lS  ALL  BRITISH 


XVIU 


THE 


CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 

STTPPI.EMENT 


September  17,  1932^ 


SK 


e  eu 

VITRIFIED  SEMI-PORCELAIN  I 

SLIPPER  BED  PAN 

Regiswred  No.  768384 

Has  handles  at  each  end,  making 
for  greater  ease  in  lifting  and 
for  hanging.  The  sanitary 
emptying  and  non-slip  base 
are  features  in  advance  of  the 
ordinary  types  of  bed  pans. 
Made  of  the  highest  class 
Vitrified  Semi-porcelain,  its 
hygienic  quality  is  unsurpassed. 


Send  for  illustrated  literature  from 
SHELLEY  POTTERIES, 


LTD. 


Dept.    CD.,    LONGTON,  STAFFS 


display 


0 


BLUE  CARTON 
CREPE  BANDAGES 


A  small  window  or  counter  display 

brings  handsome  profits 
D  FULL  33i%  P.A.T.A.  ■ 

Sole  Manufacturers  : 
GROUT    &    CO.,  LTD. 
35  Wood  St.,  r.ondon,  E.G. 2 


I 


BURN EX 


REGD 


BRAND 

is  made  by  a  special  Heat-Cured  Process  and 
is  guaranteed  not  to  deteriorate  in  either 
Ho-Tie  or  Tropical  climates  for  at  least  2  years. 
Carefully  tested  and  Warranted  Absolutely 
Perfect. 

free  sam 

A.  BERMAN  &SONS, 

76,  QUAY  STREET,  -i^ 
MANCHESTER,  Eng. 


We  supply  no  one  but  Chemists  and   Druggists  with 

"SAFEGUARD"  Rubber  Goods 

They  are  of  Highest  Quality  and  Packed  Hygienically. 

Samples  and  Prices  on  application, 

BURGE,  WARREN  &   RIDGLEY,  LTD. 

91/92  GREAT  SAFFRON  HILL,  E.C.I 

Phone  :  Holborn  0050.  Telegrams  :  Drugsund,  Smith,  Iy>ndon. 


MANCHESTER  TUTORIAL  COLLEGE 
327  OXFORD  ROAD,  MANCHESTER 

'v.l  ?A^&"-^.Sc^-^-}l^'-«ors  of  Studies. 

REVISION  COURSES  for  PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC 
EXAM,  start  OCTOBER,  JANUARY,  APRIL  &  JULY. 

FULL  COURSES  for  MATRIG.  and  PHARM.  PRELIM. 


lOSAMf 


Non-Greasy,  Odourless 


i  QUININE  PESSARIES 


e 


0 

m 


w. 
as 


m 
m 
9 

© 

® 

®. 


1 


am 


per  dozen 

boxes 

RETAIL 

3/6 


ORDER  THROUGH  ANY  WHOLESALER. 

Avoid  Imilations  and  see  ihe  No.  332 1 1 7  on  each  box. 


32 


as 

SB 

•, 

as 
as 
• 


September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 

STTPFIiEIHISNT 


BAKELITE  CAPPED  BOTTLES 


FOR 


Bath  Salts,  Hair  Cream, 
Lotions  and  Perfumes 


BAKELITE  CAPPED  JARS 

FOR  FACE  CREAMS 


Write  for  Illustrated  Price  List  to  :— 

WILLIAM  TOOGOOD,  LIMITED 

77  SOUTHWARK  STREET,  LONDON  S.E.I. 


DON'T 
EXPERIMENT 

WITH 

Hot  Water  Bottles  ! 

it  may  be  dangerous  and  costly. 


WEHBERY 


H. 


ARE  BRITISH,  ARE  GUARANTEED, 
AND  THERE  IS  NO  SECRET  ABOUT  THEIR 
ORIGIN. 

"fSEWBERYS" 

I  (F.  NE:WBE;RYa<  SONS  U?) 

CHARTERHOUSE  SQUARE  ^[^I'Poo,: 

Hopelt.  LONDON,  E.C.I  Lane 

Telephone:  CLERKENWELL  04:^3. 


^  The 
-  0    public  is  askin^^ 
Sy      for  ^EJII^ 
CLINICAL 
THERMOMETERS 
because  they  are  :- 

GUARAT^TEED  TO 
STAY  AC  CU  RATE 

CONSISTE7SITLY 
ADVERTISED 


Made  by 


-'the  name  the 
public  knous. 

G.H.  ZEAI^,  LTD., 

75477.  St.  John  St.LondonX.Cl. 


XX 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


September  17,  1932 


A  New  Well   Equipped  Arrival. 


THE  REFILLABLE 

GLASS  IODINE  PENCIL 

Simple,  reliable  and  cheap..  Each  in  Gilt 
Metal  Case  and  1  dozen  in  Counter  Box. 

1  dram  at  6/-      2  dram  at  8/-  doz. 

Something  radically  New  in 
MENTHOL  CONES 


(Registration  Pending.) 


THE  "FINGERTIP" 
MENTHOL  CONE 


In  Green  Mottled  Bakelite  Case. 

Each  dozer 
Carton  or 


in  in  Striking  Artistic  jt  i  , 
r  on  Card    -    -    at  4/-  dozen 


Samples  and  particulars  from  : 

Munro,  McLaren  &  Sutherland,  Glasgow 

Hall,  Forster  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne 

Thomas  Swales,  Leeds 

J.  Woolley,  Sons  &  Co.,  Manchester 

R.  Daniel  &  Son,  Ltd.,  Derby 

Lofthouse  &  Saltmer,  Ltd.,  Hull 

J.  H.  Haywood,  Ltd.,  Nottingham 

Hedges  Chemists,  Ltd.,  Birmingham 

Thomas  McMullan  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Belfast 

Britton,  Malcolm  &  Waymark,  Ltd.,  London 

R.  Sumner  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Liverpool 

or  from  the  Makers  : 

M.  J.  FECHER,  LTD. 

Cuckoo  House 
10  Dod  Street  -   -  LONDON,  E.I4 

Makers  of  "  Cuckoo  "  Specialities 


KING  S  "SUPER  SHOWCASES 

No.  H  2036 
This  magnificent  Silent 
Salesman  can  be  supplied 
in  either  solid  oak  or  maho- 
gany frame.  First  quality 
new  \"  drawn  plate  glass 
front,  sides  and  top,  with 
hinged  glass  door  at  back. 
Interior  fitted  with  brown 
bronze  tapped  bar  and  ad- 
justable brackets  and  two 
plate  glass  shelves,  J"  thick 
polished  edges. 
Bottom  of  showcase  fitted 
polished  parquet  floor. 

Overall  Dimensions  : 
6'  3 "  high  by  2'  6"  wide  by 
I'  6"  back  to  front. 

£10-0-0 

N0.H2035  An  exactly  similar 
Showcase  to  the  above,  but 
having  the  following  overall 
dimensions  : — 6'  3"  high  by 
2'  wide  by  2'  back  to  front 

£10-0-0 

NOTE.    The  above  prices  are  Carriage  Paid  within  20  mile 
area  of  Oxford  Circus,  London,  otherwise  carriage  forward. 
Insured  by  us  in  transit. 

Send  at  once  for  full  list  Wo.  1013,  post  tree,  on  application. 

J.  C.  KING,  LTD. 

42-60  GOSWELL  RD.,  LONDON,  E.C.I 

'Phones  :  CLERKENWELL  2316  (6  lines). 


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.■□■□■□■□■□■□aDHDBDBDBaBIDDXaaaaDHDH 

□ 
■ 

□ 


"SURCO" 

RELIABLE 

ELASTIC  HOSIERY 

SEAMED   &  SEAMLESS 

For   special    garments  to 
measure  we  maintain    a  24 
hour  service. 

::  BODY  BELTS  :: 

TRUSSES      ::  SUNDRIES 


Write  for  Catalogue. 

SURGICAL  HOSIERY  CO.,  LTD. 


Russell  Street 


NOTTINGHAM 


Telephone  No. ;  75903.     Telegrams :  Surgical,  Nottm. 

■□■□■□HDBDaDHQaDaDaaGBDaanoBQBQBQi 


□ 
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September  17,  1932 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


xxi 


are  made  by 


DUNLOP 


Retailing  at  the  low  price  of  3/11  the 
Dunlop  High  Pressure  Moulded  Fabric 
Insertion  Bottle  marks  a  new  era  in 
hot  water  bottle  value. 

Its  strength,  reliability  and  appearance 
are  all  of  a  standard  far  higher  than  the 
price  suggests,  while  its  excellent  quality 
is  only  made  possible  at  the  price  by  the 
large  quantity  sold. 

Built  on  the  same  principle  as  the 
world's  finest  tyres,  the  Dunlop  Bottle 
embodies  strength  and  safety  features 
unique  amongst  hot  water  bottles. 

it  is  packed  in  an  attractive  box,  ideal 
for  display,  and  specially  constructed 
display  boxes  are  included  with  every 
consignment  of  one  dozen. 

In  White  or  Red. 

Fixed  Retail  Selling  Price    3/11 

(U.K.  Patent  No.  332653) 


THE  ANIiVlAL  SERIES 

These  delightful  animal  bottles  make  a  greal 
appeal  to  children,  and  large  sales  are  possible, 
since  they  are  purchased  bv  families  in  ad- 
dition to  their  ordinary  Hot  Water  Bottle 
requirements.  Bunny."  "  Teddy,  "  "Kitty  " 
and  "  Doggy  "  Bottles  available  in  colours, 
black  and  white,  marbled,  and  brown.  Full 
sized,  safe  and  strong.  Can  be  covered  in 
orange,  red  or  blue  velvet. 

Fixed  Prices  to  Public  Covered  in 

.  .  ccloured 
Uncovered.  ^^i^et. 

3/1 1  each  5/9  each. 


DUNLOP  RUBBER  CO.,  LTD.  (General  Rubber  Goods  Division),  Cambridge  St.,  MANCHESTER 

2M/30 


XXll 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST 

SUPPLEMENT 


September  17,  1932 


CORN  PLAISTER 


FOR  THE  CORN  PLAISTER  SEASON 
Your  enquiries  are  invited  for 


of  all  descriptions.      Samples  and  prices 
furnished  upon  application 

WILLIAM  MATHER,  Ltd. 

DYER    STREET    -    -    HULME,  MANCHESTER 


SANITARY  TOUIELS 


fffiadei 

The  ORIGINAL  and  Most  Popular 

The  "  K."    All  wool  in  knitted  cover, 
very  soft. 

The"CELTEX."   Made  of  Celluloae 

for  easy  disposal. 

FROM  YOUR  WHOLESALE  HOUSE,  PLEASE 

SOUTHALLS 

are  better  than  ever. 

6  and  8  oz. 

N.H.I.    S'^-  per  gr. 
Ordinary  8f-  „ 
Fine  1/1| 
Finest     1/8  „ 

10  gross  carriage  paid. 
20  gross    -    -    less  5%. 


Less  5%  cash  with  order. 

Write  for  full  Price  List  and  Size  Gauge 

/\ 

N.  W.  Mitchell  &  Snow,  Ltd. 

"The   Cork  Fit-in." 

Limehouse,  London,  E.  14. 


THE  BIG  SIX 

SELLING  LINES 


SCOT    TiSSUE-an  ex- 

tremely  soft,  pure,  white  absorb- 
ent Toilet  Roll. 
1000  sheets  to  the  Roll. 
5/6  per  dozen  carriage  paid. 

WALDORF-^oVben^"Ro^: 

Trade  price  3/6  dozen,  carr.  paid. 

SAMPLES  ON  REQUEST. 

>  THE  T.  P.  COMPANY,  5/7  Kingsland  Rd.,  E.2 

\  Clerkenwell  8951. 


STOPPERS 

AND  BAKELITE  SCREW  CAPS 


200  Varieties 
Any  Colour. 

A  suitable  Compo- 
sition Stopper  will 
enhance  the  selling 
value  of  your 
package.  Let  us  fit 
your  Bottles  and 
quote  you. 


T.  WEBSTER  &  Co.,  Ltd.  Mountviao  0952 

Diamine  House.  Middle  Lane,  Homsey,  LONDON,  N.8 


§  WE  SUPPLY  § 

1  DECORATED  TINS  | 

i  FOR  PACKING  * 

□ 


□ 


OINTMENTS 

AND  OTHER  PRODUCTS. 


□ 


□ 


®     

□  □ 

i   SAMPLES  AND  PRICES   UPON  REQUEST.  § 

ti    □ 

i  THE  CALDICOT  TIN  STAMPING  WORKS  LTD.  g 

CALDICOT,  Nr.  CHEPSTOW,  Mon.  ® 


September  17,  1932  THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST* 

S0FPI.EMENT 


sxiii 


.^^X^^      more  wasted  time 
^^^C^     cleaning  Medicals. 

Concentrate    upon  your 
dispensing  with  a  carton  of 
U.G.B.  Washed  and  Sterilized  Medicals 
at  your  elbow. 

Not  merely  rinsed,  as  are  many  com- 
petitive makes  of  so-called  "  washed  " 
bottles,  but  scientifically  sterilized  in 
boiling  distilled  water  and  dried  in 
super-heated  filtered  air,  then  packed 
in  dust-proof  cartons.  The  U.G.B. 
Washed  and  Sterilized  service  means  a 
saving  of  at  least  an  hour  a  day  for  the 
busy  dispenser. 

Supplied  in  both  Cork 
Mouth  and  complete 
with  White  Enamelled 
Rustless    Screw  Caps. 


i 


MA J«4 VJ FACTVI FtERS  •  LIMITED 


The  Largest  Manufacturers  of  Glass  Bottles 
in  Europe 

40/43   NORFOLK  STREET 
STRAND,  LONDON 

W.C.2 

Telephone  :  Temple  Bar  668o  (lo  lines). 
Telegrams  :   "  Unglaboman,  Estrand,  London." 


xxiv 


THE   CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST  September  17,  1932 

SUPPLEMENT 


CURES  like  LIGHTNING!' 


I  I J  I. 


.'SOOTHES  at 
a  TOUCHI' 


Slogans  that  are  pulling 
business  for  YOU. . 


THESE  slogans    have    become    indelibly  associated 
with  the  remedies  they  concern  through  years  of 
advertising  on  a  large  scale.    Everyone  recognises 
them.    No  one  disputes  them. 

Neither  can  it  be  disputed  that  lines — the  names  and 
properties  of  which  are  so  well  known  to  the  public — 
sell  more  and  more  readily.  This  is  the  case  with 
GERMOLENE  OINTMENT,  DR.  CASSELL'S 
TABLETS  and  VENO  COUGH  CURE.  These 
products  should  be  on  every  chemist's  shelves.  Far 
from  becoming  permanent  occupants  of  the  space  you  give 
them,  you  will  find  they  move  with  astonishing  rapidity. 


YENO  DRUG  CO.  LTD. 

VEND  BUILDINGS^MANCHESTER 


[56/521 


Septrmbkr  17,  1932  THE   CHEMIST   AND  DKUGGIST 


iii 


INCORPORATING 

GEORGE  ATKINSON  &  COMPANY 


EST.  1654. 


Bromides 
I  — 

Iodides 
I  

E 


MANUFACTURE 

POTASS.    SODA.  AMMON. 


METINE 


XTRACTS 


POTASS.  SODA.  AMMON. 
IODOFORM.   IODINE  Resub. 


HYDROCHLOR.  POWDER 
TABLETS    &  AMPOULES 


IPECACUANHA.  ERGOT 
CINCHONA.  NUXVOMICA 


OTHER  SPECIALITIES  : 

ATROPINE.  CAFFEINE.  NICOTINE 
REFINED  CAMPHOR.  VERMILION 
STRYCHNINE.  SALICIN.  QUININE 

DRUG  GRINDING 

Samples  and  Lowest  Quotations  on  Application 

Offices:    CARNWATH    ROAD,   FULHAM,   LONDON,  S.W.6 
Works:  Battersea  and  Fulham,  London. 


Telephone  :  FULHAM  0037 


Telegrams:  "  Whiffen,  London." 


Codes  :  A  B  C  and  Bentleys. 


I 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST 


September  17,  1932 


) 


BUY  BRITISH 
THIS  YEAR 


Green  Extracts  • 
Expressed  Juices 
Essential  Oils  ♦ 
Belladonna  6L  ♦ 
Henbane  Preps.  ♦ 

MEDICIIVAL 
SPIRITS 

IN  BOND  FOR  EXPOM 


E  WILLIAM  RANSOM  &  Son  Ltd. 

t  Manufacturing  Chemists 

I    HITCHIN.  Near  LONDON 


MAlTfD  fOOD5 


^liccUti  ToocLs  VcvuiaL 
Own  ISlaiiLC  TuriimLnt 
Trep-cuxd  &  Tacked 


George  Kiiig  cSr  Co.  Ltd. 


Sytaiiiore  Street 
L  ouil  on,  E.  C  1 


mm. 


IN  TINS  OR  TONS 


Wholesale 
Druggists. 
Manufacturing 
Chemists. 


ESTABLISHED  1750 
NEW  SPECIALITIES 
"  NAPLITHIN  " 

Analgesic,  Antipyretic, 
Urinary  Antiseptic, 
1  oz.  bottles  Powder  1/6,  18/ 


ITED 


per  lb 


••ELIXIR  BROMO-VALERIAN 

Useful  for  functional  nervous 
affections,  particularly  in  con- 
trolling epileptic  seizures. 

Price  5/-  per  lb. 


Printed  for  the  Proprietors  by  The  Avenue  Press  (L.  Upcott  Gill  &  Son,  Ltd.),  55  to  57  Drury  Lane,  W.0.2,  and  Published 
by  the  Proprietors,  Morgan  Brothers  (Publishers).  Ltd.,  at  28  Essex  Street,  Loudon,  W.C.2.— September  17,  1932.  ^ 


I 


THE  CHEMlSnWD  DRUGQST 


SEPTEMBER  17,  1932 


SUPPLEA4ENT 

This  Supplement  is  inserted  in  every  copfy  of  7h.e  Chemist  &  Druggist: 


28  ESSEX  ST. 
LONDON,  W.G.2 


THE  CHEMIST  \m  DRUGGflST  SUPPLEMENT 


ADVERTISEMENT 
TARIFF 

ALL  ADVERTISEMENTS  are 
PREPAID,  so  that  remittance 
must  accompany  instructions  in 
each  case.  If  it  be  necessary 
to  telephone  or  telegraph  an 
urgent  announcement  this  may 
be  done,  provided  the  money  is 
telegraphed  at  the  same  time. 


BUSINESSES  WANTED  and  for  DISPOSAL,  PREMISES  TO  LET, 
PREMISES  WANTED,  PARTNERSHIPS,  GOODS  for  SALE  and 
AGENCIES— 6/-  for  50  words;  every  additional  10  words  or  less,  6d. 
(Box  No..  1/-  extra.) 

SITUATIONS  OPEN— 6,-  for  40  words;  every  additional  10  words  or  less,  6d. 
(Bo.f  No.,  1/-  extra.) 

SITUATIONS  WANTED— 2/-  for  18  words  ;  every  additional  10  words  or  less, 

6d.    (Box  No.,  1/- extra.) 
LEGAL  NOTICES,  TENDERS,  AUCTIONS,  and  all  specially-spaced  announce- 

ments,  1/3  per  nonpareil  line  (121ines=l  inch  single  column).  (Box  No..  1/- extra.) 

MISCELLANEOUS  (Wholesalers')  Section  for  odd  and  second-hand  lots— 10/- 
for  60  words;  1/- for  every  additional  10  words  or  less.    (Box  No.,  1/- extra.) 

EXCHANGE  COLUMN  (for  Betailefs,  etc.)— Twopenoe  per  word,  minimum  2/-. 
(Box  No.,  1/-  extra.) 

THE  CHEMIST  &  DRUGGIST,28  Essex  St.,  Strand,  London, W.C2 

Telephone:  CentraZ  6565  (8  Jines).      Telegrams:  "  Chemieus,  Eatrand,  London." 


all  advertisements  intended  for 
Insertion     in    this  supplement 


CLOSING  FOR  PRESS. 

FIRST  POST  THURSDAY  MORNING. 


MUST  REACH  US 
NOT  LATER  THAN 


ORRIDCE  &  CO. 


56     LUDGATE     HILL,  E.C.4 

ESTABLISHED    1846  Telephone  No.  :  CITY  223i 

my  bs  CONSULTED  at  tbeir  Offices  on  MATTERS  oE  SALE.  PURCHASE  &  VALUATION. 

We  make  no  charge  to  purchasers,  and  invite  intending  buyers  to  communicate  with  us,  stating  their  requirements. 

9.— NORTH-EAST  COAST.— Good-class  Business,  returning 
approximiately  £2,700  per  annum;  large  shop,  in  prominent 
position;  reasonable  rent;  sttock  and  fixtures  worth  about  £800; 
house,  with  garage,  available;  price  about  £1,200.  Further 
details  to  genuine  'buyers. 


1.  —WILLESDEN.— General  Retail  Business,  with  Kodak 
Ag«ncy;  returns  last  year  approximately  £2,000,  increasing; 
large  double-fronted  shop,  well,  fitted  and  fully  stocked;  rent 
and  riafes  £100  per  annum;  sub-lets  amount  to  £78  per  annum. 
Vendor  going  abroad;  price  to  be  arranged  equitably. 

2.  — KBNNINGTON  (Near  Oval).— Poor-class  Retail  Business, 
with  very  large  Panel;  established  about  100  years;  retarns 
approximately  £3,200  per  annum,  of  ■which  about  £800  is  fifom 
N.H.I.  Di.5pensing;  very  good  proifits;  living  acx;ommodation; 
reasonable  rent  and  new  lease.  Terms  :  Value  of  stock  and 
fittings,  plus  an  agreed  sum  for  goodwill. 

3.  — HAMME!RSMITH.-Cash  Retail  and  Photograplwc  Busi- 
nesd,  with  N.H.I. ;  turnover  for  last  financial  year  £1,576  at 
good  prices;  small  double-fronted  shop  and  house;  rent  £100; 
12  years'  lease;  well  stocked;  price  £950;  vendor  bought 
another  business. 

4.  — LIVERPOOL  STREET  (Near).— Working-class  Retail  and 
Disipensing  Business;  established  80  years;  ieturns,  excJudang 
iN.H.I.,  about  £1,500  per  annum,  with  gross  profit  abo-ut  one- 
third  and  net  profit  approximately  £375;  single-fronted  shop 
in  main  market  street;  rent  £54;  lease  12  years  unexpiied; 
price  £700. 

5.  — iCL.\PHAM.— Poor-  to  medium-class  Business;  retiarns  for 
first  financial  year  £1,218,  excluding  N.H.I. ;  this  year's  Jeturns 
Willi  greatly  exceed;  good  profits;  double-fronted  corner  shop; 
livdng  accommodation;  held  on  lease  at  reasonable  rental;  price 
£200,  plus  stock  at  valuation;  stock  between  £300  and  £350. 

6.  — NEW  CROSS  (Near).— Cash  Drug  Store,  with  Photo- 
graphic connection;  good  opening  for  N.H.I. ;  esUablished  60 
years;  present  hands  five;  returns  exceed  £1,000;  single-fronted 
lock-'up  shop;  ihield  on  lease;  rent  £71;  price  £450. 

7.  — SOUTHERN  COUNTY.— Good-class  Retadl  and  Disipensing 
"Business,  showing  a  net  profit  of  about  £550  per  annum;  good- 
claes  town;  low  rental;  long  lease;  valuation  terms  enter- 
itained.    Further  details  to  bona-fide  buyers. 

8.  — SUFFOLK  (Death  Vacancy).— For  immediate  Disposal, 
igood-olass  Retail  and  Dispensing  Business,  neglected  durtng 
past  few  years;  average  net  profit  £300;  scope  for  increase; 
very  good  house  and  garden,  w^ith  fruit  trees,  etc. ;  new  itease 
nvilil  be  granted  to  suit  purchaser;  price  asked  for  business 
£750 


10.  — BOURNEMOUTH  (Few  Miles  From).— Working-class 
Retail  Business,  with  Rexall  Agency;  returns  average  between 
£1,700  and  £1,800  per  annum;  gross  profit  35  per  cent.; 
wages  paid  £1  weekly;  rent  £100;  rates  £19;  flat  over  shop 
let  at  16s.  weekly.  Could  be  obtained  by  purchaser  if  required. 
Price  asked,  £1,000  or  near  offer.- 

11.  — EASTERN  COUNTY.— Good-class  Rotail  and  Dispensing 
Business,  with  Kodak  Agency;  established  over  100  years; 
returns  exceeded  £4,500  last  year— increase  on  previous  yea<r, 
accountant's  figures;  double-fronted  shop;  living  accommodation; 
lease  will  be  granted  or  property  may  be  purchased;  valuation 
terms  would  be  entertained;  price  would  be  in  the  neighbour- 
hood 0:f  £3,500. 

12.  — (LANCASHIRE.- Old-established  Business  for  Dispos.a-i 
owing  to  death  of  proprietor;  turnover  for  financial  year  ended 
March  31  last  £2,779;  gross  profit  30  per  cent.;  premises 
comprise  three  floors  and  cellars,  warehiouse,  store  rooms  and 
office  dispensary.  Owing  to  general  trade  depression  the  turn- 
over has  fallen  from  £3,607  since  1930.  Stock  valued  at 
£2,148  and  fixtures  £418;  rent  £105.  A  cash  offer  of  £2,000 
would  receive  consideration,  or  possibly  part  payment  would 
be  considered  if  major  portion  of  purchase  money  was  paid 
in  cash. 

13.  — SOUTH-EAST  COAST  (Health  Resort).  —  High-class 
Business,  with  good  seasonal  trade;  returns  about  £l,750  per 
annum;  net  profit  about  £400;  single-fronted  shop;  modern 
fittings  and  good  up-to-date  stock;  convenient  living  accom- 
modation; 18  years.'  lease;  present  rent  £70;  terms:  one  year's 
net  profit,  plua  valuation  of  stock  and  fittings. 

14.  — SUSSEX  HEALTH  RESORT.— For  immediate  Disposal, 
General'  Retail  Business,  showing  a  net  profit  of  about  £275 
per  annum;  double-fronted  shop,  in  nice  town;  stock  and  fixtures 
woirth  about  £600;  low  rent;  long  lease;  value  of  stock  and 
fixtures  only  would  be  accepted  for  quick  isafe. 


fiheinlsts'  Transfers,  Valuations  for  Sale,  Stocktaking  &  Probate 

SPECIAL  TERMS  FOR  INCOME  TAX  VALUATIONS 


i 


XXVI 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST  SUPPLETvfENT      September  17,  1932 


1— SURREY  (25  Miles  0'ut).~Goo(l-class  Retail  and  Dispens- 
ing Biisinfiss  in  central  position  of  good  residential  town;  easily 
worked;  present  rate  of  turnover  £2,000  a  year,  and  increasing; 
elegantly  fitted  pharmacy,  heavily  stocked;  price  £1,750. 

2.  — LIVERPOOL. — Good-class  Suburban  Business;  returns  last 
year  £1,400;  net  profit  over  £3O0;  no  immediate  opposition; 
well-fitted  pharmacy;  excellent  house  attached;  price  £850,  or 
near  offer. 

3.  — EASTERN  COUNTY.-Middle-cIass  Cash  Business,  easily 
worked,  in.  papulous  suburb  of  busy  town;  returns  £1,650;  net 
profit,  £411;  low  rent;  wo'll-fittcd  shop;  good  stock;  price  £900. 

4.  — YORKS.— Oldi-establishcd  Retail  with  valuable  Proprietary 
and  Wi'ne  Licence;  under  management;  plenty  of  scope;  returns 
average  about  £5,000;  prominent  .position;  price  £3,050. 

5.  — BERKS.— Good-class  light  Country  Retail,  in  pleasant  resi- 
dential district;  returns  average  over  £1,000;  scope  for  increase; 
large  modern  shop;  good  house  and  large  garden;  price  £100 
and  .vaJiuation,  in  all  £600  to  £700. 

'  6.-L0ND0N,  E.€.-01d-est.ab.:ished  good  City  Pharmacy  in 
goodi  tposition;  returns  nearly  '£4,000,  under  management; 
audited  figiures;  stock  and-  fi.xtures  worth  about  £1,200;  price 
£1,600;  strongly  recommended. 


7.  — SOUTH  COAST  RESORT.— Good-class  Family  and  Toilet 
trade;  easily  worked;  returns  £1.336;  net  profit  £323;  audited 
figures;  rent  £50;  house  attached;  stock  and  fixtures  worth 
£800;  price  £1,250. 

8.  — NORTH-EAST  COAST.-Old-establithed,  gcod-class  Retail 
with  small  Branch;  turnover  £1,800;  net  profit  £550  o'.ear; 
stock  and  fixt  urcs  worth  ^ibout  £500;  price  for  eiarly  ealc  £670. 

9.  -SOUTHAMPTON.-Sound  prcgressivc  light  Suburban  Busi- 
ness, entirely  under  manager;  returns  average  £1,700,  audited 
figures;  modern,  attractive  .pharmacy,  in  fine  position;  long 
lease;  price  £1,000;  splendid  chance  for  smart  proprietor. 

10.  — ESSEX  COAST  (Near).— Well-established  Chemist's  Busi- 
ness,  with  good  Photographic  connection,  in  popular  yachting 
centre;  returns  £2,150;  books  audited;  low  rent  on  lease;  fully 
stocked;  price  £1,250. 

11.  -LONDON,  N.W.-Cash  Retail  with  N.H.I,  and  Photo- 
graphic; returns  average  £1,650.  under  manager;  main  read 
position;  lock-up  shop;  stock  worth  £500;  price  £750. 

12.  — LONDON,  S.W.— Middle-class  Cash  Suburban  Business; 
returns  nearly  £1,400,  under  manager;  well-fitted  shop;  good 
stock;  convenient  house;  long  lease;  price  £750. 


SPECIAL  NOTICE  TO  INTENDING  VENDORS 

We  have  genuine  cash  buyers  requiring  businesses  in  all  parts,  and  particularly  for  the  following  :  Midlands  and  Northern 
Counties,  showing  net  profit  £1 ,000  upwards,  capital  up  to  £4,000  waiting  :  London,  Southern  or  Home  Counties.  Good 
class  business,  returns  £^1,000  upwards,  must  stand  2  assistants,  ample  capital  for  right  business.  Devon,  Cornwall  or  S.West 
Counties.  Coast  or  inland.  Turnover  about  £3,000.  House  preferred,  not  essential,  capital  available  up  to  £2,500. 
Correspendence  cordially  invited,  which  will  be  treated  in  the  strictest  confidence. 

LOWEST  TERMS  FOR  STOCKTAKING. 


ERNEST  J.  GEORGE 


Tel.:  Earnest,  Walsall. 


TUDOR  HOUSE,  V/ALSALL 


CHEIVitSTS'  BUSINESS  SPECIALIST, 
VALUER,  AND  TRANSFER  AGENT 

'Phone:  Walsall  3774 


London  Office  :  Sentinel  House,  Southampton  Row,  W.C.I  ^^:Zn^%iservis, 

(OPPOSITE  KINGSWAY  SUBWAY) 

Where  possible,  all  businesses  are  visited  and  initially  investigated,  prior  to  being  offered  out  for  sale. 


(Ci)  ;£  10,000  TURNOVER  IN  RETAIL  PHARMACY.— Owing 
to  contemplated  retirement,  an  old-established  city  pharmacy  in  the 
Midlands  with  high-class  connections  and  usual  distinctive  features, 
will  shortly  be  available  for  sale  by  private  treaty  ;  the  premises  occupy 
a  commanding  site  in  one  of  the  leading  business  thoroughfares,  and 
are  held  on  lease  at  a  rental  commensurate  with  returns  and  position. 
The  proposition  offers  unique  opportunity  for  a  live  "  man  or  for 
a  partnership  ;  pharmacists  personally  interested  are  invited  to  write 
in  confidence  for  initial  information  ;  reference  to  Bankers  should  also 
be  given. 

(C2)  Three  good  profit-earning  propositions  in  the  Midlands,  one 
of  which  is  a  suburban  business  in  a  high-class  residential  district  of 
an  important  industrial  town,  are  available  for  disposal,  either  jointly 
or  separately  by  private  treaty.  The  returns  are  approximately  £3,000, 
3^2,600  and  £2,500  per  annum  respectively  ;  good  living  accommoda- 
tion is  available  in  two  instances,  the  third  business  being  a  lock-up 
shop  held  on  lease  at  a  very  moderate  rental ;  in  each  case  the  rental 
is  equitable  and  the  lease  satisfactory.  Pharmacists  with  capital  of 
jC2,ooo-£3,ooo  who  are  desirous  of  purchasing  a  really  sound  business 
are  invited  to  communicate  privately,  enclosing  bankers'references,also, 
if  possible,  a  business  card  of  introduction,  and  following  upon  tne 
submission  of  general  initial  details,  interviews  will  be  arranged  privately 
where  so  desired,  on  the  strict  understanding  that  absolute  confidence 
is  observed  throughout. 

(C3)  LONDON  (WESTERN  SUBURB).— Old-established  good- 
class  family  and  dispensing  business  for  disposal  owing  to  retirement. 
Average  returns  approximately  £2,450  per  annum ;  excellent  living 
accommodation  ;  valuable  lease  ;  further  initial  details  will  be  supplied 
to  genuinely  interested  pharmacists  in  strict  confidence  upon  production 
of  bankers'  references,  and  a  business  card  or  other  satisfactory  source 
of  introduction. 

(C4)  LONDON,  S.E.— Drug  Store  and  mixed  business  for  disposal 
showing  average  returns  of  approximately  £4,000  per  annum.  Freehold 
property,  which  includes  living  accommodation,  also  available ;  owner 
retiring ;  further  particulars  in  confidence  to  bona  fide  prospective 
purchasers. 

(C5)  LONDON,  WEST.— Old  -  established  retail  pharmacy  with 
average  returns  of  approximately  £2,250  per  annum  ;  premises  excel- 
lently situated  on  busy  main  road  ;  a  good  class  trade  with  relatively 
high  prices  has  always  been  carried  on,  and  is  being  maintained  ;  reason 
for  disposal  :  owing  to  semi-retiremeiit  on  the  part  of  the  present 
proprietor  who  has  owned  the  business  for  many  years  ;  there  is  scope 
for  considerable  increase  in  several  directions  ;  reasonable  purchase 
price 


(C6)  BLACKPOOL  (NEAR).  —  Recently  established  business  for 
disposal  owing  to  private  circumstances  ;  average  turnover  approxi- 
mately £2,000  per  annum,  with  good  scope  for  further  increase  ;  living 
accommodation ;  price  for  quick  sale,  £750,  including  stock  and 
fixtures  estimated  at  £600. 

(C7)  SOUTHERN  COUNTY  (CATHEDRAL  CITY).  —  High- 
class  pharmacy  doing  approximately  £50  weekly ;  excellent  living 
accommodation,  which,  if  not  required,  could  be  sub-let  on  advantage- 
ous terms  ;  good  lease  ;  pharmacy  well  stocked  and  fitted  ;  further 
particulars  on  application. 

(C8)  SUSSEX. — Retail  and  dispensing  business  with  good  sales  in 
toilets,  photographic  utensils,  etc. ;  average  turnover  approximately 
£2,500  per  annum  ;  net  profits  about  £550  ;  living  accommodation  ; 
low  rental  ;  long  lease. 

(C9)  LONDON  (WEST).— Retail  pharmacy,  splendidly  positioned 
i  n  busy  main  thoroughfare ;  living  accommodation  ;  excellent  scope 
for  considerable  increase  and  development ;  present  returns  approxi- 
mately £40  weekly ;  further  particulars  will  be  supplied  in  strict 
confidence,  upon  application. 

(Cio)  WINDSOR  (NEAR).— Modern  pharmacy  with  freehold 
property,  for  disposal  owing  to  family  circumstances  ;  living  accommo- 
dation ;  present  returns  approximately  £26  weekly,  and  increasing  ; 
good  scope  for  further  considerable  development ;  reasonable  purchase 
price. 

(Cii)  CITY  BUSINESS  (LONDON).— Situated  in  very  pro- 
minent thoroughfare  ;  returns  for  last  three  years  average  slightly  over 
£3,000  per  annum,  but  there  should  be  abundant  scope  for  increase, 
with  greater  zeal  and  interest ;  purchase  price  to  cover  approximate 
value  of  stock  and  fixtures  only. 

(C12)  SOUTHAMPTON  (NEAR).— Good-class  dispensing,  toilet, 
and  photographic  business,  with  living  accommodation  ;  main  road 
situation  ;  average  returns  for  past  three  years,  under  very  depressed 
conditions,  exceed  £1,700  per  annum  ;  good  scope  for  optics,  if  desired  ; 
excellent  opportunities  for  increase,  particularly  with  a  return  to  some- 
thing more  approaching  normal  conditions  ;  purchase  price  for  quick 
sale,  £850. 

(C13)  LONDON  (OUTER  NORTHERN  SUBURB).— Good 
middle-class  business  showing  present  returns  of  approximately  £30 
weekly,  with  extensive  scope  for  further  increase ;  excellent  living 
accommodation,  including  garden;     rent,  £110  on  lease;  further 


rent: 

particulars,  in  confidence,  upon  application. 

Stocktaking  Valuations,  also  Pricing  of  Chemists'  Own  Records,  carried  out  at  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  RATES. 


September  17,  1932     THE  CHEMIST  AND  DKUGGIST  SUPPLEMENT 


xxvii 


The  ASSOCIATION  Of  MANUFACTURiNfi  CHEMISTS, 

LIMITED 

(Business  Agency ,Transfer& Valuation  Department) 

KIMBERLEY  HOUSE,  and  at  EXCHANGE  CHAMBERS, 
Holborn  Viaduct,  LONDON,  E.C.i     2  Bixteth  St..  LIVERPOOL 

PARKIN  S.  BOOTH,  Valuer.  Tele..-  CITY  1261  2-3  4. 
VALUATIONS.  SALES  OF  BUSINESSES.  STOCKTAKINGS. 

Enquiries  Invited.,  


BUSINESSES  FOR  DISPOSAL. 


6s.  for  50  words  or  less;  6d.  for  every  additional  10  words 
or  less,  prepaid.    (Box  No.,  Is.  extra.) 


BEDS.— Medium-class  Chemist's  Business;  accountant's  figures 
showing  £1,300  returns,  £314  net  profits;  in  normal  times 
£1,500  and  £400;  smalli  lock-up  shop  in  growing  district;  easily 
worked;  expenses  very  low;  £800.    276/6,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

j"L>OURNEMOTJTH.— An  ideal  residential  district,  rapidly 
JJ  growing.  A  good-class  Business  (opened  18  months  ago); 
iveliago  weekly  takings  £25,  steadily  increasing;  well  fitted 
jmd  fuUy  stocked;  -with  or  without  living  accommodation;  over 
500  new  private  scripts  the  last  six  months;  price,  aJil  in,  £900 
to  £1,000.   270/8,  Office  o'f  this  Paper. 

CILEETHORPES.— Chemist,  best  position  in  rejidentia.l  shop- 
ping  iparade;  all  the  year  round  trade;  now  doing  *25  and 
increasing;  plenty  of  scope  for  younger  man;  house  -  sub-let, 
leaving  shop  a.t  31s.  clear  weekly;  lease,  gcodwill  and  fixtures 
£200;  stock  at  valuation,  about  £350.  Marsden,  Valuer,  29  Oak- 
well  Crescent,  Leeds.    'Phone  :  62890  Koundhay. 

EAST  LANCS.— Old-established  Retail  Chemist  Business;  turn- 
over £1,700  (1932);  main  street;  nicely  fitted;  good  Dis- 
pensing, Toilet  and  Photographic  trade;  dout>l6^ronted;  £400, 
plus  stock  at  valuation,  about  £350;  good  reasons  for  disposal; 
suit  beginner.  Particulars  on  application.  275/19,  Offioe  of 
this  Paper. 

I LFORD.— Modern-fitted,  double-fronted,  corner  Shop;  new 
shopping  centre;  long  lease;  turnover  £l,50O-£l,500,  witb 
pveiy  ^prospect  of  increasing.  As  immediate  sale  is  wanted  to 
close  estiate,  wdll  accept  valuation  of  fixtures,  fittings  and  stock, 
or  an  offer  for  the  whole  conoern.  Further  pairticulars,  Percy 
E.  Slack,  Incorporated  Accountant,  44  Bedford  Row,  W.C.I. 

KENT  COAST.— Turnover  £1,030;  lock-up  shop;  rent  £35; 
growing  neighbourhood;  business  incieasing;  net  profit 
£280;  good  stock  and  fixtures;  price  £550.  275/11,  Office  oi 
Ithis  Paper. 

LANCS.— For  immediate  disposal  old-established  Retail  Dis- 
pensing Business;  well  fitted;  good  stock  carried;  lease 
4  years;  rental  £26  per  annum;  returns  average  £18  per  week; 
great  scope  for  increase;  reasonable  offer  considered.  Fullest 
particulars.  Parkin  S.  Booth,  2  Bixteth  Street,  Liverpool. 

LEEDS.— Chemist;  Rexali  and  Kodak  Agencies;  busy 
thoroughfare,  near  centre  of  city;  industjial;  feturns 
£1,000;  N.H.I.  Dispensing  fees  £2  weekly;  rent  and  rates  £72 
per  annum;  three  stock'  rooms  and  cellar;  no  old  stock;  all 
dean,  saleabJe  goods;  goodwill,  plus  stock  and  fixtures  at  valua- 
tion, about  £500.  Marsden,  Valuer,  29  Oakwell  Creacent', 
Leeds.    'Phone  :  62890  Roundhay. 

IONDON,  S.W.— A  sound  Retail  Pharmacy  for  disposal;  estab- 
i  ilished  7  years;  good  living  accommodation;  exceptional 
pp-portunity  for  Optics;  20  years'  lease;  low  rent  and  rates; 
itakings  £25/7  per  week;  good  stock  and  fittings;  price  £750, 
all  at.    Write  275/4,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

LONDON  (Notting  Hill  District).-Small  Chemist's  Business 
or  Drug  Stare;  nice  shop,  lock-up;  low  rent;  fresh  stock; 
Iota  of  scope  for  development;  fine  opportunity;  price  for  imme- 
diate sale  £150  all  at.    276/23,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

LONDON,  E.C.  (Very  busy  main  street).— Old-established 
owner  retiring;  net  profit  £400  per  annum,  accountant's 
figures;  great  scope  for  increase;  easy  houts;  pnice,  inoluding 
th«  valuable  lease,  fittings,  etc.,  and  terge  stock,  only  £675; 
exceptional  opportunity.  Apply  Preston.  &  Partners,  Valuers, 
29  Lndgate  .Hiill,  E.C. 

LONDON,  W.— Good-class  Business  in  busy  shopping  centre; 
respectable  living  accommodation;  low  rent  on  old  lease; 
recently  opened,  but  doing  good  turnover;  immense  scope  for 
Increase  under  proprietor  with  initiative;  reasonable  price  asked 
tor  ouick  sale.  Full  investigation  invited.  277/190,  Office  of 
this  Paper. 


S.  F.  CLARK,  F.N.A.A.  p.os'p^l'crVjse 

CHEMISTS'  VALUER  A  TRANSFER  AGENT 
34  Marksbury  Avenue,  Richmond,  Surrey 

Invites    correspondence  relative  to  VALUATIONS, 
BUSINESS  TRANSFERS,  STOCK-TAKINQ  and 
ACCOUNTANCY.  Personal  and  confidential  attention 
guaranteed  in  all  transactions.  Moderate  fees. 


MIDLANDS.— Good-class  Business  on  main  road  of  thickly 
populated,  charming  suburb;  living  accommodation;  more 
private  dispensing  than  N.H.I. ;  returns  present  time  £25-£30 
per  week;  ample  scope  for  energetic  man  with  personality; 
shop  large,  well  fitted,  fully  stocked;  established  10  years.  Full 
details  to  genuine  inquirers.    275/9,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

TVTORFOLK  COAST.— A  good,  profitable  Business  is  for  Sale 
(or  would  exchange  for  small  Country  one);  double-fronted 
lock-up  shop,  well  fitted;  rent  and  rates  about  168.  weekly; 
turnover  'ast  year  £1,200;  scope  for  increase  in  Optics  and 
Dentistry;  Kodak  Agency.    Apply  277/3,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.— An  excellent  opportuity  occurs  ia 
main  street  of  a  busy  town  to  rent  or  lease  a  Shop  (for 
the  last  20  years  occupied  by  a  Chemist);  no  charge  for  good- 
will; taking  over  of  stock  is  optional;  rooms  over  may  be  let 
off.    6.  Cox  &  Son,  Auctioneers,  West  Gate  Mansfield. 

ADVERTISER  with  small  Business  in  suburb  of  York&liire 
town,  doing  over  £1,200  at  good  profits,  would  exchange 
for  larger  Business  in  pleasant  country  or  seaside  district;  wou'W 
suit  elderly  pharmacist  wishing  easier  time;  balance  by  arrange- 
ment.   274/21,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

BARGAIN.—Scmnd  Business  near  London;  well  fitted  and 
stocked;  takings  £25  per  week,  increasing.;  good  livioff 
accommodation;  moderate  price  for  quick  sale  owing  to  illness; 
good  lease  at  moderate  rental.    278/800,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

CHEMIST'S,  opposite  tube  station,  W.;  excellently  fitted 
double-fronted  lock-up  shop;  railway  tenancy  at  £60  per 
annum  inclusive;  trade  £14  per  week;  steadily  increasing; 
price  only  £125;  s.a.v.,  about  £300.  Woodcocks,  20  Conduit 
Street,  W.l. 

}?0R  Sale,  the  oldest  Chemist's  Shop  in  Yorkshire;  Wine 
.  Licence;  excellent  Proprietary;  been  established  nearly  a 
century;  returns  £5,000  per  annum,  under  management.  Also 
Drug,  Toilet  and  Fancy  Business  in  market;  turnover  £3,000 
per  annum.  Particulars  at  interview  only  to  those  with  requisite 
capital.    272/16,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

I?OR  Sale  as  going  concern,  good  Dispensing  and  General  Busi- 
.  ness,  main  road,  Kent,  10  miles  London;  fast-growing 
district;  good  living  accommodation;  'low  rent;  long  lease; 
splendid  opporlunity  for  owner-manager.  Apply  275/14,  Office 
of  this  Paper. 

HERBALIST,  Druggist,  etc.,  Retail,  shop  in  busy  main 
thoroughfare,  N.W.  district,  London;  good  domestic  accom- 
modation; lease  12  years;  old-established  business;  open  to 
fullest  investigation;  price  £2,O0O,  including  stock,  fixtures, 
etc.  A.pply  by  letter  in  first  instance  to  Pawiley  &  Malyon, 
Incorporated  Accountants,  Finsbury  Court,  Finsbury  Pavement, 
E.C. 2. 

IN  LIQUIDATION.-J.  Dalby  &  Co.  (Blossom),  Ltd.,  Blossom 
Soap  Works,  Undercliffe,  Bradford,  Lanoline  Manufacturers 
and  Soap  Blenders.  For  Sale  as  a  going  concern.  The  business 
offered  as  a  whole,  or  each  department  separately.  For  a  quick 
Siale  a  very  low  price  would  be  accepted,  otherwise  assets  must 
be  sold  piecemeal.  The  assets  consist  of  Lanoline  Manufacturing 
Plant,  Soap  Blending  Plant,  excellent  Office  Equipment,  Motor 
Van,  Motor  Cycle  and  Sidecar.  This  is  a  rare  opportunity,  as 
thousands  of  pounds  have  been  spent  in  experiments  and  adapt- 
ing of  premises,  and  now  lanoline  of  excellent  quality  has  been 
produced,  the  formula  for  which  is  included.  The  purchaser 
would  reap  the  benefit  of  this  expenditure.  Best  raw  material 
available  locally.  Apply  Messrs.  Rhodes,  Stringer  &  Co.,  Incor- 
porated Accountants,  31  Manor  Row,  Bradford. 

OWNER  WISHING  TO  RETIRE.— Old-established  Businesa 
in  Yorkshire;  Family,  Agricultural  and  Photographic;  large 
turnover  at  good  profits;  every  help  given  to  buyer.  Particulars 
to  buyers.   No  triflers,  please.   275/8,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

SNIP.— For  limmediate  Sale,  first-class  Pharmacy,  London, 
S.W.;  suitable  M.P.S.;  rent  shop  only,  on  lease,  £100  per 
annum  exclusive;  rates  £20;  N.H.I,  average  500  per  month; 
cash  takings  £1,150;  stock  £300;  valuation  fixtures  £200,  or 
arrangement;  Optical  and  Sun-Ra,y  equipment;  ought  be 
double  in  smart  mast-erman's  hands.  277/22,  Office  of  this 
Paper. 


xxviii  THE  CHEMIST  AND  PEXJGGIST  SUPPLEMENT     September  17,  1932 


Porvrv  —Closing  down  Saturday.    Opportunity  fcT  live  man 
3i^Zi\JU.  witih  small  ca.pj£a.l.    Neglecfed  Business  at  Bourne- 
mouth, amidst  hotels  and  baardjng-houses;  stock  and  fittings 
valued  £450;  rent  £95  dnelusivc,  >but  will  acce'pt  £200  to  save 
troiihle  of  removing.    Appiy  not  later  than  Sailuiday,  17th,  at 
23    St.    Michael's    Road-,    Bournemouth;    aJtfer    that  diate, 
"  Chemist,"  83  Barnsbury  R-oad,  London,  N.l.    'Plione  :  Noith 
1224. 

PREMISES  TO  LET. 

QHOPS  to  Let,  reduced  rentals,  fronts  fitted,  in  new  parade 
lO    in  midst  of  dense  working-class  area;  large  floor  area; 
special  rental  £100  per  annum;  opening  for  most  trades.  Well 
Hall   Parade,   Well   Hall    Road,   Eltham,   S.E.9,  or  Laings, 
296  High  Holborn,  W.C.I.     'Phone  :  Holb.  6086. 

BUSINESSES  WANTED. 

6s.  for  50  words  or  less;  6d.  for  every  additional  10  words 
or  less,  prepaid.     (Box  No.,  Is.  extra.) 

/COMPANY  FORMATION.— About  six  sound  Businesses  required 
Kj'    immediately  in  or  near  London  (30-mil-e  radius),  showing 
Tetums    of    £30-£l00    weekly,    with   proportionate  overhead 
changes.    Prelimiiaai:y  negotiations  can  be  entered  into  immedi- 
ately on  reasonable  terms.    Prospective  vendors  are  invited  to 
■write  privately,  with  the  assurance  that  no  information  will;  be 
disclosed  without  express  permission.   Ernest  J.  George,  Sentinel 
House,  Southampton  Row,  W.C.I.    Telephone  :  Museum  8340. 

TJHARMACIST  wishes  to  hear  of  genuine  Cash  Chemist's  Busi- 
X    nees  for  disposal  within  eo-miles'  radius  of  Manchester,  wilh 
good  Jiving  accommodation;  healthy  district;  returns  £l,50O; 
plenty  of  Private  and  N.H.I.  Dispensing;  good  position;  might 
entertain  active  Partnership  with  vendor  wishing  to  retire  with 
■view  to  eiaPly  succession  for  suitable  business.   Give  fullest  par- 
ticulars, in  strictest  confidence.    275/20,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

TTfANTED'  to  purchase  small  Drug  Store,  either  in  North  or 
VV    North-East  district  or  East  End  suburb  preferred,  but  not 
essential.    Apply,  giving  full  particulars,  to  Thomas,  14  Hamp- 
stead  Road,  N.AV. 

"ITCTELL-KNOWN  firm  wishes  to  take  over  for  cash  a  high- 
VV    class  Dispensi'iig    Business    in    London  or    near  Home 
Counties;  turnover  not  less' than  £4,000.    Replies  treated  in 
strict  confidence,  and  references  exchanged.    "  Rhei,"  209/502, 
Office  ot  this  Paper. 

RESIDENTIAL  CLUB  FOR  GENTLEMEN. 
TTAMPDEN  CLUB,  Hampden  Street,  N.W.l,  close 
JJ-    to  King's  Cross  Station.    Large  club  rooms. 
300  bedrooms  and  bed-sitting  rooms,  15s.  to  25s. 
pe-  week.    Illustrated  Prospectus,  Secretary.  Museum 
3424. 

PATEI^rS. 

"  TMPROVEMENTS  IN  APPARATUS  FOR  THE  PRODUC- 
J-     TION  OF  SYNTHETIC  AMAIONIA."— The  Proprietors 
of  British  Patent  No.  240,436  desire  to  arrange  for  the  com- 
mercial working  of  this  Patent  by  Sale  outright  or  by  Licences 
granted  on  participating  and  reasonable  terms.  Particulars 
obtainable  from  Technical  Records,  Ltd.,  59-60  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields,  London,  W.C.2. 

APPRENTICES. 

■^rOUNG  lady,  19,  desires  Apprenticeship  in  S.W.  area;  passed 
1    Part  I;  deferred  Botany.    Reply  209/509,  Office  of  this 
Paper. 

SITUATIONS  OPEN. 

TENDERS  INVITED. 

RETAIl!  (HOME). 

GUY'S    HOSPITAL,  S.E.I. 
DRUGS  AND  SURGICAL  DRESSINGS. 
rpHE  House  Committee  invites  Tenders  for  Surgical 
-L   and  Antiseptic   Dressings,  also  for  Drugs,  for 
immediate  and'- future  delivery. 

A  list  of  these,  with  further  particulars  and  form 
of  tender,  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
Superintendent's  Office. 

Tenders,  duly  sealed,  are  to   be   returned  to  the 
Superintendent's  Office  not  later  than  September  23, 
1932. 

6s.  for  40  words  or  less;  6d.  for  every  additional  10  words 
or  less,  prepaid.     (Box  No.,  Is.  extra.) 

"DIRMINGHAM.— Qualified    Manager   required    for  business 

0  in  industrial  district.    State  age,  experience  and  salary 
required      All    applications    answered    if    stamped  envelope 
enclosed.    Richards,  Chemist,  47  Three  Shires'  Oak  Road,  Bear- 
wood, Birmingham. 

T)IRMIN6H.\M.— Qualified    .\ssistant  required    for  working- 

1  J*    class  Business;  permanent  situation;  light  duties  only  and 
exceptjonaiTly  short  hours  (salary  low  accordingly).    Please  give 
usual   particufars,   stating  wages  required,  to  "  Chemist,"  c/o 

29  BeKibarn  Road,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham. 

T  ONDON,  S.E.— Qualified  Assistant  wanted;  aM-rour,<l  experi- 
-li    ence;  25-50;  able  to  take  charge;  good  Sa1es.man,  Window- 
dresser,  understand  Photography  (no  D.  A  P.),  quick  Dispcnserj 
cash  trade;  good  reference-s. essential.   Particulars,  salary,  copies 
of  testimonials  and  snap  in' first  letter;  two  kept.   274/27,  Office 
of  this  Paper. 

T  ONDON,  S.E.I.— Junior  Assistant  (male)  for  working-class 
XJ,    business  and  large  N.H.I.    Send  full  particulars,  stating' 
when  free,  to  P.C.B.  48/4,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

T  ONDON,  E. 10. —Qualified  Lady  Chemist  re^quired;  perman- 
ency;  must  be  good  Window-dresser,  Counter,  etc.  Apply, 
sitating  age,   experience,   references   and   salary   required',  t» 
276/21,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

T  ONDON,  E.— Yonng  Man.   unrog-ostered;   essentials  ;  .Sales- 
XJ   manship,  paying  Window-dres.=er,  with  initiative  to  increase 
business;  practically  Working  Partnership;  no  Dispensing  or 
Poisons.    Do  not  apply  unless  looking  for  a  permanency,  stating 
fully  age,  salary  and  experience  for  past  six  years.  276/29, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 

X  ONDON,    N. — Junior   Unqualified    .\ssistant   required,  weU 
1 J   trained  in  Dispensing  and  Counter  work;  eplendid  opportu- 
nity for  .smart  youth  not  long  out  of  apprenticeship.  Apply, 
giving  full  particulars  of  age,  height,  experience,  and  salary 
required  (outdoors),  to  277/14,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

Tl/TANCHESTEiR.— Lo«um  wanted  to  take  charge  for  two  daya 
ItX    only,  .Saturday,   October  1,  and   Monday,   October  10. 
Apply,  with  fuil  particuilars,   tto   Mi'.'es    Platting  Pharmacy, 

30  Oldham  Road,  Manchester. 

APPOINTIVIENT. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  NOTTINGHAM. 
SCHOOL  OF  PHARMACY. 
rpHERE   is  a  vacancy  in  the  School  of  Pharmacy  for  a 
i    Demonstrator  at  a  payment  of  £150  per  annum  for  at 
least  two  sessions.    Applicants  iriiust  hold  the  Ph.C.  Diploma 
and  London  Matriculation,,  and  be  prepared  to  read  for  a  degree, 
or  must  hold  the  B.Pharm.  Degree  and  be  prepared  to  read  for 
the  B.Sc.  Special  Degree,  or  to  undertake  work  leading  to  a 
higher  degree. 

Applications  must  reach  the  Registrar  not  later  than  2l6t  Sep- 
■temher.  1932. 

AGENCIES. 

QCOTLAND.— Manufacturers'    Agent,    with  long-established 
O   conmection.  Wholesale  and  Retail  Chemi,sfs  and  Hospitals, 
wants  additional  high-class  Agency;  ground  covered  by  car;  office 
and  showroom  i^n  central  position  in  Glasgow.    278/2,  Ofiace  of 
this  Paper. 

nno  Overseas  Manufacturers  of  Proprietary  Preparations  for 
■i    the  Medical,   Dental  and  Veterinary  Professions.  Cofxe- 
spondence  invited  from  Manufacturers  desiring  to  depute  the 
Manufacture,    Packing,    Sales    Dietributiom.    Advertising  and 
Storage  to  a  British  company  of  30  years'  highest  reputation, 
possessing  estaWishedi    sales    organisation    throughout  Great 
Britain,   Irelandl  and  India.     Inquiries   strictly  confidential 
209/497,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

September  17,  1932      THE  CHEMIST  AND 


DEUGGIST  SUPPLEMT:wt 


XXIX 


SHEFFIELD'.— Vacancy  for  Junior  or  Imippover,  with  know- 
ledge of  Dispensing  and  Window-dressicig.  Apply,  stating 
age,  salary,  experience,  and  references,  209/505,  Office  of  this 
Paper. 

A  PPLICATIONS  are  invited  for  the  post  of  Assistant  Dis- 
J\  penser  (female)  in  a  London  Hospital.  Intending  candi- 
dates, who  must  hold  the  Pharmaceutical  Society's  qualification, 
should  submit  applications,  stating  age,  experience  and  salary 
required.    Write  Box  527,  8  Serle  Street,  "W.C.2. 

ASSISTANT  wanted  (near  London);  knowledge  of  Optics  an 
asset,  but  not  essential,  not  necessarily  qualified,  but  smart 
Salesman  and  Window-dresser;  modetrate  salary  and  commission; 
can  live  in  if  desired.  State  age  and  salary  required.  274/80, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 

CHEMIST-OPTICIAN  Manager  required  for  S.E.  London; 
working-class;  salary  and  commission  offered  to  right 
man;  preference  to  one  willing  to  make  small'  investment;  usual 
particulars  of  experience  and  salary  lequired.  277/19,  Office 
of  this  Paper. 

G ENTLEMANLY  Assistant,  unqualified,  about  21,  required, 
end  of  September,  in  the  general  business  of  a  country 
market  town  pharmacy;  Veterinary,  Photographic  aad  "Window- 
dressing  experience  desirable;  easy  hours.  Pull  particulars  in 
first  letter.   J.  C.  Holton,  Fakenham,  Norfolk. 

JUNIOR  Assistant  (male)  for  good-class  Country  Business; 
short  hours;  no  N.H.I.  Apply  H.  Meynell,  Tenterden,  Kent, 
stating-  age,  height,  salary  required  and  particulars  of 
experience. 

KEEN,  conscientious,  unqualified  Junior  required  as  Retail 
Canvasser;  Loudon  suburb;  salary  an'd  good  prospects  if 
not  afraid  of  work.    274/24,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

MANAGER,  unqualified,  over  30;  good  Prescriber  and  profit- 
maker  essentdal;  poor  locality,  East  End  of  London;  £50 
ffood  faith  deposit  required,  returnable  with  interest;  out  of 
■{a/kings  'pay  aill  accounts  and  stopulated  amount  to  the  pro- 
prietor; keep  the  rest;  worth  £5  to  £5  per  week  or  more; 
agreement  to  sign.    277/15,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

OCTOBER  3.— Unqualified  male  Assistant  wanted  for  a  good- 
class  busy  Dispensing  and  Family  business.  Apply,  with 
fullest  particulars,  references,  and  photo,  to  A.  F.  Corfe,  Coife  & 
Son,  Chemists,  Maidstone. 

PART-TIME,    ahout    3    hours    daily,    to    canvass  locally. 
"  Chemist,"  162  Thorn-bury  Road,  Isleworth. 

QUALIFIED   Manager  for  branch  near  Slough;  must  be 
capable  at  D.  &  P.,  good  Window-dresser;  interest  given 
in  business.    H.  Pickett,  Chemist,  Farnham  Common,  Bucks. 

QUALIFIED  Lady  Assistant  required  immediately;  must  be 
experienced  Disipenser,  with  good  Counter  experdence.  Full 
.particulars  of  experience,  age,  salary  required.  Applications 
not  answered  in  five  days  dec'tined  with  thanks.  Holden, 
83  High  Street,  Walton-on-Naze,  Essex. 

QUALIFIED  lady  liocum  from  October  1  to  15  inclusive;  live 
out;  tea  provided'  daily;  all  N.H.I,  paid;  return  rail  paid. 
Terras  to  Rowcroft  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  66  Week  Street,  Maidstone. 

QUALIFIED  Assistant,  not  under  27  years  of  age,  with 
West-End  experience,  for  a  high-class  Dispensing  business; 
no  photographies,  N.H.I,  or  optics;  hours  8.30  to  7.  Apply  with 
full  particulars  of  salary,  height,  etc.,  but  no  photo.  278/3, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 

REQUIRED,  Chemist,  Optician,  fully  qualified,  as  Branch 
Manager  for  new  Branch;  must  be  experienced;  state  age, 
etc.;  progressive  salary  andi  pensionaWe.  Apply,  by  letter  in 
first  instance,  to  Pharmacy  Manager,  24  Martin  Street,  Strat- 
ford,- E.15. 

EiEQUIRED,  for  about  the  first  two  weeks  ini  October,  gentle- 
j  manly  unqualified  Assistant  as  Locum;  moderate  salary; 
duties  light.  Apply,  giving  full  particulars,  to  The  Drug  Stores, 
Broad  Street,  Leominster,  Hereford'shire. 


EQUIRED,  in  six  weeks,  a  keen  young  Chemist  to  manage 
'  newly-esteljlished!  Branch  inilarge  Devon  town ;  West  Country 
experience  preferred.  State  age,  height,  salary  required,  an'd' 
enclose  p'hoto  (returnable),  to  276/31,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

REQUIRED,  for  residential  district,  one  hour  from  London, 
really  capable  Registered  Manager;  for  oile  with  a  mode- 
rate amount  of  capital  there  is  an  excellent  opportunity  for 
succession,  bait  this  is  not  essential.  Unreigistered  Assistant  also 
required;  must  be  gO'Od  Window-dresser.  276/59,  Office  of  thiisi 
Paper. 

TAYLORS  BRITISH  CHEMISTS)  have  a  vacancy  for  an. 
experienced  Manager  in  London.  Applicants  should  give 
full  details  (by  letter  only)  of  experience,  age,  height,  wage 
expected.  Applications  not  answeredl  in  four  days  respec'ltully 
declined.    55  Pall  Mall,  London,  S.W.I. 

WANTED  for  country  business  in  nice  district  by  end  of 
Septemher,  a  qualified  Chemist;  must  be  capable  andl 
hold  goodi  references.  When  applying  state  age  and  salary 
required  (outdoor).    273/38,  Office  of  this  Paper 

WANTED,  keen,  energetic,  qualified  Manager  for  neglected: 
business  in  Coventry;  applicants  should  have  knowledg-e 
of  buying.  State  salary  required  and  enclose  photograph. 
275/15,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

WANTED,  for  early  October,  Unqualified  Male  Assistant. 
Usual  particnlaiei  to  Bodley,  Four  Oaks,  Sutton  ColdfieJd. 


WHOLESALE. 


A SIDE-LINE  at  competitive  prices  open  to  smart  Traveiler 
with  good  connection  of  Chemists  in  S.W.  and  S.E  districts, 
by  well-known  firm.  Write :  "  Olivaco,"  173  Goldhawk  Read, 
W.12. 

FIRST-CLASS  Repiesentatives  wanted  to  carry  exceptional 
lines  in  French  Perfumery,  Face  Powders,  etc.,  to  be  nation- 
ally advertised;  must  have  well-estattlished  connections;  liberal 
com'mission  basis  to  commence.  Repfly,  stating  ground  covered, 
to  The  Jeuvan  Manufacturing  Co.,  Cardiff. 

JE'.  ELLIS,  LTD.,  Horsforth,  Leeds,  have  several  vacancieg 
•  for  Salesmen  in  Midlands,  Wale®,  London,  South  Ccasti 
selling  Daisy.  Dyanese  Dyes;  salary,  liberal  commissions,  but 
wouijd  consider  in  certain  areas  commission  men  carryin'g  non- 
competitive lines.    Apply,  letter  only,  Sales  Manager. 

LONDON  Manufacturing  Chemists  require  part-time  Rei»-&< 
6entative(s)  to  cover  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Camhridge,  Hunting- 
don, Northants,  and  major  portion  of  Essex  and  Hertfordj 
Drugs,  Galenicals,  Packed  Goods,  etc.;  fair  existing  connection 
with  real  possibilities;  retaining  fee  and  liberal  commission. 
Apply  2109/504,  Office  of  ths  Paper. 

REPRESENTATIVE,  with  strong  connection  in  Yorkshire 
anid  East  Lancashire  amongst  Chemists  and  Stores,  wanted 
for  well-known  Health  Salt,  Packed  and  Loose  Tablets;  mufft 
be  active,  live  salesman,;  own  car  preferred;  salary,  expenses 
and  commission.  Harrogate  TeMet  Co.,  Chatsworth  CSrove, 
Harrogate. 

REPRESENTATIVE  required  hy  important  Cosmetic  Manu- 
facturers for  Manchester,  also  Birmingham;  must  have 
stronigily  established  connection  in  area;  state  age,  average 
annual  turnover,  salary  required';  excellent  prospects  for  a  live 
man  having  neceesary  qualifications.  209/506,  Office  of  thia 
Paper. 

REPRESENTATIVE  required  for  Northern  Drug  House,  towa 
connection.  Applicant  must  he  between  35  andi  45,  and 
have  had  at  least  10  years'  Wholesale  experience  with  a  well- 
established  firm,  the  greater  part  of  which  must  have  been  on 
the  road;  none  with  Retail  expeTdence  alone  need  apply;  quali- 
fication an  advantage,  but  not  essential.  Reply,  with  full 
particulars,  inoluding  experdence,  age,  and  remuneration 
required,  i-o  209/507,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

WANT'ED,  first-class  Representatives  for  England,  Scctland 
and  Wales,  with  Chemists,  Dentists  and  Co-op.  connec- 
tions, to  handle  two  leaJ  live  sellers,  supported  by  advertise- 
ments; 10  per  cent,  commission;  give  ground  covered,  how  floAg 
working,  length  oi  journey,  etc.    275/40,  Office  of  this  Papea:. 

WELL-ESTABLISHED  Manufacturing  Chemists  require 
Tlravellers  to  handile  r^arkable  advertised  line  on  excep. 
tional  commission;  must  have  excellent  connection;  exclusive 
territory  and  commission  on  direct  business  allowed;  state  age, 
lines  carried',  and  territory  worked;  a  substantial  income  i3 
being  made  by  existing  representatives,  209/501,  Office  of  thia 
Paper. 


PHOTOGRAPHS,  TESTIMONIALS,  &e. 

When  answering  advertisements  in  this 
section  applicants  are  strongly  advised  not  to 
send  (unless  specially  requested)  ORIGINAL 
TESTIMONIALS  or  VALUABLE  PHOTO- 
GRAPHS. As  can  be  readily  understood, 
when  an  advertiser  receives  from  60  to 
100  replies  the  tasli  of  returning  photographs, 
testimonials,  &c.,  is  one  of  some  difficulty. 


XXX 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST  SUPPLEMENT      September  17,  1932 


SITUATIONS  WANTED. 


RETAIL  (HOME). 


28.  for  18  words  or  less,  6d.  for  every  additional  10  words 
or  less,  prepaid.    (Box  No.,  Is.  extra.) 


iA     A    A     A     A  -UNQUALIFIED     Assistant,    age  22, 
Ixx.xV.xiL.xX.  j-TL.      Ssot,    desires    positiion    In  London; 
Dispensing,   Photography,  Window-dressing;   free  now.  Reply 
Unqualified,"  9  Endsleigh  Gardens,  N.W.I. 

^A  A  A  A  —QUALIFIED,  21  (Square  trained),  desires 
x\..xi..x\.xjl,  permanency  or  Locum;  London  and  pro- 
vincial experience;  sound  knowledge  all  branches;  interview 
appreciated;  free.    Kitchen,  52  Guilford  Street,  W.C.l. 

/A  A  A  A  —QUALIFIED;  28;  12  yea;-s'  experience,  Dis- 
x\..x\..x\..xv.  peneer,  Prescriber,  Photography;  Optical 
knowledge;  Birmingham  district  preferred,  not  essential; 
moderate  salary  to  start;  live  in.    276/40,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

A A  \  —QUALIFIED,  22  (Square  trained),  requires 
.XX. XX.  Locum  or  permanency;  6  years'  all-round  experi- 
er;ce;  Photography,  Optics,  Window-dresser;  anywhere;  free 
September  26.    "  Chemist,"  77  Stoke  Road,  Guildford. 

J  A    A     A  —ASSISTANT  or  relief  (referred  Pharm.  €hem.); 

■^.ix.xx.xx.  free  October  1;  usual  particulars;  well  recom- 
mended; Midlands  preferred,  but  not  essential.  Hull,  36  Cor- 
iporation  Street,  Walsall. 

A A   —QUALIFIED,  57,  fair  all-round  experience,  London 
.XX.   and  provinces,  needs  post;  London  preferred.  274/26, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 

■I  A  A  —CAPABLE  Assistant,  24,  unqualified,  desires  good- 
/x.xx.  class  permanency  in  or  near  London;  accurate  Dis- 
penser andi  good  Counterman;  8  years'  London  and  provincial 
experience.  "  Pushful,"  "  Fingle,"  Devonshire  Road,  Merton, 
S.W. 

A— ASSISTANT,  21,  desires  permanency;  5  years'  first-class 
.  experience;  accurate  Dispenser,  excellent  Counterman; 
willing;  conscientious;  distance  no  object.  D.  Lovedale, 
"  Choilsdale,"  Beatty  Avenue,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

A— ASSISTANT,  male  (Part  I),  25;  high-class  experience, 
•  Dispensing,  Counter,  Photography  and  Window-dressing; 
good  Prescriber;  keen;  energetic;  has  managed.  Dakin,  335 
Derby  Road,  Lenton,  Nottingham. 

A BUSINESS  man  with  town  and  country  experience,  unquali 
fied,  trustworthy,  seeks  position  as  Senior;  .would  re-build 
neglected  business  under  cover  or  supervision  of  principal;  at 
present  managing  seaside  pliarmacy;  moderate  salary.  P.C.B. 
48/8,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

(A  CAPABLE  Assistant;  25;  unqualified;  7  years'  experience, 
j\.  Dispensing,  Counter,  AVindow  Display,  Photographic;  per 
onanencv;  Birmingham  or  Midlands  preferred',  not  essential. 
"  E.  b".  D.,"  c/o  118  Welling-ton  Road,  Handsworth,  Bir- 
mingham. 

A YOUNG  lady  Dispenser,  qualified  (Hall),  requires  post. 
Barton,  "  Burwell,"  Meadway,  Northampton. 

ASSISTANT,  unqualified,  55,  married,  desires  permanency; 
capable  Dispenser,  thorough  experience  Retail,  Counter, 
Window-dressing,  Photographies  (D.  &  P.).  Dodd,  37  West- 
minster Road,  Birchfields,  Birmingham,  20. 

ASSISTANT;  24;  unqualified;  finished  Part  II  Course;  city, 
seaside  experience;  excellent  references.     "  K.  G.,"  19a 
Alexandra  Villas,  Brighton. 

/A  SSISTANT;  unqualified;  tall;  single;  disengaged;  30  years' 
XX  experience,  Dispensing,  Counter,  Photography.  Harris, 
24  Link  Road,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham,  16. 

ASSISTANT;  unqualified;  accurate  Dispenser;  temporary  or 
fpermanent;    disengaged    September    19.     "  Statim,"  72 
Tremadoc  Road,  Clapham,  S.W.4. 

*  A  S  Manager  or  Assistant  with  view  to  succe.ssion  in  6  to 
XX  12  months;  l>est  references;  good-class  business  essential; 
Jjondon  area  preferred,    P.C.B.  47/40,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

BIRMINGHAM  or  Midlands  preferred;  as  Manager  or 
qualified  Assistant;  5  years'  medium-  and  high-class 
experience.  Dispensing,  Counter  and'  Photographic;  age  22; 
excellent  references.   Massey,  3  Folly  Bridge,  Oxford. 


CHEMIST-OPTICIAN,  M.P.S.,  F.B.O.A.,  J.C.Q.O.,  desires 
change,  >Ginager6hip;  keen  organiser;  lengthy  City  and 
provincial  experience;  expert  Window-dresser;  intensive  know- 
ledge Photography,  clever  Prescriber,  Salesmanship;  married; 
total  abstainer;  own  Optical  equipment  if  necessary;  moderate 
salary  with  house;  excellent  references.  277/27,  Office  of  this 
Paper. 

COMPETENT,  unqualified  AssisUnt;  40;  at  liberty  shortly; 
all-round  experience;  excellent  references;  permanency 
desired;  Western  or  Southern  Counties  preferred.  275/24,  Office 
of  this  Paper. 

C10MPETENT,  fully  experienced  Pharmacist  desires  post  as 
^    Manager;  married;  excellent  references;  interview  appre- 
ciated.   276/36,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

DISENGAGED  19th  inst.;  qualified;  Locum  (any  distance)  or 
part  time  Londom  district  entertained ;  first-class  and  all-round 
experience;  good  Dispenser.  "Pharmacist,"  28  Torrington 
Gardens,  N.ll 

DISPENSING,  clerical  or  management  of  Drug  Store;  whole 
or  part-time  post  desired;  lady  (Hall);  10  years'  experience 
Chemists  and  R.P.U.  Anderson,  11  Westmorland  Road,  Harrow. 

DJ.  WILLIAMS,  Chemist,  Llanwrtyd  Wells,  recommends 
-  late  Assistant;  Counter  and  Dispensing;  male;  qualified; 
Square  trained.    Further  particulars  from  above. 

f'^LDERLY,  qualified  Chemist  desires  management,  Liverpool; 
i    capable;    active;    reasonable    salary.     Thomas  White, 
21  Miller  Street,  Dingle,  Liverpool. 

EVENING  and  week-end  employment  required  in  Manchester 
by  a  University  Student  taking  Qualifying  Course  and 
having  had  Dispensing  experience  in  the  West  End,  to  commence 
duty  on  or  about  October  1.    274/29,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

J?REE.— Locum;  October;   unqualified;   28;  all-round  experi- 
ence,   including    management;    excellent    references;  con- 
scientious worker.    Meyrick,  41  Gordon  Street,  Coventry. 

JUNIOR  Assistant;  19;  tall;  smart  appearance;  good  address; 
Counter,  Diepensing  and  Photography;  excellent  references 
and  experience    Philp,  28b  Seaside,  Eastbourne. 

JUNIOR  requires  four  weeks'  employment,  commencing  Sep- 
temher  29  (London  preferred);  5^  years'  all-round  experi- 
ence.  Newman,  70  Kennir.gton  Park  Road,  S.E.ll. 

JUNIOR;  4J  years'  experience,  Dispensing,  Counter,  Photo- 
graphy; free  end  of  September.    "  W.  D.  S.,"  2  Westway 
Parade,  Malvern  Road,  Bournemouth. 

LADY,  qualified.  Northern  Ireland,  desires  permanency. 
England;  6  years'  experience.  Window,  Counter,  Dispens- 
ing; tall;  good  appearance;  excellent  references.  273/25,  Office 
of  this  Paper. 

LADY  Assistant  (unqualified);  11  years'  experience;  Dispens- 
ing,  Counter  and    Window-dressing;   age   26.  Howell. 
29  Henley  Street,  Stratford-on-Avon. 

LADY  Assistant;  unqualified;  22;  experienced  in  Dispensing, 
Counter    work.    Window-dressing.     Miller,    43  Goodhind 
Street,  Stapleton  Road,  Bristol. 

LADY,  capable,  unqualified,  requires  post  end  of  September; 
12  years'  experience.    Miss  Holmes,  39  Bendemecr  Koad, 
Putney,  S.W. 15- 

IOCUM;  qualified r  middle-age;  well  recommended;  sold  own 
J    business;  free  September  30.    "  M.P.S.,"  c/o  Ecclestone. 
Pharmaceutical  Chemist,  Stansted,  Essex. 

IOCUM;  qualified;  excellent  experience,  London  and  provinces; 
■i    disengaged   October   3-8.     Howell,  c/o   Black,  Chemist, 
Tredegar,  Mon. 

I OCUM,  q^Iified,  disengaged  September  24,  requires  further 
J    engagements;  whole  or  part  time.    Lane,  2  Manton  Way, 
Galpins  Road,  Thornton  Heath. 

LOCUM    or    Manager;    qualified;    competent;  experienced, 
London  and   provinces;   good  looum  experience.     "  P.," 
11  Dudley  Road,  Finchley,  N.3. 

LOCUM   or  permanency;   40;    unqualified;   tall;  abstainer; 
Counter,  Dispensing,  Photography;  well  recommended;  now 
disengaged.    Alexander,  189  Southampton  Street,  S.E.5. 

IOCUM;  qualified  lady;  26;  free  now;  Hospital  or  Retail; 
i    highly  recommended.    (Ealing  4063.)    Rarris,  8  Kerrisoa 
Road,  W.5. 

LOCUM;   qualified;   54;  disengaged  October  3.  'Phone: 
Rodney  2719.    M.  Gregory,  50  Grove  Lane.  Camberwcll, 
S.E.5. 


September  17,  1932      THE  CHEMIST  AND  DRUGGIST  SUPPLEMENT 


xxxi 


LONDON  OR  SUBURBS.— Unqualified  Assistant;  experienced; 
disengaged;  accustomed  qnick  Counter  tnade^  Dispensing; 
■undertake  any  dmty;  practical  Photographic  experience.  P.C.B. 
48/5,  Office  of  this  Paper. 


MANAGER  of  branch  pharmacy  desires  change 
■  where  Optical  experience  may  be  gained; 
already  passed  Part  I  of  F.S.M.C.  Examination; 
aged  24;  single;  good  character  and:  personality; 
excellent  references.  Write  209/503,  Oftice  of  this 
Paper. 


MANAGER  or  Senior;  qualified;  42;  married;  knowledge  of 
all  branches  of  trade;  free  October  2.    Hemingway,  39 
Gloucester  Road,  N.4. 

MANAGER  or  Assistant;  unqualified;  age  55;  "West-Erd 
exiperience;  good  appearance;  excellent  testimonials; 
good  knowledge  of  Surgical  Appliances.  276/28,  Office  of  tliis 
Paper, 

MANAGERSHIP  desired  by  keen  M.P.S.,  J.C.Q.O.;  27; 
experienced  busy  Counter,  considerable  Optics,  Photo- 
graphy, Truss-fitting,  etc.;  would  introd'uce  Optics;  wage  and 
commission;  honest;  abstainer;  excellent  references;  Midlands 
P'referred.    277/16,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

MANCHESTER  DISTRICT.-Unqualified,  5  ft.  8  in.,  requires 
permanency  or  Lociun ;  capable,  smart  and  trustworthy; 
fully  experienced  in  all  branches  ■  of  ipharmacy.  "Write 
"  Ephedrine,"  51  Shirley  Road,  Manchester. 

MANCHESTER.— Qualified,    25,    desires   permanency;  tall, 
reliable    and    trustworthy;     recommended;  disengaged. 
"  T.  R.  J.,"  19  Holland  Road,  C-o-H.,  Manchester. 

MR.  D.  T.  EVANS  recommends  his  recently  qualified  Assistant 
as  beir-g  thoroughly  efficient  in  all  branches,  with  good 
■business  acumen  and  .personality.  Jones,  227  Commercial 
Road,  E.l. 

MR.  C.  GOODE  recommends  his  Assistant  for  p-art-time  situa- 
tion (evenings);  7  years'  all-round  experience;  quick, 
accurate  Dispenser;  Part  I;  age  24.  G.  A.  Pitt,  c/o  Mr.  C. 
Goode,  Chemist,  Twickenham. 

MR.  TWEEN,  47  High.  Street,  Bushey,  Herts,  higJily  recom- 
mends his  late  Junior  (recently  qualified);  any  position; 
well  trained;  n-eat  and  accurate;  experieaced  in  all  branches. 

MT>  Q  50,  seeks  .permanency;  high-class  experience.  West 
•  X  .O.J  End  and  provinces;  will  accept  £3  per  week 
(outdoors)  or  offer;  references  good.  "  Statim,"  275/38,  Office 
of  this  Paper. 

MT>  Q  .  age  22;  quick  Dispenser,  good  Salesman  and 
.X  .)0.»  'Window-dresser;  knowledge  of  Photography; 
t  years'  good-class  experience  in  North  and  South;  accustomed 
to  taking  charge;  highest  references;  free  October  3.  Taylor, 
c/o  Knowles,  Chemist,  28  Regent  Road,  Morecambe,  Lance. 

13ART-TIME;  West  End  or  West  London;  evenings,  all  day 
&iturdia.ys;   taking  Part   II  course;  young;   four  years' 
Lond'on  exipertence.    Mackett,  11  Stowe  Road,  W.12. 

PART-TIME  desired,  evenings;  North  London  preferred; 
^  10  years'  experience.    276/15,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

PERMANENCY  required;  Assistant;  ta'll,  smart,  energetic; 
12  years'  first-cla«s  experience,  CouEter,  Dispensing, 
Windows;  good  organiser;  capable  of  taking  charge;  London 
or  district  preferred,  not  essential.  "Statim,"  48  Kensington 
Avenue,  Watford,  Herts. 

PHARMACIST  desires  position,  Jiome,  abroad;  alert;  ener- 
getic; ambitious;  excellent  references  and  experience,  East 
and  West  Jjoniion  and  provinces.  "  Radix,'"  29  Bridge  Street, 
Leatherhead. 

PHARMACIST,  qnalified,  Optical  Tutor,  engaged  one  half- 
day,  remainder  week  free,  seeks  position;  Sussex  or  South 
Coast;  F. B  O. A. (Hons.).    10  Westgate  Terrace,  S.W.IO. 


NAMES  AND  ADDRESSES. 
When  sending  advertisements  for  any  of  tha 
sections  in  this  Supplement,  advertisers— as  a 
guarantee  of  good  faith  and  not  necessarily  for 
publication — should  always  give  their  names  and 
addresses.  It  sometimes  occurs  that  this  rule  ia 
not  folio-wed  and  delay  and  disappointment  ensues. 
Strict  attention  to  this  detail  wUl  be  appreciated* 


POSITION  required  as  Manager  or  Assistant;  unqualified; 
13  years'  West-End  ex-perience;  would  anvest  capita;!  in 
sound  business.  "  Gentian,"  Woodichuroli  Lodge,  18  WoodcJiurchi 
Road,  West  Hampsteiad,  N.W.6. 

QUALIFIED  Pharmacist;  34;  EnglisJi  and  Foreign  Dispensing 
experience;  first-class  sales  record;  London,  Midland  or 
South  Coast  preferred.  King,  c/o  13  Highgate  Hill,  N.19. 
'Phone  :  Archway  4114-5-6. 

QUALIFIED  Assistant;  21;  5  ft.  9  in.;  single;  Difiipe-nsing, 
Counter,    Display,    Photographic;   excepti-onal  references. 
Roebuck,  "  Lea  Head,"  Shepley,  H-uddersfield. 

QUALIFIED,   29,    married,   earnestly    desires  permanency; 
managemnt    small    Branch    preferred.     A.    H.  BrcoJts, 
36  Raeburn  Avenue,  Dartfoid,  Kent'. 

QUALIFIED  Male,  23,  seeks  post;  tall;  abstainer;  seaside 
and  West-End  experience;  capable  Dispenser  and  Counter- 
man,, including  Toi:let  and  Photographic;  free  immeddateJy.* 
Fudge,  "  Alpha,"  Queen's  Road,  B^tandiord,  Dorset. 

QUALIFIED,  young,  requires  post;  competent;  all-round 
experience;  excellent  references;  good  appearance  and 
address;  £3  10s.;  anywheie;  free  October  9.  276/3,  Office  of 
this  Paper.  .  . 

QUALIFIED,  24,  seeks  Locum  or  permanency;  7  years' 
experience,  seaside,  town  and'  city;  reliable  and  trust- 
worthy; good  "Window-dresser,  ca/pabie  Dispenser;  single; 
abstainer;  terms  moderate;  disengaged  September  22.  277/9, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 

QUALIFIED,  27,  male,  abstainer,  capable,  wilOing,  requires 
permanency;  South-Westem  Oount-iee;  6  years'  City  and 
working-class  experience.    276/34,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

QUALIFIED,  28,  requ'ires  post;  prefejaWy  mana^-ement 
mediam-  to  good-class  business;  previous  sound  manageriad 
experience  and  good  leierences;  Y'orks:hiTeman.  Holmes,  109 
Pemworthiam  Road,  Streatham,  S.W.16. 

ROYAL  Air  Force  qualified  Dispenser,  29,  Scot,  8  years'  Bos- 
pital  experience,  including  medical  store  accounting,  desires 
post;  DoctOiT,  Institution,  or  Wholesale  Storekeeper.  "  Secundem 
Artem,"  277/40,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

SOOTC^H;  unqualified;  10  years'  good  all-round  experience; 
Potteries  preferred.  Stalker,  67  Shelton  New  Road,  Basfeard; 
Stoke-OD-Trent. 

UNQUALIFIED,  22,  requires  situation  as  Assistant;  South 
Wales  preferred,  but  not  essential;  3  years'  ex,perieBce  in  . 
high-class  Cardiff  pharmacy;  quick,  accurate  Dispenser,  keen 
and  energetic  Counterman,  with  knowledge  of  Photography.; 
excellent  reference.    R.  J.  Hall,  242  Crogaa  Hill,  Barry,  Glaa. 

UNQUALIPIEJ)';  Scot;  20;  4  years'  experience,  Lifpensing 
and  Counter;  moderate   salary;  anywhere.    A.  Mackie, 
Sterlochy  Street,  Findochty,  Banffshire. 

UNQUALIFIED,  30,  manried,  seeks  situation,  anywhere;  per- 
manency; quick,  accurate  Dispenser;  knowledge  Photo- 
graphy; keen;  energetic;  able  take  charge.  E.  Fluck,  "  Ave^a- 
mote,"  Graham  Road,  Weston-super-Mare. 

UNQUALIFIED'  Assistant  desires  .permanent  position;  20 
yeats'  all-round  experience;  capabJe  Dispenser;  good  Sales- 
man, Wind'ow-dresser;  reliable  references;  married.  "  Chemist," 
22  Henry  Street,  Rugby. 

YOUNG  lady  requires  poet  ■with  Chemist ;  experienced  Counter- 
hand;  no  dispensing.    "W.,"  "The  Lodge,"  London  Road, 
Portsmouth . 

YOUNG,  qualified,  4|  years'  London.,  medium-  and  workins:- 
class,  seeks  permanency;  London  area;  free  now;  thoroughly 
trustworthy.   "  Selo,"  274/28,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

YOUNG,   unqualified    lady    Assistant;    Diiug,    Toilet;  per- 
manency.   "Chemist,"  Normandy  Street,  AHen,  Hants. 


Price  lists,  trade  circulars,  samples,  and  printed  matter 
can  In  no  case  be  forwarded,  the  Box  numbers  being 
Intended  exclusively  for  specific  answers  particular 
advertisements.  The  Publisher  reserves  the  rl^ht  to  open 
and  refuse  to  forward  any  communication^  received 
which  he  may  consider  contrary  to  this  rule 


xxxii 


THE  CHEMIST  AND  DEUGGIST  SUPPLEMENT      September  17,  1932 


O  I   ET  A  D     f\  I  I T  your  Old  or  Damaged 

V/i«C**r*     \J\J  I       Stock  of    Photo  Goods 

Why  keep  them  any  longer?    Turn  them  into  CASH. 

IPlUr  DrCT  DRIPrC  f°<^  0'<1  FUms  (damaged,  fogged 
UIVC  DLOI  rnibCO  or  expired  dates);  Packet 
Papers.  Cards  (any  sizes).  Old  Photo  Goods  or  Cameras. 
Bromide  Papers.  Plates  (all  sizes,  all  makes).  Send  any 
goods  in  the  photo  line.  I  buy  all,  good  or  bad.  Cash  per 
return.  A  good  price  for  all  Cameras.  Send  them  along. 

S.  E.  HACKETT,  23  July  Road,  Liverpool 


WHOLESALE. 


2s.  for  18  word 
or  * 


words  or  less,  Cd.  for  every  additional  10  words 
less,  prepaid.     (Box  No.,  Is.  extra.) 


INDUSTRIAL  ADMINISTRATION. 

MANUFACTURING  CHEMIST,  with  the  following- 
qualifications-- 

1.  Soiund  Manufacturing  experience, 

2.  Complete  knowledge  of  the  Retail  trade, 

3.  Accustomed  to  the  control  cf  staff  and  purchase 

of  materials, 

4.  Pharmaceutical  Society's  qualification, 

5.  Workable  knowledge  of   property   upkeep  and 
reconstruction,- 

is  open  to  consider  an  administrative  position  as 
Works  or  Sales  Manager,  or  would:  be  prepared  to 
establish  Factory  for  Continental  Manufacturer  of 
Pharmaceutical  or  Toilet  Preparations.  P.C-B.  47/39, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 

AMBITIOUS,  energetic  young  man,  23,  with  3  years'  experi- 
ence as  Representative  and  good  knowledge  of  the  trade, 
desires  post  with  Drug,  Perfumery  or  Sundries  House  with  view 
to  representing.    277/39,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

REPRESENTATIVE,  having  old-established,  live  connec- 
tion Chemists,  Hairdressers,  etc.,  experienced  Drugs,  Toilets, 
Sundries,  requires  eng-agement;  highest  references.  275/13, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 

BQC.   (Hons.  Chem-istry),  M.P.S.,  young,  desires  post  in 
•  O      -which  technical  ability  could  be  utilised;  S'Ome  experi- 
ence of  Wholesale.    276/6,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

REPRESENTATIVE,  keen,  energetic,  10  years'  expepience  in 
London  and  South  of  England  with  Proprietaries,  Toilets 
and  Perfumery,  desires  to  represent  leading  House.  276/19, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 

YOUNG  Lady  (32)  seeks  responsible  position  with  Chemical 
Firm  as  Secretary  to  Company  Director  or'  similar  post; 
thoroughly  capable;  conscientious;  16  years'  experience.  277/11, 
Office  of  this  Paper. 


COLONIAL,  INDIAN  AND  FOREIGN. 

CHEMIST,  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Ireland,  24  years,  excel- 
lent experience  and  references,  has  held  responsible  one 
year's  appointment  in  India,  desires  position  with  firm,  prefer- 
ably Wholes'ale,  India  or  Colonies.   273/27,  Office  of  this  Paper. 


FOR  SALE. 

(Articles  to  the  value  of  £5-£50.) 

■  iT70R  Sale,  Sect.  Bookcase,  No.  10  Royal  Typewriter,  Mod. 
'  'Jj    Desk,   Photoscope,  Crawford  Optical   Chair;   all  perfect; 
Bacrifice  prices.   Buckingham,  2  Tremadoc  Road,  Clapham,  S.W. 

NATIONAL  Cash  Register  for  Sale;  will  ring  to  19s.  Hid.; 
with  "  paid  out  "  key.    Write  to  T.  Wells,  88  Sandilands 
•Road,  Fulham,  S.W.6. 

POROUS  MACHINE,  hand  or  power,  in  excellent  condition, 
suitable  for  perforating  p'lasters,  oiled  silk,  etc.;  spare 
punches.    What  offers?     P.C.B.  47/28,  Office  of  this  Paper. 


MBSCELLANEOUS. 


A  FIRST-CLASS  PHARMACY,  £57  10s.— 10  ft.  Drug  Fixture, 
J\  30  drawers,  glass  knobs  and  labels,  cupboards  each  side 
and  under  drawers;  two  Show  Cases,  mirror  lined,  plate-glass 
shelves  to  top  section;  6  ft.  Mahogany  Wall  Case;  8  ft-  Maho- 
gany  Counter,  show  case  front;  mahogany  and  plate-glass  Dis- 
jE>ensing  Screen  and  Counter,  with  movable  plate-glass  shelves. 
Call  or  post  your  requirements.  RUDDUCK  &  CO.,  219  and 
227  Old  Street,  London,  E.C.I. 


ALL  DRUG  CLERKS  AND  FOREMEN 

should  join  at  once 

THE  NATIONAL  UNION  OF  DRUG  &  CHEMICAL  WORKERS 

(incorporating  the  National  Association  of  Chemists'  Assistants) 
BENEFITS:  Trade  Protection — Legal  Aid — Unemployment 
Benefit — Free  Use  of  Employment  Bureau. 
Write  for  particulars— .\RTHUR    J.  GILLIAN,  Gen.  Sec. 
149    NEWINQTON   CAUSEWAY,    LONDON,  S.E.I 


A LARGE  QUANTITY  of  Second-hand  Showcases  from  £2 
upwards  (removed  from  various  jobs);  Shop  Fittings. 
Counters,  etc.,  at  real  reductions.  Write  requirements  or  call 
PHILIP  JOSEPHS  &  SONS,  LTD.,  90/92  St.  John  Street, 
Clerkenwell,  E.C.I. 

CHEMISTS'  FITTINGS.— We  hold  an  immense  stock  of  Drug 
Fittings,  Dispensing  Screens,  Glass  Fronted  Counters,  Per- 
fumery Cases,  Nests  of  Drawers,  Wall  Cases,  Silent  Salesmen, 
Upright  and  Flat  Counter  Cases,  Plate-glass  Counters,  Cash  Tills. 
Display  Stands  and  Glass  Shelves,  etc.,  ready  for  immediate 
delivery  at  competitive  prices.  Write  or  call  for  List.  F. 
MAUND  &  E.  BERG  (SHOWCASES),  LTD.,  175/9  and  335  Old 
Street,  London.  E.C.I. 

C1HEMISTS'  Fittings,  direct  from  manufacturer;  soundly  con- 
^  strueted  in  oak  and  mahogany;  8  ft.  Drug  Run,  £18;  6  ft. 
Dispensing  Screen,  £14;  6  ft.  Showcase  Fronted  Counter,  £8  5s.; 
6  ft.  Wall  Case,  £11;  6  ft.  Glass  Counter,  £8  15s.;  Counter  Case. 
30  X  24  x  18,  £2  5s.,  etc.  Send  now  for  photographs,  or  call 
and  inspect.  MYERS,  Complete  Chemist  Fitters.  134a  Kings- 
land  Road,  E.2,  near  Shoreditch  Church.    Bishopsgate  2524. 

CHEMISTS'  POLISHED  OAK  FITTINGS.-IO  ft.  Drug  fitting, 
8  ft.  Wallcase.  8  ft.  Glass-front  Counter,  6  ft.  Dispensing 
Screen,  two  4  ft.  Nests  Counter  Drawers;  low  price  for  lot,  or 
separate.  Also  Sets  in  Polished  Mahogany  for  any  Pharmacy. 
See-All  Dispensing  Screen,  6  ft.  lon«;  All-gla.<;s  Counter,  6  ft. 
long;  Silent  Salesman,  6  ft.  high,  2  ft.  x  2  ft.  Don't  hunt 
about.  Save  money  and  send  to  GEOR-GE  COOK,  The  Working 
Shopfitter  (over  40  years'  fitting),  27  Macclesfield  Street,  City 
Road,  E.C.I.    'Phone  :  Clerkenwell  5571. 

P-\CKING.— London  Firm,  having  ample  facilities  for  Filling, 
Fin'ishing  and  Packing  Liquids,  e.g.,  Medicinul  Prepara- 
tion.5,  would  be  pleased  to  enter  into  negotiations  with  manu- 
facturers d-csiring  such  assistance.   209/508.  Office  of  this  Paper. 

£O-C0MPLETE  CHEMIST  FITTINGS  at  any  price  you 
•  wish  to  pay.  We  have  erected  in  our  showroom  a 
Complete  Chemist  Shop  with  Metal  Shop  Front,  Window  Backs, 
Correct  Window  Lighting  Signs  and  Modern  Interior  Fittings. 
Apply  for  Lists.  D.  MATTHEWS  &  SON,  LTD.,  "  The  Liverpool 
Shop  Fitters,  14  and  16  Manchester  Street,  Liverpool. 
Est.  1848. 


EXCHANGE  COLUMN. 


WANTED. 

PEAR-SHAPED  CARBOY,  about  27  in.  in  height,  or  pair 
smaller.    Brown,  Chemist,  Malvern. 

CODEX.  1923;  Pharm.  Formulas  (recent  edition).  State  price. 
Axtell,  45  Oakthorpe  Road,  Oxford 

SURPLUS  STOCKS.— Any  saleable  goods  purchased  for  &i>ot 
cash.    Send  list.    274/8,  Office  of  this  Paper. 

STUDENT  requires  cheap  Optician's  Trial  Case;  must  bo 
complete.  Particulars  and  price  to  K.  Adams,  17  CJrove- 
lands  Avenue,  Swindon. 


We  desire  particularly  to  draw  the  attention  of  Colonial  and 
Foreign  Subscribers  to  the  fact  that  in  cases  v/here  they 
require  Partners,  Agents  or  Assistants,  or  wish  to  Sell 
their  Businesses,  an  Advertisement  in  this  Supplement, 
placed  In  every  copy  of  "The  Chemist  and  Druggist," 
should  be  the  readiest  means  of  helping  them  to  attain 
their  object.  The  tariff  for  such  announcements  is  giren 
on  the  front  page  of  this  Supplement.  Instructions  and 
remittances  can  be  sent  to  us  direct  or  through  the 
advertisers' correspondents  in  this  country. 


Printed  for  the  Proprietors  by  The  Avenue  Press  (L.  Upcott 
by  the  Proprietors,  Morgan  Brothers  (Publishers),  Ltd.,  at  28 


GiLi,  &  Son,  Ltd.),  55  to  57  Drury  Lane.  W.C.2,  and  Published 
Essex  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C.2.— Sept.  3  7,  1932.  [68/521